薄基岩条带开采覆岩与地表移动数值模拟研究

通过数值模拟模型，分析了薄基岩条件下条带开采引起的覆岩破坏机理、地表的下沉和水平变形等移动变形值，揭示了薄基岩条带综放开采引起的上覆岩土层的应力场、位移场及地表的移动变形规律，为薄基岩条件下条带开采覆岩与地表移动变形的工程地质机理的研究奠定了基础。     

采动覆岩变形分布式光纤物理模型试验研究

采动覆岩变形破坏对开采巷道的安全构成威胁,同时易造成地面塌陷,对地面构筑物的安全和地质环境产生影响。因此,对煤层采动覆岩变形进行监控,具有重要的现实意义。论文针对煤层采动覆岩变形破坏的一般规律,利用分布式光纤感测技术,开展了采动覆岩变形物理模型试验研究。采用将感测光缆竖直植入物理模型内部的布设方法,获得了煤层采动过程中覆岩变形分布式监测结果。将光纤测试结果与常规近景摄影结果进行对比,结果基本吻合;同时,揭示了采动覆岩变形破坏规律和覆岩离层的演化过程。利用经验公式计算得出"导高"均值约为30.6cm,这与光纤监测数据分析估算得到的30cm基本一致。试验结果表明:将分布式光纤感测技术引入采动覆岩破坏模型试验是可行且准确的,为以后的相关研究提供了一种新的思路与方法。     

岩层及地表移动与冲击地压相关性研究

对岩层及地表移动规律的观测、室内试验和数值计算分析表明,采动覆岩层沉陷运动的不协调性造成裂隙带上部弯曲带岩体中产生大范围的离层空隙。随着工作面的推采,离层空隙周期性悬露垮断构成了上覆岩层及地表移动变形运动的不同特征。根据现场观测,砾岩层运动是矿井冲击地压发生的主要力源,地表下沉速度发生剧烈变化,冲击地压发生的频率较高,地表产生反弹时更为危险,且随着砾岩层的运动,冲击地压发生周期性变化。     

Study on Distribution Characteristics of Mining Stress and Elastic Energy Under Hard and Thick Igneous Rocks

In the coal measure strata, igneous rocks are often invaded, and their occurrence, size, and distribution form play an important role in mining safety. The breakage of hard and thick igneous rocks easily induces dynamic disasters, such as rock burst, mine seismicity, gas outburst, and surface subsidence, which seriously threaten mine safety production. In view of the working face with overlying hard and thick igneous rocks, the evolution characteristics of mining stress and energy distribution under hard and thick igneous rocks were investigated. Furthermore, the influence law of different horizons and thicknesses of igneous rock on overlying strata movement law, stress distribution, and energy distribution was analyzed based on FLAC3D numerical simulation. Results show that no evident subsidence of the overlying strata exists before the igneous rock is broken. Additionally, the subsidence amount of the overburden is suddenly increased after the igneous rock is broken, thereby showing significant mutability. Before the igneous rock breaks, a high stress area is formed around the goaf, and the stress concentration gradually increases with the increase of the mining scope. After the igneous rock breaks, the coal under high stress is prone to induce dynamic disasters under the action of strong dynamic load. However, the advanced abutment pressure and stored energy rapidly decreased. The accuracy of the numerical simulation is verified by field monitoring. Results of the study are of considerable significance for safe mining of working face under similar geological conditions.     

影响覆岩离层注浆减沉效果的地质因素

煤层开采后,采空区上覆岩层内产生离层现象,注浆充填离层可以减小地面沉陷。覆岩离层注浆减沉效果受离层带地层条件、离层围岩透水性和工程地质特性的影响,表现为离层的形成、宜于注浆的离层带的位置、注浆液的保存与支承力的维持。      

基于Weibull时间序列函数的动态沉陷曲线模型

研究开采沉陷灾害发生及发展的动态过程具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。因采场上覆岩层及采矿过程的复杂性,全面研究采矿过程中上覆岩层的移动及地表的沉陷具有很大的难度,以研究地表沉陷区观测点下沉变化过程的时间序列为切入点,对开采沉陷的动态过程进行了研究。通过研究地表沉陷区观测点下沉量的时间序列发现,Weibull（韦布尔）函数可较准确地拟合和描述地表观测点的下沉过程曲线。煤层开采地表移动过程的FLAC3D模拟研究发现,同一沉陷区内各观测点的下沉过程在时间和空间上具有独立性。在该基础上,将概率积分沉陷曲线模型与Weibull时间序列函数相结合,给出沉陷区主剖面的动态下沉、倾斜和曲率曲线的唯象学模型,经实例证明建模思路是可行的。     

Research on the Evolution Law of Spatial Structure of Overlying Strata and Evaluation of Rock Burst Risks in Deep Well Strip Mining

Strip mining in mines is one of the main mining methods to control surface subsidence and protect the ecological environment. In recent years, strip mining has induced frequent rock burst accidents due to the increase in mining intensity and mining depth. Based on two typical deep strip mining accidents, the characteristics of the changes in spatial structure of the overlying strata caused by strip mining are studied, and the influencing factors of the occurrence of strip mining rock burst are analyzed. A support pressure calculation model is proposed, and estimated and verified in a mine after an analysis of the change law of the overlying strata structure in strip mining and research on the distribution and evolution law of support pressure. Based the above research, a risk evaluation model of the strip mining face is proposed based on the possibility index method, the 4203 working face of a mine is evaluated. Compared with the numerical simulation results, this method is well consistent with the theoretical calculation model. It can be seen that this method has strong practicability and is of great significance for studying the rock burst characteristics of coal seams in strip mining and evaluating the risk of rock burst of coal seams.

     

地下采动下含深大裂隙岩溶山体变形响应特征

为了研究岩溶山区地下采矿活动对上覆岩层及山体的变形影响,依托贵州纳雍普洒“8.28”特大崩滑案例,在现场地质调查的基础上,分析了纳雍普洒“8.28”崩塌体特征和山体变形发展过程,采用UDEC离散元数值方法研究了地下采动作用诱发强烈岩溶山体崩滑失稳过程及变形特征。结果表明:山体上部灰岩溶蚀强烈,形成众多裂隙和岩溶管道,在地下采动作用下经历了较长的变形发展过程;地下采动影响下,山体上覆岩层向采空区方向变形,并随着顶板岩层冒落,岩层变形显著增大;上覆岩层深大裂隙对山体变形有重要影响,上部岩层沿着裂隙向下形成沉降带,同时裂隙也得以扩展;崩塌区前缘岩体由于开挖卸荷,向坡外发生挤出变形,前缘阻滑力降低;随着采空区不断扩大,山体稳定性不断降低,最终山体整体溃屈,发生破坏。普洒崩滑模式为“山体后缘拉裂沉陷—裂隙扩展贯通—整体溃屈”。本研究为开展西南地区地下采动对岩溶坡体稳定性影响评价提供借鉴。     

用弹性圆薄板理论分析盐岩单井水溶溶腔覆岩关键层

本文系统分析了岩盐单井水溶开采的特征, 应用弹性圆薄板理论对溶腔覆岩关键层进行分析, 推导出了溶腔覆岩层下沉变形微分方程和溶腔覆岩关键层上的载荷计算式, 并对溶腔覆岩关键层受力特征进行了分析, 推导了溶腔覆岩关键层初次破断距计算式, 建立了适用于岩盐单井水溶开采溶腔覆岩关键层判别的判据式, 是对以往关键层理论研究成果的补充, 为关键层理论应用于岩盐单井水溶开采溶腔覆岩移动规律研究打下了理论基础。最后, 对岩盐单井水溶开采覆岩控制研究内容和关键层理论在其中的应用思路进行了初步探讨。     

采动覆岩分布式光纤感测模型试验及沉降预测方法研究

煤层采动覆岩沉降提前于地表,可作为地表稳定性的预警指标。针对煤层开采引起的覆岩沉降预测问题,采用分布式光纤感测技术,通过制作大柳塔煤矿采动覆岩相似材料试验模型,研究了煤层开采引起的覆岩变形特征,基于灰色理论和Knothe时间函数,建立了基于实测应变的采动覆岩沉降预测模型,探讨了预测精度,并取得了如下研究成果：有关分布式光纤感测技术的覆岩应变分布,准确反映了垮落带和导水裂缝带的发育特征,基于GM(1, 1)模型和新陈代谢模型的覆岩沉降预测精度较好但限于短期预测;当相对残差最大值与相对残差和均取最小值时,Knothe时间函数中获得较为准确的参数c值和τ值并提高了预测精度,建立了大柳塔煤层覆岩动态沉降预测模型的表达式,其预测模型适用于覆岩沉降的前期阶段和后期阶段。     

采动影响下采区上覆岩层层间剪切滑移模型分析

采动影响下采区上覆岩层将发生剧烈的调整,产生水平和垂直方向的位移。由于煤系岩层具有明显的分层性,这使得通过均匀介质或者松散体理论获得的岩层位移具有很大的局限性。建立了承受非均匀荷载的等效复合岩梁模型,并对上覆岩层的层间剪切滑移进行描述,且通过数值模拟和工程实例对模型进行了验证分析。结果表明,该模型是适合描述采区上覆岩层层间剪切滑移规律的。     

露井联采逆倾边坡破坏模式及稳定性评价方法研究

首先分析了单一露天开采逆倾边坡的变形破坏模式、地下开采覆岩变形破坏机理和露井联采逆倾边坡的变形机理,在此基础上,对露井联采逆倾边坡的破坏模式及稳定性定量评价方法进行了研究。研究表明,露井联采逆倾边坡的破坏模式可分为3种类型：滑移型破坏、塌陷型破坏和滑移-塌陷复合型破坏,地下开采的空间位置对边坡的破坏模式及稳定性影响显著,其影响程度受进入塌陷范围内的边坡潜在滑面长度和岩体强度参数弱化程度的控制,据此提出了露井联采逆倾边坡稳定性的极限平衡法,并结合工程实例进行了数值模拟验证。     

铁法矿区采煤沉陷区的发展演化趋势分析

通过对矿区采煤沉陷区的调查，对影响沉陷形成的主要因素(煤层的厚度、煤层的埋藏深度、上覆底层的物理力学性质、松散层的厚度、矿井开采条件等)进行了针对性的分析，并对将来煤炭采空区的地面沉陷情况(至2010年末，区内将再形成约55km^2的沉陷与变形区)进行了预测，为该矿区地面沉陷的综合治理提供依据。     

Mining Thick Coal Seams Under Thin Bedrock–Deformation and Failure of Overlying Strata and Alluvium

In underground coal mines, the failure of overlying strata can have disastrous effects where the working face is overlain by thin bedrock covered with thick alluvium. Roof failure under these conditions can cause a massive water and sand inrush. This paper presents a case study for a design to prevent such disasters in the Baodian mine, China. First, the engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions of the overlying lithified strata and the alluvium were obtained from field and laboratory studies. Numerical models were then built with different bedrock thicknesses using distinct-element modelling software. The deformation, failure, and subsidence of the overlying strata during simulated coal mining were studied using these computer models. Finally, the results of the model studies were combined with the geological data to design a reasonable layout for the longwall panel to be mined in the Baodian mine. Initial results showed that the alluvium was somewhat impervious and water-poor. The models showed that the first caving and weighting intervals of the roof decreased with decreasing bedrock thickness, and decreasing bedrock thickness also increased maximum subsidence of the alluvium. The maximum height of the caving zone and the minimum height of the sand-prevention coal and rock pillars were 34 m and 46 m, respectively. Knowing this allowed a somewhat shorter (204 m) but safe working face to be designed. This research provides a good background for the design of safe mines under similar conditions.     

山区下开采覆岩移动规律及破断机制研究

以海石湾矿山地下开采为背景,借助基于连续介质力学的离散元方法--CDEM数值模拟计算方法,对山区下煤层开采过程中不同采动影响模式下覆岩的移动和破坏进行了模拟分析,并结合相似模拟试验与现场岩移监测所得结果,得到了顺坡推动式采动影响模式及逆坡牵引式采动影响模式下,覆岩的移动和破坏形式,并从数值分析和实际观测上验证了高顺坡开采转低逆坡开采时覆岩悬臂梁结构的存在,解释了坡底局部隆起的现象。研究表明,在相同地质条件下,顺坡开采坡顶易发生张拉及剪切破坏,坡底有剪切蠕滑的可能,因此,较逆坡开采对边坡稳定性影响更大。所以在实际生产中宜将上工业广场建于低矮的坡体较完整的逆坡上。     

煤层重复采动对水渠稳定性及渗漏性影响评价

为了科学评价煤层重复采动对拟建水渠工程安全性的影响程度,围绕"采煤安全"、"水渠安全运行"这两条主线,在现场调研的基础上,采用理论分析、数值模拟和概率积分法等手段,对重复采动影响下水渠的变形特征进行了分析评价。首先从地层的工程地质结构、水文地质结构、力学结构和开采结构4方面分析了岩土体的结构特征,利用FLAC3D对各煤层开采引发的导水裂隙带发育高度的变化规律进行了模拟分析,同时,根据地表移动和变形预计结果,分析了重复开采引发的地表下沉、倾斜变形及水平变形对水渠坝体的影响。结果表明:多煤层开采后导水裂隙带不会波及到水渠内的地表水,不会影响采煤安全;重复采动会引起水渠不同程度的沉降,堤体地面标高由69.34 m沉降至65.50 m,沉降后的堤体顶面比设计水面降低了1.94 m,过水断面由580 m2减少至196 m2,设计流量将损失66%,对水渠安全运行构成影响。      

基于数值模拟的采动影响下覆岩裂隙演化过程分析

以平顶山东部矿区为工程背景,利用岩石真实破裂过程分析软件（RFPA2D）,模拟了采动影响下覆岩介质损伤的动态发展过程。数值模拟结果表明,采动裂隙的形成过程是一个复杂的演化过程,在加载初期覆岩介质损伤小,声发射现象不明显,应力和位移基本上无变化,无明显裂隙产生。随着加载步的增加,覆岩内部介质出现破裂,声发射次数、应力值和位移值不断增加,此时裂隙场处于孕育、不断积累并扩大阶段。当声发射次数、应力值、位移值都达到最大值时,裂隙经过萌生、扩展之后形成宏观裂隙,进而导致煤岩体由弹性状态转变为塑性状态,使覆岩大面积垮落。该数值模拟结果对平顶山东部矿区的开采具有巨大指导意义。     

三山岛金矿海边地下开采矿山稳定性的数值模拟分析

本文用数值模拟的分析方法, 评价了三山岛金矿地下开采引起的开采效应及地表下沉盆地的变形特征。结果表明, 矿山地表是稳定的, 上部一期工程开采引起的地表最大下沉量不超过700mm, 深部开挖时不超过995mm左右；在采场充填的情况下, 地表下沉值将降低55%左右；由于矿山地表变形较小, 加之覆盖层第四纪中存在着两层总厚度8～12m的隔水粘水层, 因此不致沟通地表水与井下的直接联系而危及矿山的安全。     

金属矿开采节理演化诱发覆岩变形失稳机制研究

金属矿开采诱发覆岩变形是一个复杂的力学问题,在工程活动的扰动下,采空区围岩的原始应力状态将被打破,引起覆岩的应力重分布,从而达到新的应力平衡状态。当覆岩中存在一些软弱结构面时,这些软弱结构面将不断地发展、演化,并可能出现贯通,其对覆岩的变形和破坏具有明显的影响。针对节理条件这一变量,采用Udec二维离散元模型,分析了双岩桥模型和四岩桥模型中各岩桥破裂特征及机制,并对比了两组模型中顶板应力释放规律及特点。采用3组对比模型实验,分析了0°/90°,45°/45°,20°/70°节理条件下岩移特点及变形机制。基于数值模型,对镜儿泉矿区实际节理条件下的地表变形特征和沉陷范围进行了研究,模型结果与地表变形GPS监测结果具有很好的一致性。     

Research on mining-induced deformation and stress,insights from physical modeling and theoretical analysis

The dynamic change of mining-induced stress is the main reason for large deformation of surrounding rock. To investigate the influence of mining-induced stress and deformation is important for appropriate supportive design. It also helps to raise the safety and productivity of longwall mining operations. In this paper, Weijiagou Coal Mine in Southwest China was selected as the case study. In order to research on the deformation and breakage of overlying strata, physical modeling test was carried out on the self-developed rotatable physical similar test system. By using digital image correlation (DIC) technique, the deformation of strata and development of cracks in the process of coal seam excavation were acquired, meanwhile, mining-induced stress was also monitored by pressure cell and strainmeter. According to the mechanical structure of stope, the height of the destressed zone has a significant influence on stress distribution. In order to minimize the discrepancy between the physical model test and theoretical analysis, the dimension of the plastic zone of roadway was added into the mining panel width, and the gap between the experimental and theoretical results reduced.