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1.
The stratigraphy, structure and tectonics of Australia's Phanerozoic sedimentary basins are described briefly in terms of three settings: younger internal basins, older internal basins and peripheral basins.The younger internal basins developed successively following part by part cratonization of the Palaeozoic Tasman Fold Belt System. Most of the older internal basins probably had late Proterozoic beginnings and all have Precambrian cratonic basements. The peripheral basins occur around the present continental margins and in New Guinea; the oldest of them may be Devonian.The peripheral basins are the simplest to explain in terms of plate tectonics: some can be related to Australia breaking away from Gondwanaland, others to plate convergence in the east and in New Guinea. An attempt is made to fit the internal basins into a platetectonic geological history.  相似文献   

2.
沉积岩中的微量元素和稀土元素特征对沉积环境、沉积物的物源和构造背景具有十分重要的示踪与指示作用。对采自中扬子北缘晚侏罗世-白垩纪地层的泥质岩样品中微量元素和稀土元素进行了测试与分析,结果表明,研究区微量元素中的深源元素普遍低于地壳粘土岩中的平均值,说明沉积物的来源为陆源物质。而典型陆源元素Zr、Hf的平均含量远高于地壳粘土岩中的平均含量,反映了大量的陆源物质的快速堆积。上侏罗统与下白垩统泥质岩的微量元素特征相似,而上白垩统则发生了明显的变化,表现为深源性微量元素含量较上白垩统明显降低,而陆源性微量元素含量显著增加,反映早晚白垩世之间沉积背景发生了变化。纵向上,稀土元素的变化规律显示,上白垩统与下白垩统的稀土元素特征具明显的差异,表现为Eu的负异常明显减小,Ce的负异常增大,轻稀土富集程度降低,反映了沉积作用分异度较低的特点。La-Th-Sc、Th-Co-Zr/10和Th-Sc—Zr/10构造环境判别图及La/Th-Hf和Th/Sc-Sc比值图表明,中扬子北缘晚侏罗世.白垩纪沉积岩物源区的构造背景以大陆岛弧型为主,可能也存在类似被动大陆边缘构造背景。  相似文献   

3.
后碰撞花岗岩类的多样性及其构造环境判别的复杂性   总被引:37,自引:2,他引:37  
韩宝福 《地学前缘》2007,14(3):64-72
造山带中普遍存在着相当数量的后碰撞花岗岩类。它们在时间上晚于碰撞事件形成,在空间上可以不受构造单元的严格控制,而是可以跨构造单元分布,有时可以侵入在蛇绿岩之中。后碰撞花岗岩类的主元素特征属于中—高钾钙碱性系列和钾玄岩系列,但以钙碱性系列为主。按照MISA分类,后碰撞花岗岩类可以有I、S和A等3种类型,有的造山带以发育I型花岗岩类为主,而另一些造山带可以广泛发育S型花岗岩,而碱性A型花岗岩并不是在每个造山带都会出现。在微量元素构造环境判别图解上,后碰撞花岗岩类可以落在多种构造环境的区域。因此,仅仅依靠花岗岩类构造环境的地球化学判别图解会得出似是而非的结果。文中强调时空分布特征及区域地质构造的全面分析可能是厘定后碰撞花岗岩类最重要的依据,而在区域地质研究基础上的高精度锆石U-Pb年代学研究能够建立区域构造演化的年代学框架,进而准确地限定后碰撞花岗岩类岩浆活动的时限。  相似文献   

4.
吴育平 《地质与勘探》2021,57(5):1065-1076
为深入探讨湘西地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色岩系沉积-构造环境,对三岔剖面黑色岩系进行了详细采样测试,并重点分析了主量、微量及稀土元素地球化学特征。研究结果表明,牛蹄塘组黑色岩系不仅有机碳含量高,而且相比于北美页岩更富集V、Ni、Cr等微量元素。δ~(13)C_(org)及微量元素判别指标V/(V+Ni)、V/Cr、Ni/Co、δU、Ce/La、Ce_(anom)等特征的变化均反映牛蹄塘组沉积期水体属缺氧还原的浅水环境,且Mo/TOC与U_(EF)-Mo_(EF)协同模式表明沉积区当时为一局限海盆环境。稀土元素(REE)中轻稀土相对重稀土富集,且北美页岩标准化分布模式呈近水平略微左倾状,结合元素比值特征和La/YbCe/Yb、La/Yb-ΣREE图解,牛蹄塘组黑色岩系的母岩以长英质岩石为主,但沉积过程也受到海底热液作用影响。同时,根据δCe、δEu的特征与K_2O/Na_2O-SiO_2图解,认为沉积区在早寒武世为被动大陆边缘构造背景。  相似文献   

5.
北山地区泥盆纪是古亚洲洋由板块体制向板内体制转变的关键时期,晚古生代旱山微大陆与塔里木板块发生碰撞造山作用,两个板块拼接在一起,形成统一大陆。沿红柳河—牛圈子—洗肠井一带形成古生代蛇绿岩,在蛇绿岩带南部为平头山推覆构造。作为这次碰撞的沉积响应,在墩墩山一带形成厚度巨大,横向变化极大的三个井组。通过对三个井组岩性特征和沉积建造的分析研究,认为三个井组整体属于磨拉石建造,其沉积盆地性质为周缘前陆盆地;岩性显示快速堆积的特征,物源区主要为北部逆冲推覆带;垂向层序由下向上表现为粗—细—粗的序列,代表了一个完整的前陆盆地沉降 —沉积构造旋回。结合前人的锆石U-Pb测年结果,三个井组的沉积时间应始于晚志留世,而早于晚泥盆世,由此表明北山地区晚古生代的造山作用始于晚志留世,至晚泥盆世,已经完成板块拼接。  相似文献   

6.
北山地区泥盆纪是古亚洲洋由板块体制向板内体制转变的关键时期,晚古生代旱山微大陆与塔里木板块发生碰撞造山作用,两个板块拼接在一起,形成统一大陆。沿红柳河—牛圈子—洗肠井一带形成古生代蛇绿岩,在蛇绿岩带南部为平头山推覆构造。作为这次碰撞的沉积响应,在墩墩山一带形成厚度巨大,横向变化极大的三个井组。通过对三个井组岩性特征和沉积建造的分析研究,认为三个井组整体属于磨拉石建造,其沉积盆地性质为周缘前陆盆地;岩性显示快速堆积的特征,物源区主要为北部逆冲推覆带;垂向层序由下向上表现为粗—细—粗的序列,代表了一个完整的前陆盆地沉降 —沉积构造旋回。结合前人的锆石U-Pb测年结果,三个井组的沉积时间应始于晚志留世,而早于晚泥盆世,由此表明北山地区晚古生代的造山作用始于晚志留世,至晚泥盆世,已经完成板块拼接。  相似文献   

7.
造山带沉积盆地构造原型恢复   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
沉积盆地是造山带中最为重要的构造单元之一,其中分布有丰富的矿产资源.这些盆地的构造原型恢复可为造山带的构造演化、板块构造重建和区域找矿提供重要依据.盆地充填物的组成(包括矿床)、时代、物源区及充填序列是进行造山带古沉积盆地构造原型恢复的基础.通过沉积相、砂岩/砾岩碎屑组成、碎屑时代、构造环境、碎屑重矿物、细碎屑岩的地球化学组成、古水流、生物组合等方面对盆地充填物形成的沉积环境、沉积物源区、形成时代和盆地基底属性进行综合研究,借助对现代沉积盆地的研究结果和沉积盆地的构造分类原则,恢复造山带内古沉积盆地的构造原型.  相似文献   

8.
陆相盆地主要沉积微相的测井特征   总被引:23,自引:1,他引:23  
通过研究自然电位和视电阻率曲线的响应特征,将我国陆相盆地的3个陆相组:冲积相组、过渡相组、湖泊相组,进一步划分出27个沉积微相。并论述了它们的测井曲线特征,建立了测井沉积微相模式。它们具有在自然电位曲线和视电阻率曲线上的可识别特征。测井沉积微相模式为陆相盆地沉积学和定量测井沉积学的深入研究可提供一个参考模式。  相似文献   

9.
陈书平  柳钧译  勾琪玮  袁浩伟 《地质论评》2022,68(2):2022030016-2022030016
走滑构造是地壳上最重要也是最复杂的构造之一,尽管经历了长期研究历史,但在其某些特征方面还存在着不确定认识。笔者等基于力学和脆性破裂理论以及安德森断层模式,分析了走滑构造的成因类型及相关构造的几何学特点。在总结走滑构造基本特征的基础上,说明了沉积盆地中大型走滑构造是基底先存断层或薄弱面复活形成,局部有新生型的,提出了准摩擦滑动的概念。明确了直扭、压扭和张扭的含义,并将亚简单剪切应用于分析断层活动。细化了各种构造的发育顺序,讨论了不同性质构造的形成条件,强调了构造几何关系与走滑带应力性质的关系。归纳了花状构造形成的构造部位,明确了走滑构造带结构及其主控因素,并用于地表和地下走滑构造的识别。  相似文献   

10.
The Devonian basins of western Norway are notable for their small size (<2000 km) and for the great stratigraphie thickness (up to 25 km) and the cyclic nature of their coarse-grained, alluvial infilling. These general features alone strongly suggest that tectonism was the dominant control on sedimentation but it is argued in particular that a coarsening-upwards motif, which permeates the three main basins usually on a scale of less than 200 m, was the direct sedimentary response to basin-floor subsidence. The coarsening-upwards is interpreted in terms of progradation of alluvial plain and alluvial fan facies in response to rapid lowering of the basin floor, while the overall cyclicity of the basin fills reflects repetition of such tectonic events. Detailed study within Hornelen Basin shows that the repeated coarsening-upwards theme overprints different sedimentary facies, and, in particular, the clastic wedges on opposite sides of the basin have contrasting thicknesses, radii, grain-size gradients and conglomerate types. These features suggest differing rates or degree of continuity of fault movement on opposite margins of the basin. Hornelen and Solund Basins, the two largest, are strongly contrasted in their differing mode of filling and sediment grade. It is suggested that this may reflect their development under strike-slip and dip-slip dominated regimes, respectively.  相似文献   

11.
This study documents sediment infill features and their responses to the tectonic evolution of the Sichuan Basin and adjacent areas. The data include a comparison of field outcrops, well drillings, inter-well correlations, seismic data, isopach maps, and the spatial evolution of sedimentary facies. We divided the evolutionary history of the Sichuan Cretaceous Basin into three stages based on the following tectonic subsidence curves: the early Early Cretaceous (145–125 Ma), late Early Cretaceous to early Late Cretaceous (125–89.8 Ma), and late Late Cretaceous (89.8–66 Ma). The basin underwent NW–SE compression with northwestward shortening in the early Early Cretaceous and was dominated by alluvial fans and fluviolacustrine sedimentary systems. The central and northern areas of the Sichuan Basin were rapidly uplifted during the late Early Cretaceous to early Late Cretaceous with southwestward tilting, which resulted in the formation of a depression, exhibited southwestward compression, and was characterized by aeolian desert and fluviolacustrine deposits. The tectonic framework is controlled by the inherited basement structure and the formation of NE mountains, which not only affected the clastic supply of the sedimentary basin but also blocked warm-wet currents from the southeast, which changed the climatic conditions in the late Late Cretaceous. The formation and evolution of Cretaceous sedimentary basins are closely related to synchronous subtle far-field tectonism and changes in climate and drainage systems. According to the analysis of the migration of the Cretaceous sedimentation centers, different basin structures formed during different periods, including periods of peripheral mountain asynchronous thrusting and regional differential uplift. Thus, the Sichuan Cretaceous sedimentary basin is recognized as a superimposed foreland basin.  相似文献   

12.
13.
In this article we solve the equations for a 2D model of compaction of sedimentary basins saturated with water by the finite-element method. This compaction model considers the rock described by the porosity as a function of effective stress, and both the anisotropic permeability and the anisotropic heat conductivity as functions of porosity. The water density is approximated linearly in the water pressure and temperature, and the water viscosity is a function of temperature. The main variables in the model are the water excess pressure and the temperature, and we account for an implicit solution scheme where we solve for both main variables simultaneously. The non-linearities in the model are either dealt with by the Newton method or by fixed-point iterations. We compare the coupled solution of temperature and pressure with the same decoupled equations. Then we study the contribution to the temperature by convection, the effect of the non-constant water density, and some anisotropic case examples.  相似文献   

14.
本论文以东非海岸鲁伍马、坦桑尼亚及拉穆盆地为对象,利用钻井、测井及地震资料,揭示了渐新世构造事件—古地貌特征—沉积系统的耦合关系,服务研究区油气勘探选区。结果表明,(1)板块构造事件控制宏观地貌格局及沉积环境变化。随着印度—塞舌尔板块与非洲板块分离,印度洋逐渐扩张,海水南侵,沉积环境由陆相变为海相。由于Afar地幔柱作用及地层抬升等作用,东非海岸整体呈西高东低地貌格局;(2)洋中脊扩展及断层活动控制盆地隆坳格局及沉积体系宏观展布规律。研究区发育西部坳陷带、中部斜坡带及东部深海平原带,东部Davie东及Davie西断层构成Davie构造带。从西向东依次发育 4 大河流—三角洲—海底扇沉积体系;西部坳陷带以三角洲沉积为主,中部斜坡带发育海底扇,东部深海平原带以半深海—深海泥最为常见,沉积体系多发育在Davie构造带以西;(3)次级断层活动影响沉积体系的发育规模及分布。沉积体系多发育在西部坳陷带及中部斜坡带的凹陷中。因凹陷及次级断裂影响,鲁伍马盆地北部、坦桑尼亚盆地南部沉积体系呈北偏特征,而拉穆盆地具南偏趋势。  相似文献   

15.
走滑构造是地壳上最重要也是最复杂的构造之一,尽管经历了长期研究历史,但在其某些特征方面还存在着不确定认识。笔者等基于力学和脆性破裂理论以及安德森断层模式,分析了走滑构造的成因类型及相关构造的几何学特点。在总结走滑构造基本特征的基础上,说明了沉积盆地中大型走滑构造是基底先存断层或薄弱面复活形成,局部有新生型的,提出了准摩擦滑动的概念。明确了直扭、压扭和张扭的含义,并将亚简单剪切应用于分析断层活动。细化了各种构造的发育顺序,讨论了不同性质构造的形成条件,强调了构造几何关系与走滑带应力性质的关系。归纳了花状构造形成的构造部位,明确了走滑构造带结构及其主控因素,并用于地表和地下走滑构造的识别。  相似文献   

16.
砂岩的主量元素特征与盆地物源分析   总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5       下载免费PDF全文
一定的砂岩地球化学特征对应于特定的源区和构造环境,利用主量元素图解可以进行盆地物源分析。在前人大量研究的基础上,笔者选择性收集了不同构造背景的569个主量元素数据,共分为70套平均值,根据来源文献划分出克拉通内部、陆缘弧、碰撞造山带、大陆岛弧和大洋岛弧5种源区和构造环境。综合分析砂岩主量元素之间的相关性,利用整体及不同源区构造背景下元素间相关系数,得到5个主元素氧化物组合:SiO2、Al2O3 FeOT、K2O Na2O、MnO TiO2和MgO CaO;且建立了应用于5种源区判别的(Al2O3 FeOT)/(Na2O K2O)—SiO2/(MnO TiO2)/100—MgO CaO三角图解。对收集的数据进行判别方程分析得到与SiO2、CaO、MgO、FeOT、K2O、MnO、Al2O3、Na2O和TiO2相关的判别方程F1和F2,并进行F1-F2双变量物源构造环境图解判别。根据主元素对砂岩碎屑组分的反映,利用主元素摩尔含量分析石英、长石和基性岩屑矿物在砂岩中的含量,进而对源区进行约束。所建立的Qel—Fel—Lel图解既反映了主量元素对砂岩物源和构造背景的判别,也近似地表现出相应环境下砂岩的碎屑组成。  相似文献   

17.
周江羽  王江海 《地质学报》2019,93(8):1793-1813
青藏高原中东部分布着一系列中小型古近纪断陷盆地和走滑-拉分盆地。印度-欧亚板块碰撞已引起盆地构造、沉积和岩浆活动等地质事件的响应。古近纪断陷盆地和走滑-拉分盆地中广泛分布的巨厚粗碎屑岩充填、新特提斯海湾消亡、大规模地壳挤压褶皱冲断和高钾岩浆活动、周缘前陆盆地形成、干旱-温暖极热事件以及古近纪盆地的封闭和裂解等。详细的野外地质调查、盆地构造-沉积学、生物地层学和岩浆岩同位素年代学研究结果表明,北部玉树-囊谦地区断陷盆地发生了大规模挤压掀斜和冲断,在盆缘形成高陡地层和挤压向斜,盆地内地层发生明显的褶皱变形。盆地内部充填了巨厚层状底砾岩、紫红色陆源碎屑岩夹火山碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩和石膏层,并被晚期岩浆岩所切割。南部巴塘-丽江地区形成走滑-拉分盆地。区域地层对比、细碎屑岩内孢粉和古植物、火山碎屑岩和侵入岩的U- Pb和40Ar/39Ar年代学结果表明,盆地内充填沉积物形成于始新世(56~32 Ma)。古近纪紫红色细粒沉积物、碳酸盐岩和石膏层的出现表明盆地封闭期处于干旱-炎热的古气候环境。38~32 Ma是自印度-欧亚板块陆-陆碰撞以来,青藏高原中东部从转换挤压到转换伸展的过渡阶段,出现了大规模高钾火山喷发和随后的岩浆侵入,并导致青藏高原中东部古近纪盆地的封闭和裂解。北部盆地的封闭时间(约37 Ma)早于南部盆地的裂解(约32~28 Ma)。青藏高原中东部古近纪盆地的封闭和裂解主要是自约38 Ma以来,印度-欧亚板块碰撞引起的陆壳挤压、变形和缩短,及由高原早期构造隆升诱导的逆冲挤压和走滑拉分引起的。  相似文献   

18.
西太平洋中段位于欧亚板块、太平洋板块和印度洋板块的交汇处,是全球沟弧盆体系最为发育的地区,主要发育弧后盆地、弧前盆地和陆架边缘盆地。文中通过综合研究西太平洋中段17个盆地的大地构造背景、盆地的形成与演化和沉积特征后认为:(1)各类盆地的构造-沉积演化均经历4个期次。弧前盆地和弧后盆地的构造-沉积演化可分为俯冲期(K2-E)、盆地发育期((N -N3)、沉降期(N4-N5)和挤压期(N2-Q):俯冲期发育火山岩和变质岩基底,局部为海相碎屑岩;盆地发育期以海相沉积为主,伴有火山活动,局部发育陆相沉积;沉降期以海相和三角洲相沉积为主;挤压期以三角洲相和海相沉积为主,局部发育河湖相沉积。陆架边缘盆地的构造-沉积演化也分为4期,分别为前裂陷期(K2-E1)、裂陷期(E2-(E3)、拗陷期(E32-N3)和沉降期(N4-Q):前裂陷期和裂陷期主要发育冲积扇—河流—湖泊沉积体系,火山活动强烈;拗陷期沉积环境由陆相向海陆过渡相演化;沉降期以海相和海陆过渡相沉积为主。(2)不同类型盆地的构造-沉积演化特征各不相同:弧前盆地构造以挤压和板块俯冲为主,平均沉积厚度为3.6,km,总体由海陆过渡相向陆相演化;弧后盆地构造受板块俯冲后撤和弧后洋壳扩张作用控制,平均沉积厚度为4.8,km,总体由海相向海陆过渡相演化;陆架边缘盆地构造呈下断上拗双层结构,平均沉积厚度超过10,km,总体由陆相演化为海相。  相似文献   

19.
晚三叠世留山盆地沉积特征与构造环境分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文在实测剖面的基础上,通过薄片观察、粒度分析和阴极发光测试等手段,以沉积相的研究为切入点,将沉积作用和构造作用紧密联系,分析了留山盆地的沉积特征和构造性质。研究表明,留山盆地上三叠统沉积相主要为扇三角洲相,经历了早期的退积作用和晚期的进积作用。沉积相的演化和源区分析综合表现出,留山盆地是一个孤立的陆相盆地,沉积物来源主要为盆地周围的造山带物质。盆地演化经历了盆地形成阶段、平稳沉降阶段、快速沉降阶段和快速充填阶段,其构造动力与盆地周缘的构造作用强度相呼应。盆地性质可能为压坳性盆地,进而推测留山盆地是华北与扬子板块在晚三叠世碰撞期间向南大规模推覆而产生的背驼式盆地。  相似文献   

20.
The Palaeoproterozoic Transvaal Supergroup floor to the Bushveld complex comprises protobasinal successions overlain by the Black Reef Formation, Chuniespoort Group and the uppermost Pretoria Group. The protobasinal successions comprise predominantly mafic lavas and pyroclastic rocks, immature alluvial-fluvial braidplain deposits and finer-grained basinal rocks. These thick, laterally restricted protobasinal sequences reflect either strike-slip or small extensional basins formed during the impactogenal rifting and southeasterly-directed tectonic escape, which accompanied collision of the Zimbabwe and Kaapvaal cratons during Ventersdorp times. The erosively-based sheet sandstones of the succeeding Black Reef Formation reflect northwand-directed compression in the south of the basin. Thermal subsidence along the Ventersdorp Supergroup and Transvaal protobasinal fault systems led to shallow epeiric marine deposition of the sheet-like Chuniespoort Group carbonate-BIF platform succession. After an estimated 80 Ma hiatus, characterized by uplift and karstic weathering of the Chuniespoort dolomites, slower thermal subsidence is thought to have formed the Pretoria Group basin. Widespread, closed basin alluvial fan, fluvial braidplain and lacustrine sedimentation, as well as laterally extensive, subaerial andesitic volcanism (Rooihoogte to Strubenkop Formations), gave way to a marine transgression, which laid down the tuffaceous mudrocks, relatively mature sandstones and subordinate subaqueous volcanic rocks of the succeeding Daspoort, Silverton and Magaliesberg Formations. Poorly preserved post-Magaliesberg formations in the Upper Pretoria Group point to possible compressive deformation and concomitant rapid deposition of largely feldspathic detritus within smaller closed basins.  相似文献   

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