地质图空间数据库自动检查系统的设计

地质图空间数据库数据量大, 内容复杂, 为了保证数据库的质量, 在地质图空间数据库的建立过程中, 对数据的全面系统检查工作是非常必要的。对于地质图空间数据库, 检查属性数据库的内容以及属性数据与空间图形数据的正确链接是难点之一, 也是一项最耗时的工作。为了科学、快速地检查地质图属性数据, 保证属性内容的正确性以及非空间数据与空间数据的正确对应, 针对这一问题, 在进行全国1:100万地质图空间数据库的检查时, 设计开发了属性数据库的自动检查系统。本文以近期完成的全国1:100万地质图空间数据库的检查系统设计研究为例, 主要介绍了地质图数据库属性数据自动检查系统的设计开发, 其中详细介绍了各模块可以实现的主要功能。通过此项检查, 能够提高入库数据的质量, 为数据库后期的应用与共享提供可靠保障, 从而为地质科学研究、矿产勘查及生态环境治理等提供科学的地质图数据资料。     

A geoscience data evaluation and information system

The exploration of mineral, energy, and water resources requires increasingly access to and usage of relevant up-to-date scientific technical, and economic information on relevant literature and factual data. At present, an Information Center on Mineral Resources and Geosciences is being established in the Federal Republic of Germany. The geoscience information center is responsible for the coordination of acquisition, storage, and dissemination of data on mineral and energy resources, water resources, and economic geology to inform public administration, relevant industry, research institutions, and universities by means of access to a variety of data bases. In the final stage, the information will be accessible on-line through a computer center at Karlsruhe (INKA).Available for the user are national data bases, comprising literature, and factual data on geoscience, mining, deposits, hydrogeology, ocean research, and marine technology, hydrology, oceanography, geodesy, and meteorology, as well as access to international literature and factual data bases. The relational retrieval system GRIPS-DIRS is in use for handling literature data bases at Karlsruhe (INKA),and the hierarchical storage and retrieval system ADABAS for handling factual data bases. The establishment of data-about-data-systems and the dissemination of publicly available evluated data in form of graphical displays of maps is envisaged. The geoscience information center cooperates intensely with similar centers of other disciplines in the Federal Republic of Germany.     

Mineral potential mapping for rare earth elements mineralization with AHP method in the Kerman-Kashmar Tectonic Zone,Central Iran

One of the major strengths of a GIS is the ability to integrate and combine multiple layers of geoscience data for producing mineral potential maps showing favorable areas for mineral exploration. Once the data is prepared properly, the GIS, jointly with other statistical and geostatistical software packages, can be used to manipulate and visualize the data in order to produce a mineral prospectivity map. Many spatial modeling techniques can be employed to produce mineral potential maps. This paper demonstrates a technique to define favorable areas for REE mineralization with AHP technique using geological, geochemical, geophysical, alteration and faults density spatial data in the Kerman-Kashmar Tectonic Zone of central Iran. The AHP is a powerful and flexible multi-criteria decision-making tool for dealing with complex problems where both qualitative and quantitative aspects need to be considered. This approach is knowledgedriven method and can be applied in other areas for conventional use in mineral exploration.     

结构方程模型及其在地学数据建模中的回顾与展望

结构方程模型是一种建立、 估计和检验因果关系的方法.它可以替代多重回归、 路径分析、 因子分析、 协方差分析等方法,清晰分析单项指标对总体的作用和单项指标间的相互关系,是一种主要应用于验证性模型分析的多元统计建模技术.由于能够通过可观测变量来度量潜变量得分以及分析不同子模型下潜变量之间的协同效应等优点,结构方程模型被广...     

开发利用地理信息系统(GIS)综合分析地学信息进行矿产预测

众所周知,矿产资源预测是综合地学信息,进行优选靶区的有效手段之一。随着地学工作的深入和勘探技术的发展,已获取了大量的多源地学信息,如地质、地球物理、地球化学和遥感等资料。怎样从这众多的资料中提取有用信息进行综合分析,达到矿产资源预测的目的,一直是地学界探索的课题。过去,应用人工的方法来进行此项工作,不但费力、投资大,而且难以达到预期的效果,方法技术也不利于推广。如今,高速、高质量的计算机已趋于普及,使应用计算机技术高效地处理堆积如山的资料成为可能,尤其是近些年发展起来的地理信息系统(GIS),为综合处理地学资料的矿产资源预测的方法技术,开拓了广阔的前景。地理信息系统是一种计算机系统的应用软件,它集数据库管理和图像分析技术为一体,以空间数据迭加分析为重要特征。地学工作者进行矿产资源预测时,通常是从多源地学资料中提取有用信息,再应用专家知识,结合数学方法,如逻辑运算、贝叶斯(Bayes)规则等,建立预测模型,以模型的推理网格为线索,利用地理信息系统有效的空间分析手段,把各种证据图层综合迭加,最终产生以概率为指标的矿产资源预测图,高概率指示有利的矿产资源远景区,可作为勘探者和决策者进行勘查规划的依据。     

基于面向服务体系结构（SOA）的钾盐资源潜力系统

为了对中国钾盐矿产资源潜力进行全面预测,建立了全国性的钾盐矿产资源潜力预测系统。对收集的钾盐信息进行系统地整理,在Oracle空间数据库中建立面向对象的空间数据模型,基于面向服务体系结构进行系统的框架设计,将属性数据和空间数据的操作发布为Web服务,客户端通过网络调用服务实现空间与属性数据的一体化管理及分析,采用面向对象语言C#和ArcObjects二次开发具体实现本系统。系统可通过Web服务与其他地学系统有机集成,对地学数据基于服务集成与共享及一站式服务具有重要参考价值。     

基于GIS的北祁连铜钨金资源评价系统

在北祁连铜钨金成矿区,已积累了大量的地质、物化探、遥感、矿产资料,利用GIS不仅可以管理以文字、数字为主的属性信息,而且可以管理以图形图像为主的空间信息,且能方便快速进行数据采集、存储、更新、查询检索、分析建模、显示输出等功能.建立北祁连铜钨金资源评价系统,对北祁连地学信息资料进行分析综合,建立北祁连铜钨金矿的空间分析模型并进行成矿预测,圈定铜钨金矿矿集区,将有助于进一步查明该区铜钨金等矿产的找矿潜力.     

Computer-composite mapping for geologists

A computer program for overlaying maps has been tested and evaluated as a means for producing geologic derivative maps. Four maps of the Sugar House Quadrangle, Utah, were combined, using the Multi-Scale Data Analysis and Mapping Program, in a single composite map that shows the relative stability of the land surface during earthquakes. Computer-composite mapping can provide geologists with a powerful analytical tool and a flexible graphic display technique. Digitized map units can be shown singly, grouped with different units from the same map, or combined with units from other source maps to produce composite maps. The mapping program permits the user to assign various values to the map units and to specify symbology for the final map. Because of its flexible storage, easy manipulation, and capabilities of graphic output, the composite-mapping technique can readily be applied to mapping projects in sedimentary and crystalline terranes, as well as to maps showing mineral resource potential.     

Regional Probabilistic and Statistical Mineral Potential Mapping of Gold–Silver Deposits Using GIS in the Gangreung Area, Korea

The aim of the present study is to analyze relationships between epithermal Au‐Ag deposits of the hydrothermal type and related geological factors and integrate the relationships using probabilistic and statistical models in a geographic information system (GIS) environment. A variety of spatial geological data were compiled, evaluated and integrated to produce a map of potential Au and Ag deposits in the Gangreung area, Korea. This empirical approach assumes that all deposits shared a common genesis. The method consists of three main steps: (i) identification of spatial relationships; (ii) quantification of such relationships and (iii) integration of multiple quantified relationships. A spatial database containing Au and Ag deposits, topographic, geologic, geophysical and geochemical data was constructed using a GIS. The factors relating to 103 Au and Ag mineral deposits are the geological data such as lithology and fault structure, geochemical data including the abundance of Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, conductivity, Cr, Cu, Eh, Fe, HCO3–, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, pH, Si, Sr, V, W, Zn, Cl^?, F^?, PO₄^3?, NO₂^?, NO₃^? and SO₄^2?, and geophysical data including Bouguer and magnetic anomalies. Using the constructed spatial database, the relationships between mineral deposit areas and 36 related factors are identified and quantified by probabilistic and statistical modeling; that is, likelihood ratio, weights of evidence and logistic regression. All the factors were combined to produce a map of the regional mineral potential using the overlay method in a GIS environment. The mineral potential map was then verified by comparison with known mineral deposits. The verification results give respective accuracies of 82.52%, 72.45% and 81.60% for the likelihood ratio, weights of evidence and logistic regression models, respectively. The mineral potential map can be used as a source of basic information for mineral resource development.     

基于GIS模型库集成的土地利用变化预测系统

根据当前土地利用变化分析及预测研究现状,提出了以焦作市高新区1990~2005年土地利用空间数据资料为试验数据,对系统图形与属性数据建库、模型库及其同G IS的集成土地利用变化预测系统并且进行了初步设计及实现。利用VC 和MapObjects编程实现地图查询与分析、指标测算、模型构建及检验等功能,为用地变化预测及研究者们实现预测模型的构建、属性数据的统计运算、图形数据的处理提供功能集成的应用型G IS平台,该系统也为合理利用土地提供更为科学和准确的决策。     

大数据开创地学研究新途径:查明相关关系,增强研究可行性

人类已经进入大数据时代,大数据研究的思想、方法在地学领域也备受关注。笔者认为,大数据研究的对象是数据,研究的工具是计算机,研究的方法、手段是查明数据间相关关系,研究的特点是取向高概率做出决策。大数据是通过对大量数据的挖掘,查明数据间的相关关系,研究问题并做出正确决策的思想、方法。本文提出大数据是应用“归纳法”开展科学研究的思想、方法,以及高性能计算机和大数据计算技术使“归纳法”得以升华的观点。文章通过对统计学、机器学习算法的深入探讨,得出大数据将改变人们对自然的理解和认知方式,改变科学研究的思想和方法,改变长期以来人们通过查找因果关系开展科学研究的习惯。大数据必将开创一条跨越复杂的因果关系、直接获得研究结果的全新的科学研究途径。随着数据爆发式增长,随着高性能计算机的普及和计算技术的迅猛发展,统计分析方法将很大程度地突破数据体量的限制,统计分析预测模型以其真实可靠的处理结果、对条件和结果良好的解释能力、结合机器学习算法对半结构化与非结构化数据的处理优势,将推动地质科学进入定量化研究的新高度。     

On the potential for the Partial Triadic Analysis to grasp the spatio-temporal variability of groundwater hydrochemistry

Standard multivariate statistical techniques, such as principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, have been widely used as unbiased methods for extracting meaningful information from groundwater quality data. However, these classical multivariate methods deal with two-way matrices, usually parameters × sites or parameters × time, while often the dataset resulting from qualitative water monitoring programs should be seen as a datacube parameters × sites × time. Three-way matrices, such as the one proposed here, are difficult to handle and to analyse by classical multivariate statistical tools and thus should be treated with approaches dealing with three-way data structures. One possible analysis approach is the use of Partial Triadic Analysis (PTA). Applied to the dataset of the Luxembourg Sandstone aquifer, the PTA appears to be a new promising statistical instrument for hydrogeologists, for characterization of temporal or spatial hydrochemical variations induced by natural and anthropogenic factors. This new approach for groundwater management offers potential for (1) identifying a common multivariate spatial structure, (2) untapping the different hydrochemical patterns and explaining their controlling factors and (3) analyzing the temporal variability of this structure and grasping hydrochemical changes.     

地学模拟相关技术的研究与进展

地学模拟技术的一个发展方向是与地学过程分析密切结合,另一个发展方向是与数据可视化技术相结合。前者试图通过使用各种数学方法模拟地学随机现象,并对这些不良结构化或半结构化的地学问题进行定量化描述;后者运用计算机的三维可视化功能,在三维环境下将空间信息管理、地学解译、空间分析、地学统计与预测、三维图形可视化等技术相结合,实现计算可视化、分析可视化、过程可视化、结果可视化和决策可视化,并用于地学分析。回顾了地学中计算机三维地学建模技术、地质统计学和地学非线性现象模拟方法,并对该领域的发展进行了展望,认为加强地学模拟的理论体系、方法体系、技术体系的研究和实践既有着重要的理论意义,又有着重要的现实意义。     

MAPGIS在数字水文地质图编制中的应用

为了充分反映湖北省在地质领域取得的新成果、资料和水平。实现成果图件的及时更新,并为湖北省地学信息系统建设尊定基础,湖北省地质矿产勘查开发局组织有关单位,选用我国自主版权的ＭＡＰＧＩＳ软件平台,从数字制图入手,完成了全省１：５０万数字地质矿产系列图的编制工作。达到同类项目领先水平。本文就ＭＡＰＧＩＳ在数字水文地质图编制中的数据准备方法、采集技巧、图层划分原则、成图工艺流琢成果图件应用特点展开讨论,旨     

Probabilistic outlier detection for sparse multivariate geotechnical site investigation data using Bayesian learning

Various uncertainties arising during acquisition process of geoscience data may result in anomalous data instances(i.e.,outliers)that do not conform with the expected pattern of regular data instances.With sparse multivariate data obtained from geotechnical site investigation,it is impossible to identify outliers with certainty due to the distortion of statistics of geotechnical parameters caused by outliers and their associated statistical uncertainty resulted from data sparsity.This paper develops a probabilistic outlier detection method for sparse multivariate data obtained from geotechnical site investigation.The proposed approach quantifies the outlying probability of each data instance based on Mahalanobis distance and determines outliers as those data instances with outlying probabilities greater than 0.5.It tackles the distortion issue of statistics estimated from the dataset with outliers by a re-sampling technique and accounts,rationally,for the statistical uncertainty by Bayesian machine learning.Moreover,the proposed approach also suggests an exclusive method to determine outlying components of each outlier.The proposed approach is illustrated and verified using simulated and real-life dataset.It showed that the proposed approach properly identifies outliers among sparse multivariate data and their corresponding outlying components in a probabilistic manner.It can significantly reduce the masking effect(i.e.,missing some actual outliers due to the distortion of statistics by the outliers and statistical uncertainty).It also found that outliers among sparse multivariate data instances affect significantly the construction of multivariate distribution of geotechnical parameters for uncertainty quantification.This emphasizes the necessity of data cleaning process(e.g.,outlier detection)for uncertainty quantification based on geoscience data.     

数字地质调查系统在西藏驱龙矿区资源量 估算中的应用

埋藏于地下的矿产资源形态千差万别,产状复杂多变,数据来源多种多样。如何科学、合理、准确、灵活、高效地估算在一定工程控制条件下的资源量,完成资源量估算的各类图件、报表制作满足不同工作的需求是目前急需解决的问题。将数字地质调查系统技术运用到资源量估算领域是解决问题的有效途径。数字地质调查系统是基于GIS技术并在计算机软硬件支持下,融合计算机图形学、计算机人工智能和数据库技术于一体,实现对多源、海量地学实体数据采集、管理、存储、处理、成图、分析、成果输出等全过程的数据表达,实现了从野外工作到成果汇交的全数字化过程的无缝连接。通过在驱龙矿区的应用,充分体现了系统对多源、海量地学数据进行科学、合理、准确、灵活、高效的处理能力。     

Characteristic analysis—1981: Final program and a possible discovery

The latest or n ewest version of the char acteristic an alysis (NCHARAN)computer program offers the exploration geologist a wide variety of options for integrating regionalized multivariate data. The options include the selection of regional cells for characterizing deposit models, the selection of variables that constitute the models, and the choice of logical combinations of variables that best represent these models. Moreover, the program provides for the display of results which, in turn, makes possible review, reselection, and refinement of a model. Most important, the performance of the above-mentioned steps in an interactive computing mode can result in a timely and meaningful interpretation of the data available to the exploration geologist. The most recent application of characteristic analysis has resulted in the possible discovery of economic sulfide mineralization in the Grong area in central Norway. Exploration data for 27 geophysical, geological, and geochemical variables were used to construct a mineralized and a lithogeochemical model for an area that contained a known massive sulfide deposit. The models were applied to exploration data collected from the Gjersvik area in the Grong mining district and resulted in the identification of two localities of possible mineralization. Detailed field examination revealed the presence of a sulfide vein system and a partially inverted stratigraphic sequence indicating the possible presence of a massive sulfide deposit at depth.     

盆地构造图三维可视化系统开发的实例介绍

传统的二维构造图难于直观地描述地质构造的空间形态。综合利用VB、VC和OPENGL环境设计的盆地构造图三维可视化系统将构造图上涉及的要素分成点、线、面、区等不同类型,每个类型数据又都由空间数据和属性数据两部分组成,并用数据库方式管理这些数据。系统除了可将各构造要素以三维方式显示外,还可以利用测井数据和剖面图恢复三维地层;同时允许用户与屏幕图形进行交互,从而实现对图形的切割操作。显示成果可以以栅格图形或AVI录像形式输出。通过几个用该系统输出的三维构造图的实例说明该系统基本能满足盆地构造图三维显示的需要。     

基于GIS的证据权模型在秦岭～松潘金矿潜力预测中的应用

数据驱动的证据权法被用来进行金矿潜力制作。为了确定秦岭~松潘金矿的潜力区,需利用地质、地球化学、地球物理等数据。数据采集、图形处理、空间分析都是在GIS平台上进行的。预测结果表明,证据权法在综合不同空间数据上是有效的,最终的预测图件圈出了最有利的矿化区,可用于进一步勘查研究。     

Redefining the watershed line and stream networks via digital resources and topographic map using GIS and remote sensing (case study: the Neka River’s watershed)

The accurate delineation of area plays a key role in the surveying of land change detection and the classification of land covers. In a hydrologic system, the watershed delineation and the detection of the boundaries among watershed is a basic method for performing spatial analyses. After recent advances in image processing and raster-based spatial analysis in geographic information systems, and being easily accessible data via various sources especially through remote sensing, the reliable determination of topographical boundaries possible is possible. Therefore, an integrated approach of data analysis and modeling can accomplish the task of delineation. The main aim in this research is to evaluate the delineation method of watershed boundary using four different digital elevation models (DEM) including advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER), Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM), digital topography, and topographic maps. In order to determine a true reference of boundary of watershed, sample data were also obtained by field survey and using global positioning system (GPS). The comparison reference points and the results of these data showed the average distance difference between reference boundary, and the result of ASTER data was 43 m. However, the average distance between GPS reference and the other data was high; the difference between the reference data and SRTM was 307 m, and for digital topographic map, it was 269 m. The average distance between topographic map and the GPS points differed 304 m as well. For the statistical analysis of comparison, the coordinates of 230 points were determined; the paired comparisons were also performed to measure the coefficient of determination, R ², as well as analysis of variance in SPSS software. As a result, the R ² values for the ASTER data with the digital topography and topographic map were 0.0157 and 0.171, respectively. The results showed that there were statistically significant differences in distances among the four means of the selected models. Therefore, considering other three methods, the ASTER DEM is the most suitable applicable data to delineate the borders of watersheds, especially in rugged terrains. In addition, the calculated flow directions of stream based on ASTER are close to natural tributaries as well as real positions of streams.