肥城市岩溶水水化学特征及形成机制

系统分析地下水长期实测数据,并综合运用数理统计方法、水文地质学、水文地球化学的基本理论,探讨了肥城市水化学特征及其时空分布规律、水化学特征形成机制及水文地球化学过程。结果表明:肥城市地下水水化学类型主要为HCO3·SO4—Ca·Mg型,部分为HCO3·SO4·Cl—Ca·Mg型和HCO3·Cl—Ca·Mg型,主要阴离子由HCO3-向SO42-和Cl-偏移,总溶解固体(TDS)及总硬度呈明显增大趋势;地下水多数离子浓度从补给区经径流区到排泄区越来越高;方解石和石膏的溶滤作用是研究区内地下水水化学成分变化的主要影响因素,同时存在部分的盐岩溶解及阳离子交替吸附作用,而人类活动也是不可忽视的重要影响因素。      

贺兰山西麓典型干旱区绿洲地下水水化学特征与演变规律

针对地下水资源过量开采而出现的绿洲水文生态问题,以贺兰山西麓具有典型特征的内蒙古腰坝绿洲为研究对象,分开采期、非开采期对地下水进行系统取样分析,综合运用描述性统计、相关性分析、离子比例系数和Piper三线图示法,全面系统地研究了地下水水化学的时空变异特征与演变规律。研究结果表明：①季节变化对潜水和承压水水化学类型空间变异性影响较小,潜水水文化学性质受外界因素干扰较大,承压水受外界因素干扰较少;②蒸发浓缩、阳离子交换和人为混合是控制研究区潜水水质演变的主要水文化学过程;③潜水子系统总溶解固体较高,水化学类型变化也较复杂,主要从HCO3·SO4.Cl-Na·Mg·Ca型向Cl·SO4·HCO3-Mg·Na、Cl·SO4-Na·Mg型演化。承压水水化学类型比较单一,主要以低矿化度的HCO3-Na·Mg·Ca型为主。     

济南趵突泉泉域岩溶水化学特征时空差异性研究

水文地球化学一直是水文地质领域的研究重点,而地下水化学组分的时空变化特征受多种因素的影响。为了掌握济南趵突泉泉域岩溶地下水水化学特征时空差异性,本文分别于枯、丰水期在泉域内采集并分析了岩溶地下水样品,并采用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图解法及离子比例系数法等分析手段,对研究区岩溶地下水水化学特征及时空差异性进行了研究。结果显示,研究区地下水优势阳离子为Ca,优势阴离子为HCO3,丰水期除HCO3外,其他离子的变异系数较枯水期普遍升高,且大于05,表现出丰水期空间差异性增大的特点。地下水水化学类型具有以HCO3·SO4- Ca为主,多种类型并存的特点。Ca、Mg、HCO3含量在枯、丰水期比值要小于1,且比其他离子要相对稳定,呈现出全局性特点。而Na、K含量在枯、丰水期比值波动较大,大部分比值大于1,Cl、SO4、NO3含量在枯、丰水期比值具有波动剧烈的特点,呈现出区域性特征,同时表明人类活动大大改变了研究区地下水水化学场的分布特征。     

内蒙古杭锦旗气田区地下水化学特征及其形成机制

对内蒙古杭锦旗气田区浅层地下水运用Piper三线图、Gibbs图、氯碱指数图等方法进行水化学特征及其形成作用分析研究,结果表明：杭锦旗气田区浅层地下水具有较高的矿化度,偏碱性,硬度较大,枯水期TDS浓度和总硬度高于丰水期;研究区浅层地下水化学组分在小范围内具有一定的空间变异性,地下水阳离子以Na+、Ca2+为主,阴离子以HCO3-为主,水化学类型主要有HCO3 Ca型、HCO3 Na型和SO4·Cl Na型;研究区浅层地下水化学组分来源于碳酸盐矿物、硅铝酸盐矿物和蒸发岩的风化溶解,且丰水期和枯水期水化学组分有微弱变化,地下水化学特征的形成以岩石风化溶解作用为主。     

Hydrogeological characterization of aquifer in palla flood plain of Delhi using integrated approach

The Yamuna flood plains spread across the northern part of Indian subcontinent is home to millions of people. The ever-growing population in these plains make it difficult to sustain the demand of freshwater resources. However, the productive aquifers of flood plains could provide solution for these issues. In this context, it is necessary to understand the aquifer characteristics. Thus, the paper attempts to characterize the aquifer in Palla area of the flood plain using integrated approach. Besides, grain size analysis and site-litholog study, the nature of aquifer material was also ascertained from bulk mineralogy of the sediments using X-Ray Diffraction. The aquifer parameters were estimated with help of long duration pumping test data. Moreover, the effect of pumping on salinity variation and hydrochemical facies evolution was also examined. The sand dominant, unconfined aquifer was estimated to have horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the range of 25 m/day and vertical hydraulic conductivity of 6–7 m /day. While the specific yield of the aquifer was estimated in the range of 0.07–0.08. It is observed that under conducive active flood plain environment, the given sand mineralogy at the site does not allow salinity increase in groundwater even after more than a decade of groundwater pumping. In fact, over years, hydrochemical facies have evolved towards Bicarbonate type. These things put together make the active flood plain aquifer a sustainable groundwater resource.     

Identification of hydrochemical facies in the Roswell Artesian Basin,New Mexico (USA), using graphical and statistical methods

Analysis of groundwater chemistry can yield important insights about subsurface conditions, and provide an alternative and complementary method for characterizing basin hydrogeology, especially in areas where hydraulic data are limited. More specifically, hydrochemical facies have been used for decades to help understand basin flow and transport, and a set of facies were developed for the Roswell Artesian Basin (RAB) in a semi-arid part of New Mexico, USA. The RAB is an important agricultural water source, and is an excellent example of a rechargeable artesian system. However, substantial uncertainties about the RAB hydrogeology and groundwater chemistry exist. The RAB was a great opportunity to explore hydrochemcial facies definition. A set of facies, derived from fingerprint diagrams (graphical approach), existed as a basis for testing and for comparison to principal components, factor analysis, and cluster analyses (statistical approaches). Geochemical data from over 300 RAB wells in the central basin were examined. The statistical testing of fingerprint-diagram-based facies was useful in terms of quantitatively evaluating differences between facies, and for understanding potential controls on basin groundwater chemistry. This study suggests the presence of three hydrochemical facies in the shallower part of the RAB (mostly unconfined conditions) and three in the deeper artesian system of the RAB. These facies reflect significant spatial differences in chemistry in the basin that are associated with specific stratigraphic intervals as well as structural features. Substantial chemical variability across faults and within fault blocks was also observed.     

太原盆地浅层高氟水分布特征及形成机制研究

本文论述了太原盆地浅层高氟水的区域分布规律,即主要分布在太原市以南地区并具有西低东高的分布特征;通过水化学成分统计分析和水化学模拟对高氟水形成机制进行深入研究,取得了一些新的认识:研究区高氟水多为高矿化水,呈现过渡类型水水化学特征,以钠镁、钠钙碱性水居多.氟含量与地下水主要离子成分的配比有一定的对应关系;地下水对含氟矿物的溶解和自身蒸发浓缩是高氟水形成过程中的两种主要水化学作用形式.     

Groundwater hydrochemistry and origin in the south-eastern part of Wadi El Natrun,Egypt

The demand for water is rapidly increasing in Egypt, because of high population and agriculture production growth rate, which makes research of water resources necessary. The regional multi-aquifer system of the Miocene–Pleistocene age is discharged in Wadi El Natrun area. Intensive aquifer overexploitation and agricultural development in the area are related to groundwater quality deterioration. Hydrochemical and hydrogeological data was evaluated to determine the groundwater origin and quality in the south-eastern part of wadi, which appears to be more significant for water supply owing to lower groundwater salinity. The dominance of the high mineralised Cl groundwater type was found; however, also less mineralised SO₄ and HCO₃ types were identified there. Based on the ion relations, halite and gypsum dissolution and ion exchange are the most important hydrochemical processes forming the groundwater chemical composition. The Cl dominated groundwater matches the discharge part of the regional hydrogeological system. Contrary, the presence of HCO₃ and SO₄ hydrochemical types corresponds to the infiltration and transferring parts of the hydrogeological system indicating the presence of zones conducting low mineralised groundwater. The discharge area of the over-pumped aquifer in Wadi El-Natrun lies 23 m beneath the sea level with the shoreline being at the distance of 100 km, thus there is a real risk of seawater intrusion. Using the hydrochemical facies evolution diagram, four samples in the centre of the discharge area indicate advanced seawater intrusion. The zones of the highest demand for groundwater quality protection were indicated based on a spatial pattern of hydrogeochemical composition.     

The geochemical and isotopic composition of aquifer systems in the deltaic region of the Po River plain (northern Italy)

The chemical and hydrodynamic characteristics of groundwater in deltaic regions are strongly influenced by the complex stratigraphy of these areas, caused by the continuously varying depositional environments associated with their recent hydrographic evolution. As a case study, the eastern sector of the Po River plain, northern Italy, has been investigated to understand the quality of the available groundwater resources. Based on the analysis of hydrochemical and isotopic data, the recharge characteristics, the groundwater residence time and the aquifer vulnerability are defined. The results show significant qualitative degradation of the unconfined aquifer due to the shallow depth to water, while in the underlying confined aquifer, a hydrochemical facies of Ca–HCO₃ type prevails. The spatial variation and relationship between oxygen-18 and deuterium determine: firstly, hydraulic separation of the two hydrogeological units; secondly, direct infiltration of local precipitation to the unconfined aquifer; thirdly, the occurrence of waters originating in the Alps and locally from the Apennines, pervading the confined aquifer. The tritium results suggest local mixing between the superficial waters and the confined aquifer, occurring along the palaeo-river channels. This increases the pollution vulnerability of the confined hydrogeological unit within the plain, which is the only natural groundwater resource exploited for water supply.     

伊犁河支流大西沟河水与地下水转化关系研究

开展河流和地下水转换关系研究对于区域水资源合理开发利用具有重要意义。文章以大西沟河水与地下水转换关系为目标,在分析地下水动力场的基础上,通过水化学类型、溶解性总固体(TDS)、氯离子（Cl-）等水化学以及环境同位素18O、D、T等指标作为示踪剂,分析大西沟河和地下水的转换关系和转化强度。结果表明:研究区河流和地下水化学类型主要为HCO3—Ca,水化学类型空间分布特征相似;TDS和Cl-浓度表现为先增加后下降,但地下水的变化幅度大于河水。通过对大西沟河水和地下水中的水化学和环境同位素指标对比分析,发现研究区河流与地下水之间补给排泄关系具有明显的分段性;从河流出山口到下游地区,河水和地下水之间发生了三次转化关系:在山前倾斜砾质平原区以河水入渗补给地下水为主,补给量占该段潜水径流量的56%;到了细土平原区出现地下水补给河水地段,补给源为承压水越流补给潜水后的混合水体,潜水和承压水补给比例占该段河水径流量的20.4%与58.4%;风成沙漠区河水沿途渗漏补给地下水直至河流断流。本次研究结果为建立研究区水循环演化模式和水资源合理开发利用提供了理论和技术支持。     

哈密盆地地下水系统水化学特征及形成演化

哈密盆地地下水系统形成受构造运动与水文地质条件共同控制,通过划分哈密盆地地下水系统,分区阐述哈密盆地地下水水文地球化学特征与水化学成因及控制因素,从水文地球化学的角度阐明盆地系统的地下水水化学演化规律。结果表明,哈密盆地地下水水化学特征呈明显分带性,沿地下水流动方向,水化学类型逐渐由HCO₃型演化为SO₄型、最终演化为Cl型;水体TDS含量不断升高,地下水由淡水逐渐演化为微咸水、咸水。地下水离子来源主要为硅酸盐岩与蒸发岩盐溶解,水化学过程受蒸发浓缩作用控制,岩石风化作用与季节变化共同影响。沿地下水径流方向,地下水经盐分溶滤、盐分迁移并在排泄区附近形成盐分聚集带;盐分迁移沿程溶滤作用逐渐减弱,蒸发浓缩作用逐渐增强。哈密盆地地下水化学空间演化主要受自然因素影响驱动,时间演化驱动因素主要为气候变化和工矿活动农业灌溉等人类活动。     

Hydrochemical system analysis of public supply well fields, to reveal water-quality patterns and define groundwater bodies: The Netherlands

Hydrochemical system analysis (HCSA) is used to better understand the individual state of and spatial patterns in groundwater quality, by addressing the spatial distribution of groundwater bodies with specific origins (hydrosomes) and characteristic hydrochemical zones within each hydrosome (facies). The origin is determined by environmental tracers or geomorphological and potentiometric maps, the facies by combining age, redox and alkalinity indices. The HCSA method is applied to all 206 active public supply well fields (PSWFs) in The Netherlands, resulting in the distinction of nine hydrosomes and eleven facies parameters—age (young, intermediate, old), redox ((sub)oxic, anoxic, deep anoxic, mixed) and alkalinity (very low, low, intermediate and high). The resulting classification of PSWFs provides a means to (1) predict their vulnerability; (2) optimize groundwater-quality monitoring programs; and (3) better delineate groundwater bodies, by considering groundwater origin and flow. The HCSA translates complex hydrochemical patterns into easily interpretable maps by showing PSWFs, groundwater bodies and hydrochemical facies. Such maps facilitate communication between researchers, water resources managers and policy makers and can help to solve complex groundwater resources management problems at different scales, ranging from a single well(field) or region to the national or European scale.     

Study on the characteristics and causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution of karst water in eastern suburbs of Jinan

By comparing the testing data of the hydrochemistry components and organic pollution of karst water sample in Jinan with large amount of historical data, the author finds the long-existing problem of carbon tetrachloride pollution and the great change of hydrochemical characteristics of karst water in eastern suburbs of Jinan. Since karst water is the main water-supply source in eastern suburbs of Jinan, these problems have greatly affected the safety of water supply. Based on the analysis of hydrogeological condition in eastern suburbs of Jinan, this thesis discusses the causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution and hydrochemical variation with hydrogeochemical theories so as to protect the precious karst groundwater and Jinan spring water. It is found that through research and analysis that there are mainly two causes of carbon tetrachloride pollution and hydrochemical variation: the vulnerability of karst water in this area; the other being the serious pollution in this area caused by remaining pollution sources of the last century.     

抚顺矿区地下水污染研究

文章根据抚顺矿区地下水环境背景值、水质长期监测数据,分析了矿区地下水水质演变规律。针对1991年、2004年水质实际状况,对该区地下水污染程度进行分级,并综合评价了地下水水质。研究了地下水质污染机理、污染因子变化规律、水化学类型变化规律,并提出地下水污染治理措施。     

黄土梁峁地貌矿井水水质时空变异评估与关键控制因子水源识别

针对黄土梁峁地区砂岩-泥岩互层覆岩突水水源难以准确判别以及不同水源所占比例无法定量化问题,在系统采集了陕北朱家峁煤矿地表水、地下水水样基础上,采用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs图、常规水化学特征比值法,揭示了不同含水系统水化学演化规律和水源补给关系。通过分析水体稳定同位素组成演变特征,明确了不同环境背景下各类水源水质时空变异性。在此基础上,以常规、同位素特征比因子作为判别指标,构建了基于T-球型模糊聚集算子TOPSIS法(T-TOPSIS)、粗糙集理论(RST)、D-S证据理论(DSET)与单指标未知测度函数(SIUMF)的突水水源混合比例计算模型。结果表明,研究区地表水、地下水水化学类型虽均以Na-SO4·Cl为主,但两者受控因素有着明显差别,即地表水水化学成分受硅酸盐岩风化和蒸发结晶共同控制;地下水成分则主要受控于蒸发结晶作用。此外,经历了强烈蒸发作用的地表水对地下水存在一定程度的补给作用。T-TOPSISRST-DSET-SIUMF突水水源混合比例判别模型表明,陕北朱家峁煤矿50%以上的突水水源为顶板砂岩水和地表沙空沟水。三维高密度电法探测结果验证了该模型的准确性。     

贵阳市三桥地区岩溶地下水水化学特征及其演化规律

贵阳市三桥地区岩溶地下水是贵阳市重要的生活及工农业用水水源,而贵州省岩溶系统发育异常复杂,对于岩溶水水化学及其演化特征尤其是水-岩相互作用方面的研究尚未见报道,为了保障该地区供水水质安全,以贵阳市三桥地区岩溶地下水为研究对象,通过系统的样品采集与氢氧同位素分析和水文地球化学模拟,针对岩溶地下水水化学组分的空间分布、演化特征及水-岩作用过程进行了系统的研究.研究表明:岩溶地下水水化学类型主要为HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Mg型、HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型、HCO₃-Ca型和HCO₃-Ca·Mg型;研究区岩溶水主要来源于大气降水补给;研究区水化学特征主要受方解石、白云石、岩盐和石膏的溶解作用以及阳离子交替吸附作用控制.      

1998年以来兰州市地下水环境变化及驱动因素

以地下水污染调查数据、地下水监测数据和遥感数据为基础,分析了1998年以来（1998—2019年）兰州不同区域地下水环境变化趋势,探讨了土地利用变化、污染源排放、地下水开采等城市发展要素对地下水的影响。结果表明：1998年以来兰州市地下水环境变化的主要特征是水质恶化、水位上升。溶解性总固体、总硬度、硝酸根、氟等典型水化学指标在大部分地区呈稳定上升趋势,局部地下水中硝酸根比重增加,出现了硝酸型地下水。污染负荷增加是水质恶化的重要驱动因素,且恶化指标与城市主体功能存在直接关系,城关区是主要的居住、商业区,水质恶化的典型指标为硝酸盐;西固区是化工、冶炼等重工业集中区,地下水污染程度最重,反映工业污染的氟化物上升显著;七里河区、安宁区是商业、居住及轻工业的综合分布区,矿化度、总硬度、硝酸根等指标都有不同程度上升,但升幅不大。西固及三滩地区地下水位上升较为明显,其他城区相对稳定,城市不透水界面阻碍了降雨、灌溉等地表垂直入渗,使地下水位年内波动趋于平缓;水源地开采量减少、沿河工程建设以及地下管网渗漏等因素导致地下水补径排条件发生变化,不仅引起城区地下水位上升,还能够增强污染物淋滤和地下水蒸发浓缩,对水化学环境造成一定影响。     

Geochemical modeling and isotope analysis of the shallow groundwater aquifer of Baghdad Area

Baghdad City is characterized by high population density and wide variation in land use. It is covered by Quaternary flood plain deposits of variable nature where silt is the predominant component. The shallow aquifer is unconfined to semi-confined at some locations. The hydraulic properties of the aquifer are highly variable in the study area. A study of this groundwater shallow aquifer and the hydrochemical relation with the Tigris River were conducted using geochemical modeling approach. Baghdad Meteoric Water Line (BMWL) was also constructed using data of stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrochemical parameters of the Tigris River show significant differences at high and low flow conditions, and there are clear difference among the selected stations. Groundwater parameters show also significant spatial and temporal variations in major and minor elements concentrations. Geochemical modeling results indicate that dissolution of dolomite, gypsum, chlorite, siderite, chalcedony, cation exchange of Ca²⁺/Na⁺ and precipitation of calcite, illite, kaolinite, and hematite are the main chemical reactions in the Rasafa side, whereas no specific reactions can be shown in the Karkh side. Mixing models of the shallow groundwater and Tigris River water show various patterns affected by other factors such as the aquifer recharge and evaporation, especially at the most shallow parts. The BMWL has been defined by the equation $ {\delta^2}\mathrm{H} = 8.6\ {\delta^{18}}\mathrm{O} + 17.48 $ and the stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen reveal different signatures in the Karkh and Rasafa sides, where clear zonation at Rasafa can be observed. We conclude that recharge water undergoes significant evaporation through its transit to the aquifer.