厦门湾中华白海豚：面临的威胁与保护对策

中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)是国家一级重点保护水生哺乳动物,在我国主要分布于东南沿海的近岸及河口水域。厦门湾是中华白海豚重要栖息地之一,同时也是东南沿海经济较为发达的地区。自改革开放以来,厦门进行了高强度的海洋开发活动,对中华白海豚及其栖息地造成了较大影响。为了保护该物种及其栖息地,厦门市制定了一系列的保护措施,如建立自然保护区、跨区域协同管理、鱼类资源管护与增殖放流等,取得了较好成效。本研究总结了厦门湾中华白海豚所面临的主要威胁,以及为保护中华白海豚及其栖息地所采取的保护措施;分析了目前仍然存在的问题并提出改进建议,如保护区优化调整、加强执法监管、开展栖息地生态修复等,可为厦门湾及其他海域中华白海豚的保护与管理提供参考与借鉴。     

国外海洋自然保护区管窥

设置海洋自然保护区具有显著的社会、生态、环境与经济效益,是海洋自然保护事业的一项重要建设。近30年来许多滨海国家和地区重视海洋自然保护工作,建成了各种类型的海洋自然保护区。本文简述国外海洋自然保护区建设的现状与发展动向,着重介绍若干国家对海洋自然保护区管理的情况。     

美国数字海岸简述及对我国的启示

面向公众的海洋数据信息开放平台能够为海洋管理者与社会提供准确的海洋数据与便捷的数据处理渠道,以满足海岸带管理者的各类需求。本文通过研究美国数字海岸平台的功能与特点,着重从平台概况、数据来源、分析工具、技术支撑等方面进行介绍,梳理了数字海岸平台进行数据分析、信息获取、决策支持与开展相关合作等方面的运行模式。总结了我国在海洋空间规划信息数据共享决策等方面存在的短板,提出了相关建议。     

蒙特里海湾海岸带新的地壳速度模式及其构造意义

蒙特里海湾的地震活动显示在圣格雷戈里奥断层（ＳＧＦ）北部的大部分事件呈零星分布状。缺乏在蒙特里海湾附近的地震记录仪和使用从内陆地区确定震源位置和震源机制的速度模式无法肯定、精确地确定海湾内的地震事件。１９９７～１９９８年间,蒙特里海湾Ａｑｕａｒｉｕｍ调查所（ＭＢＡＲＩ）边缘地震计划采用洋底数字岩心钻孔和标准地震检波器以及海岸ＲｅｆＴｅｋ仪获取了新的包括３种组分的地震资料,我们分析了设置这些仪器的蒙特里海湾附近的地震阶段,在该地区２～１０ｋｍ的深度范围内新的速度模式显示了较慢的速度,我们将之归因于…     

广东省海洋自然保护区可持续发展研究

自然保护区是现代社会文明的产物,是国家为了保护自然环境和自然资源,促进国民经济的持续发展,将一定面积的陆地或水域划分出来,并经各级人民政府批准而进行特殊保护和管理的区域。根据保护对象的不同,我国的自然保护区可以分为3个类别9种类型,海洋自然保护区是其中的一种重要类型。根据《海洋自然保护区管理办法》,海洋自然保护区是     

海洋自然保护区生态保护状况评价初探——以河北昌黎黄金海岸国家级自然保护区为例

为进一步保护我国海洋生态环境以及加快海洋生态文明建设,文章探索建立适用于我国海洋自然保护区生态保护状况的评价体系,并以河北昌黎黄金海岸国家级自然保护区为例开展海洋自然保护区生态保护状况评价。研究结果表明：海洋自然保护区生态保护状况指数包括面积适宜指数、外来物种入侵指数、生境质量指数和开发干扰指数;与已有相关评价方法相比...     

基于GIS的海洋敏感区溢油敏感度分析研究

海上溢油是严重的海洋灾害,严重威胁海洋环境。以渤海区域为例,通过开发基于GIS的海洋敏感区溢油敏感度分析系统,利用实时绘制的规则网格和敏感区图层叠加分析方法,计算各个网格的敏感值大小,渲染并生成海洋敏感区专题图,对敏感值较大的敏感区,采取优先保护的措施,以减少溢油对海洋自然保护区、养殖区、动植物栖息地和海洋经济区等区域的危害,为保护海洋生态环境提供技术支持。     

在海洋经济发展中看海洋自然保护区

海洋自然保护区作为海洋自然环境和资源的一种特殊保护和管理手段,对于日益受到开发和污染损害的海洋自然是非常重要的.海洋,尤其是海岸区域生态系统是比较脆弱的,为维护海洋生态的健康和生态系生产力能力,需要运用建立海洋自然保护区的方式来强化对那些具有代表性、典型性和高生产力的海洋生态系统进行富有成效的保护.1990年国务院首次批准建立了包括昌黎黄金海岸国家级自然保护区和山口红树林生态自然保护区在内的五个国家级海洋类型自然保护区.之后的几十年里又相继建立了多个各级海洋自然保护区.这些保护区的建立是海洋生物多样性的基地;保留了海洋自然条件的天然"本底"和"原始"风貌;同时,也是科学研究的天然场所,促进自然资源持续利用.海洋自然保护区在全球自然和区域海洋自然保护中,在对社会、经济、科学、文化的发展中,在对人类维系、改善生存条件中均已成为一项战略性的措施和切实可行的方案.应该得到进一步的发展.     

中国海洋和海岸自然保护区

中国海岸线长达１８０００ｋｍ,其中渤海、黄海、东海和南海分布着６５００个岛屿,由于穿越不同的气候带,而且强季风给沿岸带来了丰富的沉积物,并产生了各种不同的自然景观。南部海区气候温暖,适合珊瑚和红树林生长,所以热带和亚热带海岸大多是生物成因的;北部海区则温带盐碱滩发育。海湾、湿地、岛屿红树林、珊瑚和海洋生态系统都各有其独特性,海洋有机物种和生态群等生物多样性在海洋生态保护上都有重要意义。中国采取国家海洋局统一管理和各部门对口管理相结合的办法,从法律、法规上健全环保措施。中国自然保护区分国家和地方两级,国家级自然保护区共有１２个,包括昌黎黄金海岸自然保护区、天津古海岸和湿地自然保护区、三亚珊瑚礁自然保护区、蛇岛－老铁山自然保护区等;地方级自然保护区有８个,包括辽东湾海岸自然保护区、成山头海岸自然保护区、崇明岛东海岸自然保护区等。以后的工作中要继续加大投入,设立专门机构,培养专门人才,加强国际合作,使自然保护区在开放的同时受到更好的保护。     

海洋自然保护区建设与管理问题探讨

海洋是人类生存与发展的重要领域,同时也是国际竞争的重要领域。谁能最早最好的开发利用和保护海洋,谁就能获得最大的利益。保护海洋生态环境,使海洋资源为人类持续利用,建立海洋自然保护区是保护海洋自然环境、自然资源及生物多样性最经济有效的措施,是社会经济可持...     

Preformed Cd and PO4 and the relationship between the two elements in the northwestern Pacific and the Okhotsk Sea

Preformed Cd and PO₄ were investigated in the northwestern Pacific (Station CM05) and the Okhotsk Sea (Station CM06), and the relationship between the two elements was examined. At CM05, from the apparent oxygen utilization (AOU)–Cd and PO₄ plot, the different molecular ratios of consumed O₂ to regenerated Cd and PO₄ were calculated to be 254,000 (Cd) and 96 (PO₄) for the shallow layer (30–99 m) and 613,000 (Cd) and 170 (PO₄) for the deep layer (below the oxygen minimum layer), which suggested the preferential remineralization of Cd and PO₄ in the shallow layer. At CM06, regeneration ratios of O₂/Cd, PO₄ were obtained only in the shallow layer (29–124 m) as 227,000 (Cd) and 75 (PO₄). The calculated preformed Cd and PO₄ concentrations in the shallow layer were 0.59 nM of Cd and 1.6 μM of PO₄ at CM05 and 0.35 nM of Cd and 0.95 μM of PO₄ at CM06. These concentrations were much higher than those (close to 0) in the low-latitude area, which was attributable to the supply of these constituents from deep water by the strong winter convection. In the deep layer, at CM05, preformed concentrations were 0.64 nM of Cd and 1.4 μM of PO₄. Preformed PO₄ generally agreed with previously reported values in the Pacific, which suggested that the concentrations of the initial PO₄ in the deep water were preserved as preformed through the movement to the northwestern Pacific. On the other hand, obtained preformed Cd in the northwestern Pacific deep water showed a somewhat higher value than that in the southwest Pacific. The possibility of the terrestrial input and remineralization of Cd by CaCO₃ dissolution during the northward movement was considered. A plot of Cd and PO₄ showed a linear relationship with slopes of 0.34 and 0.40 (nM/μM) at CM05 and CM06, respectively, which generally agreed with the reported values in the North Pacific.     

海南省海岸带和海洋资源与环境问题及对策研究

在分析海南省海岸带和海洋资源与环境优势的基础上，指出当前存在的5个主要问题，即海洋资源的综合开发利用缺乏统一的规划、海洋防护林和生物资源破坏严重、水质富营养化、海域污染等，并对存在问题提出今后的对策。     

渤海、黄海、东海冬季海流场温度场数值模拟和同化技术

利用NASA高分辨率的卫星遥感资料SST,采用Nudging同化来模拟渤海、黄海、东海的三维温度场,减小用热通量作上边界条件所带来的误差.结果表明,模拟的海流场能较好地反映渤海、黄海、东海的环流特征.数据同化后的温度场优于未经同化的温度场.3个选择站点的同化值与实测值的均方根误差分别为1.307,0.526,0.744,用热通量资料模拟的水温与实测值的均方根误差分别为2.160,0.979,1.330.尽管只同化了海表温度,但数据同化对三维温度场结构都有影响.     

体现执法威力 维护海上权益

2004年，是我国海洋工作面临历史性机遇和挑战的一年。中国海监总队在国家海洋局的领导和关怀下，在局各有关部门和各分局、各沿海省(自治区、直辖市)海洋厅(局)的大力支持下，坚持以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，认真贯彻党的十六大和十六届三中、四中全会精神，全面落实局党组2004年的重点工作，以执法能力建设为重点，以海盾系列专项执法、执法示范工作为主线，上下团结一致，与时俱进，开拓进取，认真履行职能，全力推进全国海监队伍建设和海洋执法监察工作。     

东海黑潮温、盐度与中国东部气温和降水的相互关系

采用东海黑潮主流段长时间序列的实测温盐资料,研究了东海黑潮上层温度、上层盐度的变化及其与中国东部降水和地面气温的关系.结果表明,在过去50 a内,东海黑潮上层海温呈上升趋势,而上层盐度略呈下降趋势.东海黑潮上层海温和我国东部地面气温的关系在冬季十分密切,呈现出大面积显著的正相关,这与冬季南下冷空气的整体降温作用有关.夏季,长江中下游江水的增多致使大量长江冲淡水入海,可能是导致黑潮上层水盐度下降的一个原因,此时东海黑潮上层盐度与我国大陆东部降水呈负相关.     

Environmental genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the offshore zones of the Baltic and the North Seas

Micronuclei (MN), nuclear buds (NB) and fragmented-apoptotic cells (FA) were analyzed in mature peripheral blood and immature cephalic kidney erythrocytes of flounder (Platichthys flesus), dab (Limanda limanda) and cod (Gadus morhua) from 12 offshore sites in the Baltic Sea (479 specimens) and 11 sites in the North Sea (291 specimens), which were collected during three research vessel cruises in December 2002, 2003 and in September 2004. The highest levels of environmental genotoxicity (frequencies of MN up to 0.5‰, NB – up to 0.75‰) and cytotoxicity (FA – up to 0.53‰) were observed in flatfishes from areas close to oil and gas platforms in the North Sea and in zones related to the extensive shipping and potentially influenced by contamination from large European Rivers (Elbe, Vistula, Oder). In dab from the offshore zones of the North Sea, the levels of nuclear abnormalities were higher as compared to those in dab from the Baltic Sea. Responses in immature kidney erythrocytes were higher than in mature erythrocytes from peripheral blood. MN frequency lower than 0.05‰ (the Baltic Sea) and lower than 0.1‰ (the North Sea) could be suspected as a reference level in the peripheral blood erythrocytes of flatfish.     

Canada and the law of the sea

This is a historical review of Canadian policy at the Third UN Conference on the Law of the Sea. Canadian objectives with regard to the territorial sea, fisheries, pollution prevention and the continental shelf are outlined and the role played by the Canadian delegation at UNCLOS is described. The article then examines the impact of the Convention on Canada, particular attention being paid to the Canadian Exclusive Economic Zone and the Canadian role in the controversy over seabed mining. The author concludes by arguing that Canada was a major beneficiary of the Convention, but that US opposition has placed the future of the Convention in jeopardy.     

Comparison between the magnetic and petrological characteristics of the peridotites from the gorringe ridge and the peridotites from the mid-ocean ridges

The purpose of our work was to obtain the most possible detailed information about the composition, concentration, and structural features of the magnetic minerals contained in the rock to reveal the differences in the magnetic properties of the peridotites under various circumstances of the mantle magmatism and different conditions of metamorphism. To do this, we examined and analyzed the magnetic and petrographic characteristics of four collections of oceanic and alpinotype spinel peridotites. The main object for comparing the magnetic characteristics was the Gorringe ridge, which lies in the eastern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The peridotite samples from the Gorringe ridge differ from the other collections in many magnetic parameters: I _n , χ, Q, I _rs /I _s , H _c , H _cr , and H _m . The principal question of our work was to clarify the nature of the Earth’s crust where the Gorringe ridge formed. This subject was studied many times in the literature, but the researchers did not reach a common opinion. In accordance with our data, the spinel peridotites from the Gorringe ridge represent a subcontinental lithosphere mantle of the Iberian continental margin. During the metamorphism, the formation of magnetite occurred in the peridotites of the Gorringe ridge in several stages and had a regressive character. Our investigations explain the results of the analysis of the anomalous magnetic field over the Gorringe ridge, which is characterized by sharp roughness and high intensity of the local signchanging anomalies.     

金塘大桥桥轴线优化及建桥对水流和航道的影响

金塘大桥跨越灰鳖洋,连接金塘岛沥港镇与宁波镇海新泓口,全长18.5 km,为舟山连岛工程的主体.该大桥工程所在海域潮汐为非正规浅海半日潮,历年最大潮差为3.67 m,多年平均潮差为1.91 m;潮流呈往复流特征,且基本平行于峡道走向.金塘大桥水域东侧微冲,西侧微淤,深泓摆幅较小,深槽稳定.在海床演变分析的基础上,运用数学模型进行了桥轴线的优化,由实体定床与动床模型探讨了建桥对水动力的影响.数学模型选用2002年3月和11月实测水文测验资料对模型进行率定和验证.物理模型选取中值粒径为0.2 mm的塑料沙作为动床试验的模型沙,选用2002年11月实测水文测验资料对定床模型进行验证,选用2002年11月和2003年4月两次水下地形资料对动床模型进行河床冲淤验证,验证精度均满足相关规范要求.研究结果表明,以推荐的方案建桥对桥位近区的潮位、流速与潮量的影响均较小.建桥后,下游高潮位有所抬高,上游高潮位有所降低;上游低潮位有所抬高,下游低潮位略有降低.由于桥墩的阻水作用,使该桥所在海域海流流速整体上略有减小,减小量一般在5%以内;桥墩间因海流集中使流速有所增加.建桥使主航道航深有所增加,桥位近区与远区分别冲刷0.6～0.8 m和0.1～0.2 m;西航道桥轴线近区冲刷0.4～0.5 m,远区淤积0.1～0.2 m.建桥对甬江口、金塘锚地、七里屿锚地均无明显的不良影响,对北仑港区基本没有影响.     

On the large-scale variability of the circulation and heat state of the ocean and atmosphere in the North Atlantic

A conclusion about two extreme regimes existing in the large-scale circulation in the North Atlantic has been drawn based on an analysis of the inter-annual variability of the analogue to the Rossby index, as well as that of the heat and dynamic characteristics in separate areas of the north subtropical circulation. The former is defined by a high level of circulation both in the atmosphere and in the subtropical water circulation. In the current century this regime was realized mainly in the years pertaining to the middle and end of a 22-year solar activity cycle (a 22-year cycle). The relatively low level of atmospheric circulation and the slackened water mass transport are typical of the second regime. It dominated mainly during the years relevant to the beginning and second half of a 22-year solar activity cycle.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.