纵横向受荷基桩变形内力的矩阵传递解

针对地基的土体屈服性状,将桩侧土体分为弹性变形区域与塑性变形区域两种情况。假定地基反力系数为3参数的一般形式,同时考虑桩身 效应并计入桩身自重、桩侧摩阻力的影响,根据地基反力法分别建立桩身弹性段和塑性段挠曲线微分方程。在解微分方程的过程中,采用矩阵传递法结合Laplace正逆变换的方法解得桩顶作用轴向力、水平力、弯矩时桩身内力和变形的矩阵传递解,并用Fortran语言编制了相应计算程序。最后将试验数据对上述方法进行验证,结果表明计算值与模型试验的实测值吻合很好,采用文中3参数地基反力法反算所得的地基参数离散性很小,研究结果具有较高的应用价值。     

Boundary element analysis of axially loaded piles embedded in a multi-layered soil

In a field, piles are likely installed in a multi-layered soil. Analysis of axially loaded piles in a multi-layered soil is complicated and deserves more attention. A boundary element method is used in this study to analyze an axially loaded single pile in a multi-layered soil using the solution for vertical and horizontal axisymmetric ring loads in a multi-layered elastic medium. Good and reasonable agreement is obtained between the proposed and published solutions for a single pile in a homogenous soil, a finite soil, and a Gibson soil. The proposed solution is also used to evaluate an axially loaded single pile in a multi-layered (8 layers) soil.     

柔性群桩承台下变截面角桩与地基相互作用的线性分析

对桩侧土及桩端土均采用线性荷载传递函数,同时考虑桩周土所分担的荷载及桩型对桩基荷载传递规律的影响,利用力学理论及微分方程的近似解法—子域法,推导出了柔性群桩承台下变截面角桩与地基相互作用的近似的解析算式,并通过算例将等截面桩桩侧摩阻力和桩身轴力与变截面桩桩侧摩阻力和桩身轴力作了对比,表明改变桩型能提高桩侧摩阻力。为验证本文方法的可行性,将模型试验结果与本文计算结果进行了比较,表明本文方法有较好的精度。     

单桩场地液化土横向流动的数值试验分析

强震中,液化土体在重力作用下往往发生水平扩展流动,对桩基础造成了严重破坏,因此有关液化土体流动对桩的影响及其之间的动力相互作用,一直是岩土工程领域研究的热点。通过模拟振动台实验,将这一过程简化为三维的单桩模型进行计算。经过对某一固定流速土体流动的计算,分析得到液化土横向流动中自身的孔隙水压力、变形以及对桩的内力和位移的影响规律。     

Effects of scour-hole dimensions and soil stress history on the behavior of laterally loaded piles in soft clay under scour conditions

Bridge pile foundations in the midst of water current are often subjected to scour, which induces the loss of soil support around the piles and thus results in a significant decrease of foundation capacities or even the failure of bridges. In the current practice, when the scour-affected behavior of the pile foundations is analyzed, either the whole scour-hole geometry or the possible changes in the stress history of the remaining soils is often ignored. In reality, however, scouring creates scour holes with certain dimensions around the pile foundations and the remaining soils that are not scoured away undergo an unloading process at the same time, which will increase the over-consolidation ratios of the remaining soils and accordingly changes of their mechanical properties. This paper examines the behavior of laterally loaded piles in soft clay under scour conditions by using the p-y method. The conventional p-y curves have been modified appropriately to reasonably reflect the effects of three-dimensional scour-hole geometry as well as the stress history of the soils, with the aid of integration of Mindlin’s fundamental solutions. A field test is used to serve as a reference case and to investigate the effects of stress history, scour depth, scour width, and scour-hole slope angle on the responses of laterally loaded piles in soft clay. The results indicate that neglecting the stress history effect can be unconservative for scour-affected pile foundations in soft clay, whereas neglect of the scour-hole dimensions and geometry would lead to over-conservative predictions/design of the laterally loaded piles under scour condition.     

Nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesionless soil

In this paper, a method is developed for nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesionless soil. The method assumes that both the ultimate soil resistance and the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction increase linearly with depth. By considering the force and moment equilibrium, the system equations are derived for a rigid pile under a lateral eccentric load. An iteration scheme containing three main steps is then proposed to solve the system equations to obtain the response of the pile. To determine the ultimate soil resistance and the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction required in the analysis, related expressions are selected by reviewing and assessing the existing methods. The degradation of the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction with pile displacement at ground surface is also considered. The developed method is validated by comparing its results with those of centrifugal tests and three-dimensional finite element analysis. Applications of the developed method to laboratory model and field test piles also show good agreement between the predictions and the experimental results.     

Analytical and 3D numerical modelling of full-height bridge abutments constructed on pile foundations through soft soils

The scope of this paper is the analysis of full-height bridge abutments on pile foundations, installed through soft soils, with a commercially available finite element software and soil model. Well-documented centrifuge test data were used as reference. Excess pore pressures developed in the clay layer, vertical and horizontal movements of the soft clay, pile displacements and bending moments, and abutment wall bending moments were chosen for comparison, since they are the most critical parameters for observation and design. Additionally, the validity of an analytical method (SIMPLE), which was proposed to analyse the piled abutments subjected to nearby surcharge loading, is discussed. This soil-structure interaction problem has been investigated over the last three decades, using either field or centrifuge tests, accompanied by FE analyses. Special modelling techniques and advanced soil models were used in these numerical studies to establish the most representative field behaviour. However, since the codes or techniques used in these advanced FE analyses are neither very practical nor easily accessible, it is difficult to employ them consistently in design. Thus, the results of this study are intended to provide some guidelines for designers, and to bring insight about the interacting mechanisms into the design process.     

Nonlinear response of laterally loaded piles and pile groups

In spite of extensive studies on laterally loaded piles carried out over years, none of them offers an expedite approach as to gaining the nonlinear response and its associated depth of mobilization of limiting force along each pile in a group. To serve such a need, elastic–plastic solutions for free‐head, laterally loaded piles were developed recently by the author. They allow the response to be readily computed from elastic state right up to failure, by assigning a series of slip depths, and a limiting force profile. In this paper, equivalent solutions for fixed‐head (FixH) single piles were developed. They are subsequently extended to cater for response of pile groups by incorporating p‐multipliers. The newly established solutions were substantiated by existing numerical solutions for piles and pile groups. They offer satisfactory prediction of the nonlinear response of all the 6 single piles and 24 pile groups investigated so far after properly considering the impact of semi‐FixH restraints. They also offer the extent to ultimate state of pile groups via the evaluated slip depths. The study allows ad hoc guidelines to be established for determining input parameters for the solutions. The solutions are tailored for routine prediction of the nonlinear interaction of laterally loaded FixH piles and capped pile groups. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

边坡桩-土相互作用的土拱力学模型与桩间距问题

桩-土相互作用机制是边坡抗滑桩设计需要考虑的重要因素之一。基于抗滑桩在侧向荷载作用下的受力条件,通过土力学和弹性力学的基本理论,导出了桩-土作用下桩后土体任意点的应力解析解,建立了土拱的力学模型;获得了土拱应力的等值线分布,得出了双曲拱、扩肩拱、马鞍拱和圆弧拱4种土拱形态,分析了不同桩间距、桩宽、桩后距离及土体力学特性对土拱效应的影响及其变化规律,阐明了土拱的作用机制。以拱体内土体破坏时的极限平衡状态为依据,基于Mohr-Coulomb抗剪强度理论建立了最大桩间距控制方程,并给出了具体的工程实例,对桩-土相互作用机制和抗滑桩设计理论研究具有一定的参考价值。     

Nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil

This article presents a method for the nonlinear analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil. The method considers the force and the moment equilibrium to derive the system equations for a rigid pile under a lateral eccentric load. The system equations are then solved using an iteration scheme to obtain the response of the pile. The method considers the nonlinear variation of the ultimate lateral soil resistance with depth and uses a new closed‐form expression proposed in this article to determine the lateral bearing factor. The method also considers the horizontal shear resistance at the pile base, and a bilinear relationship between the shear resistance and the displacement is used. For simplicity, the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction is assumed to be constant with depth, which is applicable to piles in overconsolidated clay. The nonlinearity of the modulus of horizontal subgrade reaction with pile displacement at ground surface is also considered. The validity of the developed method is demonstrated by comparing its results with those of 3D finite element analysis. The applications of the developed method to analyze five field test piles also show good agreement between the predictions and the experimental results. The developed method offers an alternative approach for simple and effective analysis of laterally loaded rigid piles in cohesive soil. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

门架式双排抗滑桩设计计算新模式

门架式双排抗滑桩是一种新型的支挡结构。这种结构具有较大的刚度,可以有效地限制支挡结构的变形,具有桩顶位移小,抵抗力大的特点。但其受力机理复杂,前、后排桩间土对结构的作用很难确定。针对这一问题,提出了一个新的计算模式：将前、后排桩及中间连系梁和桩间土视为一个整体;前排桩和后排桩受到的地基土的抗力简化为弹性支承,提出了桩间土对前排桩的作用模式和作用力计算分析模型,认为前排桩不仅受到桩间土的主动土压力作用,而且受到由于桩间土的挤压作用而产生的附加土压力的作用; 其主动土压力 与单排桩所受到的主动土压力 之比是桩间距与桩宽(桩径)之比的二次抛物线函数;而附加土压力 可由半平面体在边界上受法向分布力的解析解[1]求得;而桩间土对后排桩的作用按照弹性支承考虑。最后,采用有限元理论和Winkler弹性地基梁方法建立了求解门架式双排抗滑桩内力的力学模型,并应用于某供水工程的边坡加固中。计算结果表明：该种计算分析模式是合理可行的,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

黄土高边坡土钉-预加固桩复合支护体系性状分析

土钉-预加固桩复合支护技术已在基坑及边坡工程中取得了大量应用,但在黄土高边坡开挖中的应用相对较少。基于详细的现场监测数据并辅以有限元数值计算,分析了边坡开挖过程中支护体系受力及变形随时间和空间的变化规律。结果表明：预加固桩的水平位移随着时间的推移与开挖深度的增加呈增大趋势,并最终趋于稳定,同时,桩身剪力及弯矩亦随开挖的进行而不断增大;剪力最大值的位置不断下移,说明边坡的潜在滑动面有不断向下扩展的趋势。与深基坑支护桩的土压力分布相比,土钉-预加固桩复合支护体系中桩后土压力随开挖呈不断减小的趋势,但桩前土压力随着开挖深度的增加,有增有减。随着施工开挖深度的增加,土钉所测得的应力有着明显的增大,说明土钉对抑制坡体变形起到了一定作用。在预加固桩的影响下,桩上方坡体的最危险破裂面为圆弧状,其剪出口位于预加固桩桩顶处。开挖深度较浅时,土钉对整体稳定性的贡献较大,而随着开挖深度的变大,预加固桩的加固效果开始占主导地位。     

桩-土-承台结构在波浪力作用下的力学效应分析

在港口桥梁工程和海洋工程中,一般将桩从桩-土-承台结构中分离出来,单独计算波浪力对桩的作用。在提出波浪力作用下桩-土-承台结构相互作用模型的基础上,结合工程算例,进行了桩-土-承台结构在波浪力作用下桩的荷载和弯矩计算分析,结果表明：在不考虑波浪力的情况下,计算结果跟规范方法较为接近,验证了桩-土相互作用模型的适用性。在此基础上迭加波浪力,将波浪力和桩-土-承台作为一个完整的系统研究,随着承台所受外力、波浪力、桩侧地基土的变化,分析了桩-土-承台结构在波浪力作用下的受力效应。     

复杂地基反力模式下高承台嵌岩灌注桩的屈曲稳定分析

为探讨桩侧地基土反力对高承台嵌岩灌注桩桩身屈曲稳定的影响,假定地基反力系数呈更为复杂的幂分布,基于弹性地基梁理论建立桩土体系总势能方程,采用最小势能原理,导出了桩身屈曲临界荷载与稳定计算长度的解析解,并据此获得了地基反力系数分布模式、桩身自重及桩侧摩阻力等对桩身屈曲稳定的影响规律。工程应用分析结果表明,考虑地基反力系数为一般幂分布时,桩身屈曲分析结果更趋合理。     

Combined loading of caisson foundations in cohesive soil: Finite element versus Winkler modeling

The undrained response of massive caisson foundations to combined horizontal, vertical and moment loading is parametrically investigated through a series of 3D finite element analyses. The parameters are: (a) the embedment ratio (D/B), (b) the factor of safety against initial vertical loading (FS_V) and (c) the ratio of the overturning moment to the horizontal force applied at the top of the caisson (M/Q). Emphasis is given on: (i) the identification of all possible failure mechanisms in M–Q–N space, (ii) the developed stress distributions along the caisson walls for various load levels up to complete failure conditions. The results are then used as a feedback for calibrating the parameters of a generalized four-type spring model, originally proposed by Gerolymos and Gazetas (2006), through a genetic algorithm-based optimization procedure. The predictions of the Winkler model compare very well with the FE results, not only at the local response level (in terms of stress distributions along the caisson shafts), but at a global response level (in terms of force–displacement curves and M–Q–N failure envelopes at the top of the caisson) as well. Contrary to established lateral soil resistance theories, it is shown that both the ultimate horizontal soil reaction and resisting moment per unit depth do not solely depend on the strength properties of soil and geometry of the caisson but are also functions of the applied load ratio M/Q and initial soil yielding due to vertical loading. Interesting conclusions are also drawn regarding the transition from the elastic to the ultimate limit state (hardening). Quantifying through analytical expressions the contribution of each of the two basic lateral resisting mechanisms to the response of the caisson, a classification method for embedded foundations is then proposed. The capabilities of the Winkler model are further demonstrated through comparison with FE analysis of the caisson cyclic lateral response.