气候变化背景下海南东寨港红树林生态系统的脆弱性评估

鉴于红树林生态系统对气候变化背景下海平面上升和极端台风事件有高度敏感性,应用1980—2018年的海洋大气观测资料和实地调查数据,分析了海口东寨港地区的海平面、温度和台风最大风速的变化特征,并基于IPCC气候变化综合风险的理论框架,构建了"暴露度-敏感性-适应性"的脆弱性评价指标体系和估算方法,评估了海平面上升和台风事件背景下东寨港红树林生态系统的脆弱性主要特征。结果显示:①东寨港红树林生态系统的致灾影响因子主要为该地区沿海海平面的快速上升,其上升速率可达4. 6 mm/a,远高于全球和中国沿海平均值;其次为1993年之前和2006年之后,在海口地区250 km范围内出现的热带气旋或台风事件;②东寨港红树林脆弱性指数的平均值为0. 31,属于中度脆弱等级,其中三江片区的红树林脆弱性相对最高,演丰片区最低。构建的评价指标体系可较好地反映出海平面快速上升和热带气旋或台风影响下红树林生态系统的脆弱性特征。     

东寨港红树林区大型底栖动物生态与滩涂养殖容量的研究 I.潮间带表层底栖动物数量的初步研究

于2000年1-3月，对东寨港红树林区潮间带表层大型底栖动物进行调查，初步分析了东寨港红树林区潮间带表层大型底栖动物的生物量，密度等生态特点，研究结果表明，东寨港红树林区潮间带表层大型底栖动物平均生物量为120.38g/m^2，栖息密度为80.53个/m^2，以期为合理开发与保护东寨港红树林区底栖生物资源提供科学依据。     

东寨港国家级自然保护区现状与管理对策研究

红树林是我国海岸湿地类型之一,自然分布于海南省的沿海一带河口港湾的滩涂上。其中东北部东寨港是我国建立的第一个以保护红树林生态系统为主的自然保护区,也是我国红树林自然保护区中红树林资源最多、树种最丰富的自然保护区,迄今,东寨港自然保护区已成为具有国际意义的保护价值极高的综合性国家级自然保护区。２００９年６月,对东寨港保护区的红树林、鸟类、浮游植物进行了现场调查和管理现状调研,文章阐述了东寨港国家级自然保护区生物多样性现状及管理现状,分析了保护区受到的威胁,提出了管理对策。     

东寨港红树林国家级自然保护区海水水质状况分析与评价

根据2004~2008年东寨港红树林国家级自然保护区的水质监测结果,采用水质单因子质量指数评价法、有机污染指数法和富营养化水平法对东寨港红树林国家级自然保护区水质污染状况进行分析评价,并采用秩相关系数法对该海域近5a水质状况进行趋势分析。结果表明:东寨港红树林国家级自然保护区海域无机氮和活性磷酸盐有超标现象;该海域2005年和2008年有机污染指数值较高,受到较严重污染或轻度污染;该海域近5a中仅2006年水体处于贫营养化水平,其余各年营养水平处于富营养化程度或高富营养化程度;趋势分析显示该海域水质呈逐年下降趋势,但不显著。因此,对富含N、P等造成该海域富营养化的污染物的治理是该海域环境管理和污染治理的重点。     

海南岛罗豆地区的贝壳堤

罗豆贝壳堤分布在海南岛文昌县东寨港的东侧,罗豆乌树岭(坡)。 Ⅰ.地质地貌简况 Ⅰ.1.地质 罗豆地区分布有全新统的海相沉积物,为淤泥质粘土、亚粘土,含丰富海相软体动物;上更新统早期玄     

海南东寨港、三亚河和青梅港红树林群落健康评价

以海南东寨港、三亚河和青梅港红树林保护区为研究对象,构建出红树林健康指数(EI)评价指标体系和方法,并确定了评价标准和评价等级,对海南红树林群落进行了健康状况评价.结果表明,2009年,东寨港、三亚河和青梅港保护区的红树林群落健康指数分别是0.8640,0.4798和0.5791,分别处于Ⅰ级(健康)、Ⅲ级(亚健康)和Ⅱ级(中等健康状态).结果说明东寨港红树林群落结构和功能稳定,生态演替序列完整,对环境压力响应良好.三亚河和青梅港红树林处于城市中心区和旅游开发区,受外界干扰影响大,退化明显,红树林的保护和恢复受到不同程度的限制.     

海南东寨港重金属在多种环境介质中污染状况及评价

分析了东寨港海水、表层沉积物和生物体中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、类金属As的含量及分布特征,并运用单因子指数法、地积累指数法评价了该调查区重金属污染程度。结果表明：东寨港海水中除Pb的含量符合二类海水标准外,其余含量均符合一类海水标准,且远低于渔业水质标准限值;表层沉积物中典型重金属元素含量都符合海洋沉积物质量一类标准,基本属于无污染区;本区湿地沉积物中的重金属含量比岛内及周边区典型红树林湿地略偏高;红树林及暗滩沉积物中重金属比东寨港水底沉积物重金属含量高,表明河口湾潮滩上的红树林区可能是重金属元素的富集区,东寨港目前可能受到了陆源污染的影响;生物体中重金属含量均符合一类标准,符合无公害水产品的要求。     

海南东寨港重金属在多种环境介质中污染状况及评价

分析了东寨港海水、表层沉积物和生物体中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Hg、类金属As的含量及分布特征,并运用单 因子指数法、地积累指数法评价了该调查区重金属污染程度。结果表明：东寨港海水中除Pb 的含量符合二类海水标准外, 其余含量均符合一类海水标准,且远低于渔业水质标准限值;表层沉积物中典型重金属元素含量都符合海洋沉积物质量一类 标准,基本属于无污染区;本区湿地沉积物中的重金属含量比岛内及周边区典型红树林湿地略偏高;红树林及暗滩沉积物中 重金属比东寨港水底沉积物重金属含量高,表明河口湾潮滩上的红树林区可能是重金属元素的富集区,东寨港目前可能受到 了陆源污染的影响;生物体中重金属含量均符合一类标准,符合无公害水产品的要求。     

东寨港红树林小型底栖动物的密度和生物量研究

2012年2月对海南省东寨港红树林滩涂沉积物小型底栖动物进行研究,结果表明,红树林中有六大类小型底栖动物,包括自由生活线虫、桡足类、涡虫、多毛类、寡毛类、海螨.在种类组成上,自由生活线虫为优势类群,在4个采样站位中,分别占小型底栖动物总数量的95.30％,97.02％,96.45％,90.53％.东寨港红树林小型底栖动物的总栖息密度为(1 082.23±563.76)个/(10 cm2),总生物量为(764.06±511.63)μg/(10 cm2).4个采样站位平均多样性指数H'分别为0.26、0.17、0.20、0.45,平均均匀度指数 J 分别为0.13、0.09、0.10、0.23.最小显著极差法(LSR)进行多重比较分析表明,4个采样点小型底栖动物差异明显.海洋线虫与桡足类的数量之比(N/C)显示东寨港红树林受到了有机质污染.     

琼州海峡潮流沉积物通量初步研究

琼州海峡是连接南海和北部湾的重要海洋物质输运通道,本文通过对潮流和悬沙含量实测资料以及海底１ｍ处流速和海底沉积物粒度等资料数据的处理,计算和分析首次估算获得了通过琼州上塘港－新海湾断面的年平均净悬沙输沙通量为２．０＊１０＾１０ｋｇ（向西）,年净底质输沙通量为２．９＊１０＾９ｋｇ（向西）。研究发现悬沙输运主要发生在海峡中部深槽,中部输沙向西,近岸两侧向东,而底质输沙则主要发生在南北两岸,中部深槽较弱     

Sea trials and application of a numerical method for the analysis of the ocean current displacement phenomena of demersal longlines

In this study, a numerical method for the analysis of the sinking speed of demersal longlines was developed to obtain further insight into the ocean current displacement of demersal longlines. The sinking speed is one of the main factors affecting the extent of current displacement, which is the horizontal movement of longlines due to ocean currents.To improve the accuracy of the model, bait properties were investigated in a flume tank, and the resistance coefficients of full scale models based on different bait shapes, sizes and orientations were established. The numerical method was verified by full scale experiments conducted in the sea.In the theoretical analysis, the sinking speed of a Norwegian commercial longline was calculated. Current-related data of a common longlining area in Norway were obtained from the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) and were used to calculate the ocean current displacement of a demersal longline. The results show the ocean current displacement of longlines, and make to expect a decrease in the fishing efficiency.     

北部湾广西沿岸全新世海侵过程的区域差异

通过分析北部湾广西沿岸3个地质钻孔的岩性、地球化学和有孔虫含量特征,确定了其沉积相序,在统一的高程坐标内,对各钻地层中沉积相的高程和年代进行了对比,分析了该区全新世以来海侵过程的区域差异;并以东亚全新世海平面波动曲线作为参照,估算了广西沿岸各主要海湾的构造沉降速度。研究表明:全新世以来,广西沿岸的海侵开始时间并不一致,这是由于各海湾构造沉降运动的区域差异造成的,东部的廉州湾构造基本稳定,而廉州湾以西则经历了较大幅度的构造沉降。构造沉降又导致了海平面波动过程的区域差异,进而影响到了地层形成,如海陆过度相沉积只发育于廉州湾以西遭受海侵时间较晚、相对海平面上升速度较低的区域。     

方桩H型桩尖在湛江地区老粘土中的应用

湛江地区老粘土分布广泛,呈硬塑-坚硬状,粘聚力大,力学强度高,对沉桩有一定影响。针对湛江地区较多工程高桩码头方桩沉桩施工中出现裂损或入土过浅的现象,结合湛江奥里油电厂油改煤项目码头工程,设计对方桩锥形桩尖优化为H型桩尖,施工中没有出现桩破损现象,最终贯入度、桩尖标高达到设计要求;施工完成后经检测,桩身质量和承载力满足设计要求,效果良好,可供湛江地区类似工程借鉴参考。     

Sinking of irregular shape blocks into marine seabed under wave-induced liquefaction

The sinking of initially buried irregular blocks into the seabed under wave-induced liquefaction was investigated by experimental methods. Pore-water pressure in the soil, water surface elevation time series and block displacements were measured. Results indicated that initiation of sinking coincides with the instant at which the accumulated pore-water pressure at the bottom level of the block reaches the initial mean normal effective stress. The drag forces and drag coefficients on steadily sinking irregular shaped blocks, as well as spherical and cubical ones, were calculated from the obtained data and compared with the available data in the literature. The results show that the shape of sinking block is of minor importance as far as the kinematics and dynamics of the sinking block is concerned. The conditions at which the sinking terminates are discussed in the light of experiments. Using the approach presented here, the ultimate sinking depths are calculated for the tested cases and compared with the experimental results. The calculated and measured values showed a reasonable agreement when compared. Finally a summary and remarks are presented to calculate the ultimate sinking depth of irregular shaped blocks for practical applications.     

Risk assessment on a pipeline passing through a ship mooring area

It is very common that a submarine pipeline has to pass through a ship mooring area near a harbor zone in the Bohai Bay, China. The risk assessment of accidental events induced by the potential anchoring ships is carried out, which will lead to external interference with the pipeline. A procedure to calculate the probability for the anchoring activity in the ship mooring area to damage the underlying pipeline is proposed. The adopted methodology is based on the recommendations suggested by the DNV Codes. The same philosophy is also applied to estimate the damage probability that is concerned with sinking ships.     

Particle dynamics in the deep water column of Sagami Bay, Japan. I: origins of apparent flux of sinking particles

Temporal variations of sinking particle flux, together with their organic chemical properties, were monitored in the deep basin of Sagami Bay, Japan, using sediment traps with very high time resolutions from March 1997 to August 1998. At a height of 350 m above the bottom (about 1200 m water depth), the averaged total mass flux was more than 1000 mg/m²/day, which is about 10 times higher than those obtained for open ocean regions near Sagami Bay. While large amounts of phytodetritus, derived from phytoplankton blooms in the surface water, were transported downward in spring, the following extraordinary patterns in the temporal variability of sinking particle flux were also observed: (1) A sustained large flux of sinking particles during low productive periods from summer to winter in 1997. (2) An episodic increase of sinking particle flux in June 1998. (3) A difference in the temporal variability of sinking particles between the spring bloom periods of 1997 and 1998. The content of total organic carbon (TOC) and the stable carbon isotopic ratio (δ¹³C) of TOC demonstrated that the large fluxes observed in (1) and (2) could be attributed to the resuspension of phytodetritus deposited on the sea floor during the spring bloom period, and the abrupt erosion of surface sediment on the continental slope, respectively. The concentration of suspended particles in the deep water column affect the apparent flux of sinking particles. At the same time, sinking particles exported from surface waters during the spring bloom both decrease and increase suspended particle concentration through scavenging and rebound processes, respectively. Finally, the apparent difference in sinking particle flux between 1997 and 1998, (3), could be explained by differences in the extent of the scavenging process, which depend on the flux and quality of exported particles from the surface waters.     

Normal and accelerated sinking of phytoplankton in the sea

The sinking and deposition of phytoplankton remains lead to sediment varving, the formation of sedimentary oozes, and the transport of partially decomposed and viable, autotrophic cells to great depths. Some specific examples are discussed, and the associated settling rates, depositional characteristics and individual species responses are examined in relationship to experimentally determined sinking rates of both living and dead, intact phytoplankton. The data include field and experimental observations on the sinking behavior for the same species. The in vitro rates are too low, and a mechanism or mechanisms causing accelerated rates of phytoplankton sinking in situ seems necessary to account adequately for some of the observed transport of phytoplankton remains to great depths and to the sea floor.     

广东沿海陆地地质灾害时空分布特征

根据新的野外实地调查和大量文献资料的综合分析，探讨了20世纪后半叶广东沿海陆地主要地质灾害（包括地震、崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、地面沉降、地面塌陷、地基下沉、地裂缝、水土流失、港口淤积等）的时－空分布特征和规律，为沿海防灾减灾战略和陆地经济建设规划提供了地质依据。     

Sensitivity of 234Th export to physical processes in the central equatorial Pacific

We determined the sensitivity of the calculated sinking flux of ²³⁴Th in the central equatorial Pacific to physical processes and scavenging mechanisms by imposing a meridional and vertical advection and diffusion field on a simple dissolved and particulate ²³⁴Th cycle. We used the model to estimate the efficiency with which the ²³⁴Th deficiency relative to ²³⁸U reflected the predicted sinking flux of ²³⁴Th on particles and compared our results with ²³⁴Th data taken during the JGOFS-EqPac 1992 Survey II Cruise. ²³⁴Th deficiencies near the equator were strongly affected by both vertical advection and horizontal diffusion. The model ²³⁴Th deficiency at the equator underestimated the model ²³⁴Th sinking flux by 144% in neglecting advection and diffusion in the presence of strong upwelling at the equator. The model ²³⁴Th deficiency at the equator corrected for advection overestimated the sinking flux of ²³⁴Th by 33% in neglecting horizontal diffusion. Analysis of the scavenging mechanism suggests that, during situations of export governed by rapidly sinking particles, ²³⁴Th-based estimates of particle export are only half as sensitive to advection compared to situations of export governed by slowly sinking particles. Given that results using the mechanism of slowly sinking particles compare better with the observed ²³⁴Th deficiency and calculated meridional ²³⁴Th fluxes at the equator than the mechanism of rapidly sinking particles, we consider the mechanism of slowly sinking particle more appropriate for this region. In agreement with previous studies based on observed ²³⁴Th gradients, this study supports the incorporation of vertical advection terms in the ²³⁴Th balance to estimate particulate carbon export at the equator but suggests that this method may have overestimated the sinking flux at the equator during EqPac Survey II by 0–63% due to the role of horizontal diffusion.     

Distribution of sterol and fatty alcohol biomarkers in particulate matter from the frontal structure of the Alboran Sea (S.W. Mediterranean Sea)

Sterol and fatty alcohol biomarkers were analyzed in suspended and sinking particles from the water column (20–300 m) of the Almeria–Oran frontal zone to characterize the biogenic sources and biogeochemical processes. Diatom- and haptophyte-related sterols were predominant at all sites and vertical distributions of sterol, and fatty alcohol biomarkers in sinking particles were markedly different from suspended particles. In contrast to the relatively fresh sinking particles with elevated concentrations of phyto- and zooplanktonic sterols, suspended particles were extensively degraded with increasing depth and exhibited a more terrestrial and zooplanktonic signature with depth.Sterol and alcohol biomarkers distributions and δ¹³C values from the jet core and the associated gyre of Atlantic waters showed a decoupling between the sinking particles of 100- and 300-m depth, demonstrating the influence of lateral advection in the frontal zone. In contrast, vertical transport of the particulate organic matter in Mediterranean waters was interpreted from the similar isotopic and molecular composition at both depths. The high abundance of phytosterols and phytol below the euphotic zone at 100 m signified that downwelling of biomass occurred on the downstream side of the gyre. The high concentrations of phytosterols and POC, in combination with the high phytosterols/phytol ratio, indicated the accumulation of detrital plant material in the oligotrophic Mediterranean waters near the frontal zone.A higher contribution of phytol in the sinking particles collected during the night at the surface of the jet and at the upstream side of the gyre provided evidence of diel vertical zooplankton migration and important grazing by herbivorous zooplankton.Carbon isotope ratios of sterols confirmed that the 24-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol, commonly associated with terrestrial sources, was a substantial constituent of the phytoplankton in this area. However, the more δ¹³C depleted values obtained for this compound in suspended particles suggested that there was some terrestrial contribution that only becomes evident after degradation of the more labile marine organic matter.