全长黏结型预应力锚杆受力特性研究

全长黏结性预应力锚杆是一种结构和锚固机制新颖的全长锚固锚杆,已有的研究缺少锚杆孔壁形态对锚杆承载能力影响的分析。锚杆孔壁结构面起伏形态具有自仿射分形特征,详细分析了结构面抗剪强度、注液压力、张拉荷载与结构面分形维数D之间的关系,建立了各自计算与分析方法,得出施加的注液压力应小于锚固围岩体的抗压强度,以及随着维数D增加,张拉荷载亦相应增加,确定了锚固承载层与岩体结构面失稳判断的准则。探讨了全长黏结性预应力锚杆锚固性能。研究为其设计、试验和应用提供了一定的理论依据。     

Interface creep behavior of grouted anchors in clayey soils: effect of soil moisture condition

This study aims at investigating the influence of moisture conditions on interface shear behavior of element-grouted anchor specimens embedded in clayey soils. The tests involved comparatively short embedment lengths and a device that was specially designed to facilitate moisture conditioning. Rapidly loaded pullout tests as well as pullout tests under sustained (creep) loading were conducted to characterize both the short-term and long-term ultimate shear strength of anchor–soil interfaces. Both values of the interface shear strength were found to decrease exponentially with increasing moisture content values, although their ratio was found to show a linearly decreasing trend with increasing moisture content. The interface shear creep response under pullout conditions was characterized by a rheological hybrid model that could be calibrated using experimental measurements obtained under increasing stress levels. The accuracy of the hybrid model was examined by evaluating the stress-dependent prediction model as well as its governing parameters. This investigation uncovers the coupled impact of soil moisture condition and external stress state on the time-dependent performance of grouted anchors embedded in clayey soils by correlating the interface shear strength with soil moisture content and associating the creep model with stress levels applied to the grout–soil interface.

     

Prediction of load-displacement performance of grouted anchors in weathered granites using FastICA-MARS as a novel model

With the rising needs of better prediction of the load-displacement performance of grouted anchors in an era of developing large-scale underground infrastructures,the existing methods in literature lack an accurate analytical model for the real-life projects or rigorous understanding of the parameters such as grouting pressures.This paper proposes Fast ICA-MARS as a novel data-driven approach for the prediction of the load-displacement performance of uplift-resisting grouted anchors.The hybrid and data-driven Fast ICA-MARS approach integrates the multivariate adaptive regression splines(MARS)technique with the Fast ICA algorithm which is for Independent Component Analysis(ICA).A database of 4315 observations for 479 different anchors from 7 different projects is established.The database is then used to train,validate and compare the Fast ICA-MARS approach with the classical MARS approach.The developed Fast ICA-MARS model can provide more accurate predictions than MARS.Moreover,the developed Fast ICA-MARS model is easy to interpret since the evaluation of the parameter importance of the independent components can be conducted along with the considerations of the correlations with the original variables.It is noteworthy to point out that the grouting pressures play a central role in the proposed model,which is considered of paramount importance in engineering practices but has not been properly taken into account in any prior analytical or empirical predictive models for the load-displacement relationships.     

温度改性水玻璃固化黄土机制研究

硅化法是湿陷性黄土地基处理的主要化学方法之一,为了提高固化效果需要对水玻璃溶液进行改性。对温度改性水玻璃溶液固化黄土进行了试验研究,并通过化学组成和矿物成分分析、微观结构分析探讨了温度改性水玻璃固化黄土的机制。试验结果表明：在20～80 ℃范围内,随着温度的升高,水玻璃固化黄土的强度有明显提高;X射线衍射图谱中部分矿物衍射强度降低并出现密集低矮的非晶质物相峰群;SEM图像显示随着温度的升高凝胶薄膜增多;MIP（压汞试验）数据显示,随着温度的升高,孔隙表面积增大。水玻璃溶液固化黄土的强度随温度增加的机制在于：生成的非晶质物相和凝胶薄膜随着温度的升高而增加,促使最可几孔径的减小和小孔隙的增多,强化了骨架颗粒的连接强度,并将骨架颗粒黏结成为一个空间网状整体,从而改善了土体的强度。     

Numerical simulation of ground anchors

A procedure of finite-element modeling and beam-column modeling of ground anchors was proposed in this study to investigate the load transfer mechanism in ground anchors. The procedure included the modeling of soil, grout, and strand tendon and the interface modeling of soil–grout and grout–strand in ground anchors. A series of finite element analyses and beam-column analyses were performed using the proposed models on ground anchors. The numerical predictions were compared with observed measurements in a field load test. The results indicated that the numerical simulation of load transfer mechanism on ground anchors can provide reasonable predictions.     

An empirical strength criterion for jet grouted soilcrete

Based on experimental data, this paper presents an empirical strength criterion for jet grouted soilcrete. Cylindrical specimens drilled from construction sites were tested to investigate the strength characteristics of soilcrete. Experiments conducted include the uniaxial compression test, Brazilian test and the triaxial compression test. It was found that soilcrete density increases with increasing depth. The uniaxial compressive strengths obtained were significantly greater than the design values suggested by the JSG Association of Japan. Experimental Poisson's ratios varied from 0.12 to 0.22, which are closer to that for concrete than that for native soil. Based on test results, a parabolic-type empirical criterionτ_ff = N·σ_ff + T_o)^M is proposed to describe the strength behaviour of soilcrete under low and tensile stress regions.     

Uplift capacity of pile group anchors

Experimental investigations on model single pile anchor and pile group anchors of configuration 2 × 2 subjected to uplift loads were conducted on dry Ennore sand, obtained from Madras, India. The embedment length to shaft width ratios, L/d = 20 and L/d = 30, and enlarged base width to shaft width ratios, B/d = 1,2,3, center to center spacing of pile anchors in the groups, 3d, 4d, 6d and 8d were used. The load displacement response, ultimate resistance and variation of group efficiency with L/d, B/d and spacing have been studied quantitatively and qualitatively. For short pile group anchors (L/d = 20), the isolation spacing appears to be at a spacing of about 4d to 6d and 8d for B/d = 1 and B/d = 2 and 3, respectively. For long pile group anchors (L/d = 30), the isolation spacing appears to be at a spacing of about 4d, 6d and 8d for B/d = 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The analytical model of limit equilibrium method has been proposed to predict the net uplift capacity of pile group anchors. The predicted results compare reasonably well with the experimental results.     

Coupled analysis of dynamically penetrating anchors

The development of a numerical procedure for the finite element analysis of anchors dynamically penetrating into saturated soils is outlined, highlighting its unique features and capabilities. The mechanical behaviour of saturated porous media is predicted using mixture theory. An algorithm is developed for frictional contact in terms of effective normal stress. The contact formulation is based on a mortar segment-to-segment scheme, which considers the interpolation functions of the contact elements to be of order N, thus overcoming a numerical deficiency of the so-called node-to-segment (NTS) contact algorithm. The nonlinear behaviour of the solid constituent is captured by the Modified Cam Clay soil model. The soil constitutive model is also adapted so as to incorporate the dependence of clay strength on strain rate. An appropriate energy-absorbing boundary is used to eliminate possible wave reflections from the artificial mesh boundaries. To illustrate the use of the proposed computational scheme, simulations of dynamically penetrating anchors are conducted. Results are presented and discussed for the installation phase followed by ‘setup’, i.e., pore pressure dissipation and soil consolidation. The results, in particular, reveal the effects of strain rate on the generation of excess pore pressure, bearing resistance and frictional forces. The setup analyses also illustrate the pattern in which pore pressures are dissipated within the soil domain after installation. Hole closure behind a dynamic projectile is also illustrated by an example.     

加气硅化黄土的微结构研究

采用扫描电镜、数字图像方法和表面积孔隙分析仪研究了天然黄土和固化龄期13,19,24 a加气硅化黄土的微结构和孔隙特征。结果表明：天然黄土和加气硅化黄土的微结构均以粒状架空结构为主;加气硅化黄土架空孔隙内充填有少量凝胶;这些凝胶附着在骨架颗粒表面,增大了颗粒间的接触面积。与天然黄土相比,硅化黄土孔径分布基本无变化,平均孔径、面积比和孔隙体积没有降低,但孔隙表面积从17.810 4 m2/g 增加到27.473 5 m2/g。加气硅化黄土的机制是保持黄土架空孔隙基本不变,通过凝胶薄膜强化了黄土微结构中胶结物的强度,将骨架颗粒黏结成为一个空间网状整体,消除了黄土的湿陷性,并提高了其工程力学性能。     

端头扩大型土锚的新发展 ——船锚式注浆张开型土锚

作为提高锚固性能的一种有效手段，端头扩大型土锚被广泛应用于实际工程。介绍了端头扩大型锚杆的各种扩孔方法，重点阐述一种新型的船锚式注浆张开型土锚。带有锚抓的新型土锚，不需要专门的扩孔机械，在注浆作用下能连续完成端头扩张与灌浆，具有施工方便、锚固面大、效果好等优点。通过对土锚进行张开试验，证明了在上海等软土地区通过灌浆压力使锚抓张开并形成扩大头是能够实现的。     

Analytical model for the design of grouted rock bolts

An analytical model which represents the behaviour of a reinforced rock mass near a circular underground opening in a homogeneous, uniform stress field has been developed. The theory adopts the concepts of elastoplasticity and considers a proper interaction mechanism between the ground and the grouted (or friction) bolts. It highlights the influence of the bolt pattern on the extent of the yield zone and tunnel deformation. A dimensionless parameter is introduced as a design tool which relates the tunnel convergence to the bolt spacing for a given bolt length. This publication contains the derivation of the analytical model and an illustration of the effect of bolts on the stress and displacement field near an opening. Its application to tunnel design is discussed briefly. The verification of the theory by laboratory simulation and field measurements will be presented, in detail, in a future publication.     

爆破振动对砂浆锚杆的影响研究

爆破振动对锚杆有不利影响,运用应力波理论,并利用波函数展开法,研究了爆炸应力波与锚杆的相互作用过程,给出了爆破振动作用下砂浆锚杆周围砂浆体中的动应力和峰值振速分布情况,比较了不同频率应力波对锚杆的影响,导出了不同频率应力波作用下砂浆锚杆的安全质点振速范围。研究结果表明：入射波频率越高,砂浆锚杆所允许的安全质点峰值振速越大。     

The elastic response of multiple underream anchors

A technique is developed for the analysis of multiple underream anchor systems resting in an elastic soil. This technique may be used to consider anchor systems involving arbitrary anchor inclination and depth beneath the soil surface, as well as arbitrary number, shape, size and spacing of underreams. The approach is largely analytical in nature and involves only a fraction of the computation required for a finite element analysis. Consideration is given to the effects of anchor depth and inclination to the soil surface, and the spacing and number of underreams upon the elastic response of anchor systems. On the basis of the result from this study, a simple, approximate method for estimating the response of multiple underream anchors is proposed. This approach involves the use of several interaction charts, which are presented in the paper, and can be used as a hand method for estimating the load–displacement behaviour of quite general anchor systems to sufficient accuracy for most practical purposes. The use of the approximate approach is illustrated by an example.     

注浆锚杆完整性检测方法研究

采用理论分析和实验室测试的方法对锚固锚杆和自由锚杆中的导波传播规律进行了研究,并在频率为20 kHz～ 3 MHz范围内对锚固锚杆和自由锚杆波的传播速度进行了测试,发现锚固锚杆内不同频率的导波传播速度对锚固介质具有不同的敏感性。低频率段（20～200 kHz）的导波传播速度对锚杆锚固质量较为敏感,自由锚杆和锚固锚杆中导波的传播速度相差较大,适合于检测锚杆的锚固质量。高频率段（1～3 MHz）的导波传播速度对锚杆锚固质量不敏感,导波的传播速度基本不变,适合于锚杆完整性检测。探索了利用高频段多频率导波检测锚固锚杆长度的方法。实验室检测结果显示,本检测方法具有很高的精度     

锚杆锚固体系中的波系特征研究

采用凝固过程中的混凝土模拟不同物理力学特性的锚固介质,用数值模拟和试验的方法研究了锚固锚杆中的波系及锚固锚杆中界面波的形成过程。数值模拟和试验模拟都表明随着锚固介质力学性质的改变锚杆中传播的波的特性发生改变。锚杆中传播的P波对锚固介质的力学特性非常敏感,随着锚固强度的增加,界面波产生,P波逐渐衰减消失。锚杆中传播的波由原来的P波占主导成为界面波占主导,波在锚固段的传播速度也由杆速度成为界面波波速。界面波的波速与锚固介质的力学性质相关,因此可以用界面波的波速来评价锚杆锚固质量以及计算锚杆锚固段长度。     

锚板在正常固结黏土中的承载力

在岩土工程中,锚板通常被用来提供竖直或水平抗拔力,比如发射塔的基础、板桩墙结构和悬浮式海洋平台的基础。采用弹-塑性有限元方法对正常固结不排水黏土中的条形锚板进行数值分析,以图表形式给出了不同埋深率、不同上拔倾角、不同锚-土黏结形式下条形锚板的承载力系数和周围土体的流动机构,分析了土体自重对锚板承载力的影响,并给出了不同情况下锚板的极限承载力系数。采用基于重新划分网格并插值状态变量的大变形分析方法（RITSS）,分析了正常固结黏土中锚板在连续拔出过程中的承载力变化以及土重对锚-土分离模式的影响。     

可回收式锚杆抗拔试验研究

为了研究可回收式锚杆的锚固机制,结合实际边坡加固工程进行了不同长度锚杆的现场抗拔试验研究,得到可回收式锚杆的p-s曲线。分析结果表明：可回收式锚杆属于压力型锚杆,能较好地发挥锚固体材料的力学性能,承载力较高,防腐性能好,回收方便;该锚杆存在着一个临界长度,当锚固长度超过其临界长度时,再增加锚固长度对锚杆抗拔力的提高作用不大;该锚杆杆体在回收后不造成地下空间的污染,尤其适用于临时性和短期工程加固。试验验证了该锚杆设计的合理性和安全性,对该锚杆今后的工程应用具有参考价值。     

Model experiments for propellant embedded rock anchors

Summary Propellant embedded anchors can be used to secure offshore platforms by rapidly anchoring them in seafloor rock. Field tests conducted by the U.S. Navy showed inconsistent results. A more promising approach seems to be modelling of anchor penetration and pullout resistance in jointed rock based on first principles.In this paper, physical model tests are described with which the physical phenomena are investigated and which will serve as a basis for predictive analytical models. The laboratory experiments, conducted with fasteners to model the anchors and with jointed and intact rock models made from gypsum, showed that basic intact material properties, joint configuration and individual joint properties influence penetration and pullout resistance. If the behavior is brittle, penetration is accompanied by cracking, otherwise ductile continuum deformation occurs. Jointing affects cracking in that closer joint spacing restricts cracking to fewer joint bounded plates but increases the number of cracks in the individual plate. The increased cracking intensity leads to a reduced pullout resistance.For purposes of analytical modelling, one can therefore, in a first step, build upon established relations between intact meterial, joint geometry and individual joint characteristics.     

浆固碎石桩单桩荷载传递特性研究

浆固碎石桩是加固软土地基的一种新型桩基技术,已成功应用于高速公路和高速铁路等工程软土地基处理。为了研究浆固碎石桩单桩荷载传递机制,假定浆固区压缩模量呈指数分布,应用圆形承载板作用下的半空间体位移的解,对竖向荷载作用下单桩复合地基各部分沉降进行分析,推导出桩轴向压应力、桩侧摩阻力和桩顶沉降计算公式。现场试验实测结果与理论计算结果对比表明,理论计算值与实测值相吻合,验证了理论计算公式的合理性