Directions and possibilities of mathematical geology

This paper considers the present state of mathematical geology. Three directions are recognized: applied, theoretical, and mathematical. Applied mathematical geology includes formal use of mathematics to solve problems and computer processing of data. Success is achieved by a correspondence of mathematical methods used to the nature of geological data. This correspondence can be demonstrated by purely mathematical means. Theoretical mathematical geology uses mathematics as a language of geology; however, a number of methodological problems must be solved: formalization of initial geological concepts and creation of a strict conceptual basis, substantiation of initial principles of mathematical simulation, creation of theoretical geological models, problems of elementary and coincidence in geology, and methodological substantiations of possibilities of any mathematical model to approximate geological models. The essense and significance of these problems are considered. The main task of mathematical geology is to prove its correspondence to the nature of the geological objects studied, geological data obtained, and geological problems solvable. Finally, the main problems of mathematical geology are not so much mathematical as geological and methodological.     

Theory and Practice in Mathematical Geology—Introduction and Discussion

Mathematical geology has developed into a very diverse system of mathematical models, algorithms and corresponding software. Experience shows that this diversification of approaches and methods was and is accompanied by an increasing gap between the availability of powerful tools and the continuation of many traditional working methods in the geosciences. Besides continuing to develop models, one of the basic functions of mathematical geology should be to introduce all new tools into practice and to aid non-specialized geoscientists to use them successfully and without bias. Some ways to do so will be briefly discussed here. Instructive and intelligible contributions towards attaining this goal were presented at the last (32nd) International Geological Congress held in Florence, Italy, in 2004. The intention of this present compilation is to suggest relevant discussions and conclusions. Mathematical geology should not be the domain of a few experts. It should be made accessible to all geologists and scientists in related fields.     

Application of mathematical and machine-computing methods to certain problems in geology and geophysics

Mathematical interpretation of data for computer (EDP) processing has not been studied, developed, and applied, as consistently in geology, as it has been applied to problems in seismology, seismic exploration, and oceanic hydroacoustics. The trend in “mathematical geology” is to reduce complex processes to simple models, thereby controlling the large number of accidental phenomena and statistically determining their relationships. The trend in geology is the construction and testing of expectancy models and development of “response-models” for processing experimental material by means of speeial program systems, e.g. for determining “geologic environment” and for analyzing paragenesis. -- IGR Staff.     

昆阳磷矿床数字模型初步研究

矿床模型可为同类矿术矿产预测和找矿勘探工作提供指导，建立矿床数字模型有利于摸清矿床（体）地质参间的数学关系，掌握其相关因素间定量规律，“昆阳式磷矿床”经前人的大量工作，已成为磷矿床的找矿勘探和研究的对比标准，用数理统计工具对昆阳磷矿床部份代表性数量化相关地质因素进行初步分析，得出了一些定量关系式，可在同类矿床中有限使用，对地质勘探和矿山工作有一定的指导作用。     

试论非线性科学在数学地质中的地位和作用

评述了数学地质的发展现状,分析了非线性科学在数学地质中的地位和作用,根据地质数据的分形结构和混沌性质,探讨了非线性科学应用于数学地质的途径。     

碳酸盐岩最佳遥感波段选择的叠合光谱图方法

<正> 地物的光谱辐射特性是整个遥感学科的物理基础。因此,地物光谱辐射特性的测试研究已成为近代地质遥感技术的重要组成部分。有的学者已采用专门术语“遥感波谱学”(remotsensing spectroscopy)或“地质波谱学”(geological spectroscopy)来称呼遥感学科的这一分支。      

计算机技术与地矿工作信息化

地矿工作信息化已经成为时代的潮流。地矿工作信息化水平,也已经成为衡量地矿工作现代化程度的主要标志。地矿工作信息化工程的核心,是地质矿产信息系统建设,而主要技术手段是计算机应用。当前,计算机应用已经渗透到地质工作的全过程,成为地质工作新技术、新方法应用的主流,极大地推动了地矿工作的前进。地矿工作信息化领域的计算机应用涉及计算机技术领域的多个分支前缘。本文根据所掌握的几个主要方面的资料,评介了国内外计算机技术在地矿工作信息化领域的应用现状与发展趋势。     

矿床统计预测方法流程研究

在矿床统计预测的方法流程研究中，采用了直接找矿和成矿预测相结合；获取第一手找矿信息和收集处理前人资料相结合；地质、物化探、遥感影象分析和数学地质方法的计算机处理相结合；大、中比例尺预测相结合的研究方法，其方法流程为资料收集整理，成矿区带划分和找矿远景区圈定；编制找矿信息卡片，野外找矿；找矿靶区圈定和优选；资源量预测；评述和建议，在新疆长期的科研实践表明，该项研究是一套行之有效的综合性的科学研究方法     

The orientation of bedding,veins and joints in core — a new method and case history

Summary A new technique is described for the orientation of bedding, joints and veins in diamond drill core taken from rocks in which a cleavage is developed. The geological and mathematical basis of the method is explained and a computer program suitable for IBM compatible microcomputers is included. A case history of its use during a gold exploration program at the Dolaucothi gold mines (Ogofau) in Dyfed, Wales is also presented which highlights its use in structural modelling and interpretation, geotechnical studies and in ore deposit geology.     

煤与瓦斯突出数学地质模型研究

在焦作中马村矿应用研究结果表明:由于煤与瓦斯突出的分区分带主要受地质条件控制,运用数量化理论Ⅱ,可以借助已知瓦斯突出类型的若干地质变量,建立该矿井煤与瓦斯突出的数学地质模型,并预测未知区的瓦斯突出,这可提高瓦斯突出预测的准确性和可靠性。      

硫同位素混合总体筛分

现代矿床学研究表明，绝大多数矿床的形成具有多来源、多阶段、多成因的特点。定量研究S同位素来源可将形成一个矿床的过程看作是多个总体的混合或叠加，在数学上这种混合或叠加可以用混合总体筛分的数学模型来描述。笔者在长江中下游地区和湖南东坡矿田中成功地应用混合总体筛分的数学模型，定量研究了S同位素来源的问题，这一问题的解决对于研究成矿物质来源和成矿机理具有重要的意义。     

数字地质与数字矿产勘查

矿产勘探的理念,在西方国家被称为“勘探哲学”,是指导矿产勘探的思想、方法、技术、目标和组织。矿产勘查的3个基本要素是“找什么”、“哪里找”和“如何找”。随着“三要素”的发展,矿产勘查的概念正在逐渐变化,“三要素”为改变矿产勘探的概念、方法和技术提供了强大的动力。矿产勘查概念的创新是持续的勘查和开发与时俱进的结果。“数学地质学”和“信息技术”的结合被称为“数字地质学”。数字地质学是地质科学的数据分析的组成部分。地质数据科学是一种根据地质数据的特征和地质工作的需要,利用数据科学的一般方法来研究地质学的科学。数字矿产勘查是数字地质学在矿产勘查中的应用,以减少找矿的不确定性。     

秦岭成矿带金矿遥感地质综合调查研究的主要研究方法

介绍了《秦岭成矿带金矿遥感地质综合调查研究》项目在地物波谱研究、金矿遥感地质信息的计算机处理与提取、地球物理、地球化学信息的提取、控矿断裂信息的定量提取方法、金矿“遥感构造、蚀变、生态景观”异常信息提取的遥感工作方法以及所应用的几种预测方法的适用范围,并取得了很好的效果。     

洪水期水位流量关系绳套曲线的直接拟合

受洪水涨落影响的水痊流量关系通常为时序型绳套曲线,现有的校正因数法在电算整编中存在一定的困难,通过对校正因数法公式的幂级数展开,提出了水位流量关系绳套曲线的计算机直接拟合数学方法,并对该法原理、步骤作了较详细的介绍。实例验证结果表明,该法能有效地模拟受洪水涨落影响的水位流量关系绳套曲线、且具有计算速度快,推流精度高等优点。     

The contribution of women to Welsh geological research and education up to 1920

The importance of Welsh geology to the development of the science of geology and the stratigraphic column is underestimated and indeed the contribution of women to this process is largely overlooked. This paper explores the scientific contribution and the role that women played to the investigation of Welsh stratigraphy. The work of Gertrude Elles, Ethel Skeat, Ethel Wood and Margaret Crosfield, the so-called Newnham quartet of palaeontologists, and the educational contribution of Dilys Davies, the first female to study geology at Newnham College, Cambridge and of Annie Greenly to the work of her husband Edward Greenly on Anglesey is discussed. Catherine Raisin also contributed work on the metamorphic rocks of Wales and her work is examined. Without their contributions, Welsh stratigraphy would not be as advanced as it is today especially in the use of graptolite identification for correlation. However, scientific research was not the only contribution and other roles such as illustrators, proof readers, field assistants and teachers will also be examined against the background of the time. The fact that there were few higher education institutions in Wales at the time admitting women to geology is a significant factor for geological research. The contribution of female researchers to this research development is largely forgotten by both researchers, educators and the general public. This paper hopes to rectify these omissions.     

基于瓦斯抽采穿层钻孔的瓦斯地质勘查研究

针对回采工作面煤与瓦斯突出事故多发于煤厚变化带和隐伏小构造附近,研究了利用大量瓦斯抽采钻孔探明工作面瓦斯地质信息的技术途径。结合试验煤层工作面抽采钻孔施工设计,对抽采钻孔信息进行处理、建立数学模型,利用计算机作图软件对煤层厚度变化规律、隐伏小断层立体呈现,从而达到利用穿层抽采钻孔探明工作面前方隐伏瓦斯地质信息的目的。试验结果表明,工作面煤厚变化部位、遭遇断层位置与预测结果基本一致,回采阶段未出现瓦斯异常情况。     

数学地质的主要进展和发展趋势

数学地质是地质学的一个重要的新分支。本文涉及数学地质在几个领域的主要进展,分形、耗散结构、灰色系统模型和模糊数学在地质学中的应用。分形已成功地应用于准晶体微粒结构、断层系统和地质构造分布、多孔介质、地质体表面粗糙度和其他问题研究。耗散结构已应用于矿物离解过程、热液成矿作用动力学、混合岩成因以及地壳地幔的结构和运动等的研究。灰色系统理论在水文地质、工程地质、环境地质和矿床预测的很多问题中得到应用。模糊数学是解决很多地质问题的有用的定量工具。最后,讨论了数学地质的进一步发展趋势。     

精细地质初议

通过对经济建设、资源勘探、环境保护和地学发展的需求分析,提出了进行精细地质研究的必要性,诠释了精细地质的概念及其技术体系。认为精细地质是以先进的技术方法和高灵敏度的测量仪器,对地质体进行精确细致的研究,形成先进、精确、实用的成果,达到提高地学科研与调查水平,高效服务经济建设的目的。精细地质的技术体系包括遥感、物探、化探、钻探、同位素测年、空间定位技术、计算机技术等,通过空中地表地下全方位立体化的综合调查,完成对研究对象的精细研究。通过物探、遥感、同位素测年、化探等核心技术在国内外精细地质研究中的发展应用状况分析,以遥感技术为例,阐述了进行精细地质调查研究的可能性,展望了精细地质在矿产资源勘探、地学研究、环境保护、国防建设、地质灾害调查等领域的应用前景。