等电势梯度下电极间距对电渗影响的试验研究

通过室内1:5的模型试验进行了等电势梯度下2 m×1 m和1 m×0.5 m两种工程常见矩形布置电极间距下的软黏土电渗性状的研究。利用监测排水量、排水速率、电流、电势、含水率和pH值等指标,对不同电极间距试样的电渗处理效果、能量效率和电极腐蚀等方面进行了分析。结果表明：保持电势梯度不变而减半电极间距能够加快电渗排水,降低土体含水率,减小能量消耗和电极界面电阻,但也会导致土体pH值变化和阳极腐蚀量的增大。此外,采用较小的电极间距可使损失在电极和土接触面上的电势降减小,但损失的电势降占电源电压的比例增大。     

室内水平电渗排水试验研究

根据多次室内试验,大致掌握了不同电势梯度下非饱和黏性土的水平电渗排水规律,从电渗排水量、排水速率、土体电阻、能量消耗、电渗透系数、耗能系数等方面对电渗进行曲线分析,通过分析大致判断电渗排水的终止条件,可以对未来电渗法的实际操作给出一定的理论依据.试验结果表明:随着通电时间的增加,土体的电阻增大,其电流减小,导致电渗排水的速率降低,出于节能的考虑,可以在电渗末期停止通电,这样做既节能又有利于电渗排水的效果.     

电渗排水固结中电极材料的对比试验

采用辽宁沿海地区淤泥质软土对铁、铜、铝和新型复合电极等不同电极材料进行室内电渗排水固结试验,从有效电势、电流、排水量与排水速率、能耗、电渗后土体含水率和承载力等对电渗效果进行分析。新型复合电极材料是由碳纤维、塑料排水板与铁片组成,其充分利用各种材料的优点,既解决了铁与碳纤维直接相连通电后易断的问题,又解决了电极腐蚀严重的问题。多组试验结果表明：新型复合电极材料的电渗排水固结使土体的加固强度提升较高,且相对均匀,加固强度达到160 kPa以上的土体面积占加固总面积的75%,说明新型复合电极材料的优越性。金属电极的腐蚀较为严重,且主要发生在阳极。根据电渗后阳极的腐蚀比,新型复合电极的腐蚀量明显低于金属电极,且新型复合电极可提高加固效果,节约电极材料成本。     

高岭土电渗固结特性及数值模拟研究

电渗固结是促进低渗透性软土排水固结的有效方法。为了揭示不同电势梯度影响高岭土电渗固结的基本规律,在自制电渗试验装置上对高岭土进行电渗试验。试验过程中测量电流、排水量、沉降量以及有效电压随时间的变化,并进行单位排水能耗分析。基于电渗固结多场耦合控制方程,实现土体电渗固结全耦合分析的有限元数值方法,计算结果与解析解吻合良好,验证了程序的有效性。为预测不同电势梯度下土体沉降量随时间的变化关系,分别对0.5,1.0,1.5 V/cm 3种电势梯度电渗固结试验进行数值模拟分析,获得模型表面沉降量分布、阳极超静孔隙水压力时空发展规律、阳极位置固结度等曲线,计算结果和试验结果吻合良好,可为实际电渗试验提供理论指导。     

絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固滩涂软土的模型试验研究

针对真空预压作用下排水板淤堵与排水条件受限等问题,提出絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固法。首先通过沉降柱试验确定合适的有机絮凝剂,然后采用该絮凝剂,分别在 48 h（开始介入真空预压,固结度为0 ）、60 h（排水速率明显下降,固结度为60%）及 84 h（排水速率近乎 0,固结度为 80%）时介入电渗,开展不同电渗介入时间的絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固试验。试验从排水量、十字板剪切强度、含水率与孔压等对比分析联合加固的有效性,确定其最佳电渗介入时间。试验结果表明：当固结度为 80% 时介入电渗,絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固法能够有效地抑制排水速率减小的趋势,增长有效排水时间。同时,土体的抗剪强度和承载力亦得到大幅提升,孔压消散更加均匀。此外,在阳离子聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂的作用下,初始排水速率快,在一定程度上使土体的渗透性得到提升,有效地解决了排水板淤堵问题,说明絮凝−真空−电渗联合加固法具有较强的优越性。     

大尺寸三维电动-水力渗透协同固结淤泥能耗特性

为解决目前电渗应用的高能耗困境及大尺寸模拟困难等问题,提出针对低渗透性、高含水率土体的电动-水力渗流协同作用的三维固结方法。自行研制了一套阴极-集水-排水协同作用的多功能集排水系统,采用间歇式抽水代替连续抽水。采用三维电动-水力渗流固结系统对取自贡湖湾湿地和白旄堆场的2种不同太湖底泥进行了电渗试验研究,同时对白旄堆场太湖底泥进行了传统一维电渗固结试验,并对2种试验条件下的单位体积排水能耗和单位体积单位排水量能耗等关键指标进行了对比。结果表明：三维集水井设计可大大降低土体阴极附近电阻,间断性提高系统电流,提高排水效率,降低电渗总能耗;间歇式抽水可间歇性降低系统内总电流,利用电动-水力协同作用,保持系统渗流的连续性;三维电动-水力渗流固结系统的电流呈周期性减小—增大模式,并且降低速率较慢,尤其对于有机质含量较高的土体,电渗过程电流始终保持在一个较高的水平,提高了排水固结效率。三维电动-水力渗流固结系统的单位体积排水能耗和单位体积单位排水量能耗分别约为一维电渗系统的2/3和1/30。在高含水量软土固结排水中具有显著的节能效果。三维电动-水力渗流固结系统可以提高排水固结效率、大幅度降低能耗,为...     

电极布置形式对电渗效果影响的试验研究

以提高电渗效率、改善电渗效果为目标,通过室内模型试验研究了长方形、梅花形和平行错位3种不同电极布置形式对电渗排水效果的影响。试验采用铝管电极,并保证各组试验处理面积、外加电压和处理时间一致。通过比较分析各试验排水量、电流降低率、裂缝开展和能耗系数得到以下结果：电极长方形布置时,裂缝最为规则、排水效果一般;电极平行错位布置时,排水效果最好,电流降低率最大,但从能耗系数的角度来评判仍然表现最好;电极梅花形布置时,裂缝开展最复杂,且产生了纵截面贯穿裂缝,严重影响了后期的电渗效果,但在裂缝大量开展前,其电流降低率极小。总结室内试验的结果,建议优先采用电极平行错位布置形式进行电渗处理。     

边坡电渗模型试验及能量分析法数值模拟

采用导电塑料制成的电动土工合成材料(EKG)进行了15.5 d的边坡电渗加固试验,测定了电渗之后土体等含水率分布曲线。试验结果表明,电渗加固效果是随时间从阳极到阴极逐渐扩展的,因此,越靠近阳极接入点的土体加固效果越好,越靠近阴极末端的土体加固效果越差。提出了电渗能量分析法,该方法仅要求黏性土体在排水固结开始的初始时刻是处于饱和状态,而在排水固结进行的过程中土体可以是饱和的,也可以是非饱和的。提出了基于能量分析法的电渗过程数值模拟方法,并对试验过程进行了数值模拟,模拟结果与实测结果能够较为吻合。     

电渗前后淤泥质土的物理力学性质对比研究

为深入研究电渗排水对土体工程性质的影响,采用铁丝为电极,在模型箱内对南京市某河道淤泥质土进行电渗排水 模拟试验。电渗前后土的物理力学性质对比分析表明：电渗后土体的液、塑限与塑性指数均降低;电渗前后土体在相同含 水量和干密度情况下进行直接剪切试验,发现电渗后土体的凝聚力和内摩擦角均降低,即电渗后土体在特定情况下出现了 强度衰减的现象。论文基于土中阳离子流失机理对土体在特定情况下的强度衰减现象进行了微观解释。另外,利用提出的 新的电渗机理从微观角度解释了电渗过程中土体开裂现象,阳极因快速失水,最早出现裂隙,但裂隙延展范围较小;阴极 含水量始终高于阳极,且失水速度较慢,裂隙延展范围较大。值得一提的是,在以往的研究中并未关注到电渗加固过程中 土中阳离子流失对电渗后土体性质的影响。     

三种降低土料含水量方法的试验研究

从原理分析,采用疏干排水、真空排水、电渗排水都能排除土料中的水分。为了确定能否在工程中使用,对三种方法进行试验。三种方法开始时排水速率较快,都能降低土体的含水量,提高土体密度。得出电渗方法排水效果最好。     

高寒草地植被覆盖变化对土壤水分循环影响研究

土地覆盖变化对流域水平衡的影响是流域水学和生态水学研究的关键问题之一。以黄河源区两个典型小流域为研究对象，通过对流域不同植被类型与植被覆盖土壤的水分含量、入渗过程、蒸散发特征的测定，研究了高寒草地植被覆盖变化对土壤水分循环的影响．结果表明：广泛分布于青藏高原河源区的高寒草甸草地，植被覆盖度与土壤水分之间具有显的相关关系，尤其是20cm深度范围内土壤水分随植被盖度呈二次抛物线性趋势增加；在保持其原有的植物建群和较高覆盖度时，土壤上层具有较高持水能力，降水通过表层向深层土壤的渗透速度缓慢，且具有较均匀的土壤水分空间分布，水源涵养功能明显；高寒草甸草地退化后的高山草甸土壤趋于干燥，持水能力减弱，即使进行人工改良以后，土壤水分含量与持水能力也不会有明显改善．保护河源区原有高寒草甸草地对于河源区水过程意义重大。     

Modified acid–base accounting model validation and pH buffer trend characterisation in mine drainage at the AngloGold Ashanti Obuasi mine in Ghana,West Africa

Acid–base accounting (ABA) is a static test used to evaluate pre-mining drainage quality of ores with interpretations based on a reference 3-data point model. The method is often complemented with a kinetic test to ensure certainty of results. The challenges associated with both methods compel companies to rely on only the ABA test, thereby compromising on the long-term drainage quality. This paper validates a proposed 4-data point model that was used to establish a 20% increase in the alkaline amendment of ores at the AngloGold Ashanti Obuasi Mine in Ghana. The validation was done using model limits, the robustness of coefficient of determination and model factor sequence variation. Acidification trends and mineralogical data evaluation of tailings were used to characterise pH buffer trends in mine drainage. The modified 4-data point model, which incorporates a vital kinetic test factor into the ABA model, provides a criterion for the adjustment of carbonate amendment value to improve acid neutralisation in the drainage; this would reduce (1) cost of experimentation, (2) turnaround time for analyses, (3) complexities associated with both test methods. From the XRD data, alunite and goethite are present in tailings to provide sustained pH buffering in drainage beyond the scope of the modified model, while the characterised pH buffer trend could be used for monitoring drainage quality.     

Modelling the impact of sea-level rise on urban flood probability in SE China

Urban drainage systems in coastal cities in SE China are characterized by often complex canal and sluicegate systems that are designed to safely drain pluvial flooding whilst preventing tidal inundation.However, the risk of coastal flooding in the region is expected to increase over the next 50-100 years, as urban areas continue to expand and sea-levels are expected to rise. To assess the impact of projected sealevel rise on this type of urban drainage system, a one-dimensional model and decision support tool was developed. The model indicated that although sea-level rise represents a significant challenge, flood probability will continue to be most influenced by rainfall. Events that are significant enough to cause flooding will most likely be minimally impacted by changes to the tidal frame. However, it was found that a sea-level rise of up to 1.2 m by 2010 would result in increased drainage times and higher volumes of over-topping when flooding occurs.     

襄荆高速公路软弱地基高路堤填筑控制试验研究

软弱地基路堤填筑高度一般小于5 m,需时较长而影响工期,襄荆高速公路软弱地基路堤填筑高达8 m,加快施工进度与保证施工安全成为一大技术难题,为此进行了一系列的试验研究.现场详勘和试验表明该软弱地基存在1～1.5 m厚的硬壳层及下卧砂卵石层且原状土十字板剪切强度较高(Su = 44 kPa),有利于加快填土速率;选取了塑料排水板及砂垫层加土工格栅的软弱地基处理方案;基于排水条件得到了较大改善,经试验,证明适当降低规范要求的沉降控制标准是可行的.据此,根据监测数据进行动态调整后,填土速率得到了较大提高,施工安全也得到了保证;路堤填筑到设计高度后,通过堆载预压试验,对工后沉降预测值进行了验证,取得了良好的效果.     

韩城桑树坪二号井松软煤层钻进技术研究与实践

针对韩城桑树坪二号井煤层松软破碎,现有设备能力小、自动化程度低、钻探工艺不合理导致瓦斯抽采钻孔钻进深度浅、钻进效率低等问题。对研究矿区3号煤层进行了大螺旋钻杆回转钻进、宽翼片螺旋钻杆空气钻进与宽翼片螺旋钻杆清水钻进工艺试验。试验表明:宽翼片螺旋钻杆清水钻进工艺施工效率是原来的1.5倍,钻孔深度由80 m左右提高到了200 m以上,成孔率达80%以上,满足了桑树坪二号井工作面瓦斯抽采钻孔施工要求。      

Electro-Osmotic Consolidation Experiments on an Organic Soil

A series of electro-osmotic consolidation experiments were carried out on an organic soil from the central Sarawak region of Malaysia. Commercially available EVD was used to induce electro-osmosis and drainage of pore water. The influence of the method of drainage and pumping interval of drained water on electro-osmotic consolidation was investigated. The combination of electro-osmotic consolidation and chemical stabilization techniques was investigated by installing lime or cement columns near the anode end of the test bed. The binder factor in the lime and cement columns was varied. The paper presents the experimental set-up, test procedures, experimental program, results and conclusions of the study. Electro-osmosis, using EVDs, was effective in the electrokinetic treatment of the organic soil. The two types of drainage, namely drainage at bottom and drainage tubes, were effective. Electro-osmotic consolidation improved with decrease in pumping interval. The lime and cement columns, used in combination with electro-osmosis, increased the undrained strength further.     

元宝山露天矿基岩含水层疏干方法研究

以大量的水文地质资料和抽水试验以及相邻矿井放水试验实测数据，对元宝山露天煤矿基岩含水层的可疏必及可利用巷道疏干的方法，进行了分析，论证与研究，通过放水试验，初步证明元宝山露天矿基岩含水层采用巷道疏干的方法是可行的。     

Centrifugal model test on a riverine landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir induced by rainfall and water level fluctuation

Frequent soil landslide events are recorded in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, China, making it necessary to investigate the failure mode of such riverside landslides. Geotechnical centrifugal test is considered to be the most realistic laboratory model, which can reconstruct the required geo-stress. In this study, the Liangshuijing landslide in the Three Gorgers Reservoir area is selected for a scaled centrifugal model experiment, and a water pump system is employed to retain the rainfall condition. Using the techniques of digital photography and pore water pressure transducers, water level fluctuation is controlled, and multi-physical data are thus obtained, including the pore water pressure, earth pressure, surface displacement and deep displacement. The analysis results indicate that: Three stages were set in the test (waterflooding stage, rainfall stage and drainage stage). Seven transverse cracks with wide of 1–5 mm appeared during the model test, of which 3 cracks at the toe landslide were caused by reservoir water fluctuation, and the cracks at the middle and rear part were caused by rainfall. During rainfall process, the maximum displacement of landslide model reaches 3 cm. And the maximum deformation of the model exceeds 12 cm at the drainage stage. The failure process of the slope model can be divided into four stages: microcracks appearance and propagation stage, thrust-type failure stage, retrogressive failure stage, and holistic failure stage. When the thrust-type zone caused by rainfall was connected or even overlapped with the retrogressive failure zone caused by the drainage, the landslide would start, which displayed a typical composite failure pattern. The failure mode and deformation mechanism under the coupling actions of water level fluctuation and rainfall are revealed in the model test, which could appropriately guide for the analysis and evaluation of riverside landslides.     

Simulation on forecast and control for groundwater contamination of hazardous waste landfill

The groundwater flow and solute transport models were established by Visual Modflow, which was used to forecast the transport process of Cr⁶⁺ in groundwater and simulate the effects of three control measures of contaminants transport after percolation solution leakage happened in the impermeable layer of the landfill. The results showed that the contamination plume of Cr⁶⁺ would reach the pool’s boundary in 10 years, and the distance of contamination transport was 1,450 m. However, the contamination plume will not be obviously expanded between 10 and 20 years. While the ground was covered by hardened concrete, the contamination plume would not reach the pool’s boundary in 20 years. When the leakage-proof barrier was set in the bottom of an unconfined aquifer, the concentration of Cr⁶⁺ was higher than that of the leakage-proof barrier unset, but the result was opposite when setting the leakage-proof barrier in the bottom of confined aquifer. The range of the contamination plume was effectively controlled by setting drainage ditches in which water discharge was 2,298.05 m³ d^?1, which produced monitoring wells which are not contaminated in 20 years. In sum, combining ground hardening with drainage ditches could produce the best effect in controlling contaminants diffusion, and meanwhile, the drainage ditches daily discharge was reduced to 1,710.19 m³ d^?1.