土工合成材料与土工合成材料加筋砂土的相关特性

目前土工合成材料加筋的理论研究明显落后于工程实践。为了指导土工合成材料的优选和研究加筋机理,以5种国产土工合成材料为加筋材料,它们分别是针刺无纺土工织物、涤纶纤维经编土工格栅、玻璃纤维经编土工格栅、双向塑料拉伸土工格栅和土工网,系统进行三轴压缩试验以比较各种土工合成材料对砂土的加筋效果。试验结果表明：（1）各种土工合成材料加筋砂土的抗剪强度和应力应变特性不同;（2）无纺土工织物适合用于允许大变形的加筋土工程,涤纶纤维经编土工格栅和塑料拉伸土工格栅均适合用于对变形有较严格要求的加筋土工程,玻璃纤维经编土工格栅适合用于对变形有严格限制的加筋工程,设计时需要较大的安全系数,土工网适用低等级的加筋土工程;（3）砂土对各种土工合成材料侧向收缩的约束作用差异显著。     

土工格栅加筋砂土中水平锚板抗拔特性试验研究

土工格栅加筋能够有效改善锚板的抗拔承载力,然而锚板在上拔过程中的破坏机制及其影响因素尚需进一步研究。针对砂土中水平锚板的抗拔特性,开展了多组锚板上拔试验,分析了砂土密实度、锚板埋深、土工格栅布设层数和位置等因素的影响,结合粒子图像测速（particle image velocimetry,简称PIV）技术探究了锚板周边土体的变形破坏机制。研究结果表明：单层接触式格栅加筋对锚板的抗拔承载力有明显的提升,且其对土体性能的改善优于非接触式格栅加筋情况,其原因与土工格栅变形量和上覆土体重力有关;当采用双层土工格栅加筋时,下层格栅可充分发挥限制土体侧向变形和均化应力分布的作用,上层格栅相对而言贡献不大;采用土工格栅加筋后,锚-土界面附近土体的变形模式发生了明显的变化,其破坏面相比未加筋前向内侧收敛,且剪应变分布更为均匀。     

土工格栅加筋土地基平板载荷试验研究

在近年来的岩土工程实践中,土工合成材料加筋土技术得到越来越广泛的应用。采用平板载荷板试验方法,进行了多组加筋砂土地基模型试验,监测和分析了不同加筋材料（双向格栅与四向格栅）和加筋层数对土工格栅加筋土地基承载特性的影响。研究结果表明：土工格栅加筋土地基与无筋地基相比,承载性能得到改善,双层加筋明显优于单层加筋;土工格栅加筋限制了浅层地基的侧向变形,相同荷载下地基沉降减小,可恢复变形增大;模型试验中测得加筋材料应变和拉力很小,与土工格栅强度相比,拉伸模量对加筋土地基承载力的贡献更大。     

无加筋、加筋砂土蠕变特征的有限元分析

根据分级加载条件下的蠕变试验,分析研究了无加筋砂土和土工格栅加筋砂土的蠕变特征,发现蠕变变形与分级加载时的应力水平、初始蠕变应变速率有很大关系,且蠕变后以恒定应变速率重新加载时呈现出刚度很大、近似弹性的行为。针对无加筋砂土和土工格栅加筋砂土提出一种弹黏塑性有限元计算方法。有限元计算过程中,砂土和土工格栅均采用统一的3要素弹黏塑性本构模型。该方法能够对含多个蠕变段的恒定应变速率加载全过程进行模拟。通过试验结果与有限元计算结果的比较,表明所提出的弹黏塑性有限元计算方法能较好地模拟无加筋砂土和土工格栅加筋砂土的蠕变特征,特别是蠕变后重新加载时的刚度很大、近似弹性的行为。     

聚丙烯纤维加筋灰土的三轴强度特性

加筋技术作为20世纪一项重大发明,广泛运用于挡土墙、堤坝、桥台、护坡等工程中。加筋技术的快速发展推动了加筋材料的快速演变,催生了土工织物、土工格栅、土工格室等一大批土工合成材料,但加筋材料有一弱点：即筋材与填料间容易出现潜在破坏面。过去填料使用的是黏土、砂土,其强度都比较稳定,时间对其强度的影响极小。对于灰土这一类材料,其强度受时间影响较大,是否适于作为加筋土填料需进行研究。选取聚丙烯纤维作为加筋材料,研究了聚丙烯纤维加筋灰土的强度与变形特性。试验中,将3种不同百分比（0.05%,0.15%和0.25%）的聚丙烯纤维分别掺入到灰土比为1：9,2：8,3：7的灰土试样中,配制试样。通过三轴试验研究了不同纤维加筋率、不同灰土比、不同龄期及不同围压对加筋灰土的影响。试验结果表明：与普通的灰土相比,聚丙烯纤维加筋灰土其峰值偏应力和抗剪强度均有不同幅度提高     

加筋砂土挡墙面板刚度效果的数值分析

为了对加筋砂土挡墙面板的刚度效果有一个合理、定量的把握,利用非线性硬化-软化弹塑性有限元方法对相关的一系列室内模型试验结果进行了系统全面的数值分析。有限元解析中所采用的砂土本构模型是以修正塑性功为基本状态量的弹塑性硬软化模型,该模型可以较为精确地模拟砂土的应力路径效应。结果表明,利用这种较高精度的有限元方法对加筋砂土挡墙的变形破坏进行解析,不仅能较好地模拟加筋砂土挡墙基础底面的平均压力与沉降之间的关系,同时也能较好地再现由于面板刚度变化对加筋砂土挡墙基础的承载力以及渐进性变形破坏的影响。随着面板刚度的增加,面板对剪切带的抑制作用将随之增加,具体表现在砂土围压σ3增大所带来的砂土强度σ1的提高,进而使得加筋砂土挡墙的峰值承载力也随之增大。     

剪切速率和材料特性对筋-土界面抗剪强度的影响

土工合成材料与填料之间的界面强度参数是加筋-土工程设计的关键技术指标,筋-土界面的直剪试验和拉拔试验在界面剪切特性试验研究中应用最为广泛。利用土工格栅、土工织物与砂土的直剪试验和拉拔试验,研究了剪切速率和筋材性质对筋-土界面强度的影响。研究结果表明,当剪切速率不超过一定界限（如7.0 mm/min）时,其对直剪试验结果的影响可以忽略;筋-土界面强度受加筋材料及砂土特性的影响,双向聚丙烯土工格栅和土工织物与砂土之间的内摩擦角与纯砂接近,界面强度较高,而玻纤格栅因其延伸率低和网格尺寸较小,与砂土的界面强度比较低。     

土工格栅加筋砂土地基大模型动载试验研究

为了研究土工格栅加筋砂土地基在动力荷载作用下的受力变形特性,利用自行设计的300 cm×160 cm×200 cm（长×宽×高）大比例地基模型试验装置,分别针对纯砂地基、土工格栅加筋地基进行了静动荷载破坏试验。分析地基承载力及基础沉降、地基土压力、动力加速度响应、土工格栅应变等参数变化规律,揭示了动力荷载作用下加筋砂土地基的承载力和变形特征,并对比分析静、动荷载对加筋地基承载性能的影响。试验结果表明,与纯砂地基相比,格栅单层加筋地基的承载力提高1.12倍,地基基础中轴线处沉降量减少24%,加筋土体的抗变形能力得到很大提高;加筋作用改变了地基的破坏模式,动载作用下纯砂地基为冲剪破坏而加筋地基为整体剪切破坏;筋材的存在对地基土压力及加速度峰值分别有明显的扩散作用和衰减作用,可有效降低在动力载荷下筋土的瞬态变形。     

土工格栅加筋砂土的变形与破坏机理解析

利用可考虑局部破坏的非线性弹塑性有限元，对无加筋和加筋砂土的平面应变压缩试验结果进行了从小变形到破坏的全过程数值解析。加筋砂土试验体用土工格栅分6层和11层进行加筋加固。将等价二维有限元解析所得到的解析结果与试验得到的实测值进行了较为伞面的比较，结果表明：合理的二维非线性弹塑性有限元解析，不仅可以较为精确的模拟加筋砂土的平均心力-应变特性，而且还可以全面地调查试验体的局部应力-应变分布以及剪切破坏发生状况，从而，对加筋砂土的变彤破坏以及加筋材的加州机理有一个更加全面合理的认识。     

路基岩溶塌陷上方多层加筋垫层荷载分布性状的大比例模型实验研究

采用加筋垫层防治路基下部岩溶塌陷可降低工程造价、确保运营安全,其承载机理和设计方法仍有待系统研究。设计了1∶5的大比例室内模型试验,通过实测和分析塌陷过程中单层、3层与4层土工格栅加筋垫层所受荷载和变形量,分析路基荷载在各层加筋体中的分布规律及垫层变形特征,并以此获得荷载分担系数等关键设计参数。试验结果表明,多层加筋垫层中顶层加筋体承担了40%~54%的上部荷载,而底层加筋体仅承担16%;加筋层数越多,中间层加筋体所分担的荷载越大,且垫层发生的变形量越小;塌陷坑上方土体的土拱效应较为明显,中部土压力的下降幅度和端部增加幅度均比单层加筋体大;陷坑上方土工格栅变形分布呈抛物线关系,且变形量由上往下依次递减。在实测数据分析的基础上得到了多层加筋垫层各加筋层的荷载分担系数,供实际工程参考。     

胶粒吸附苯酚实验研究

为了研究废旧轮胎回收后的胶粒在污水处理方面应用的可行性,通过实验确定胶粒吸附苯酚的性能及影响因素。实验结果表明：胶粒对苯酚具有较好的吸附性能,室温时苯酚去除率可以达到70%以上,最高可以达到83.19%。苯酚浓度低、温度高、胶粒粒径小及胶粒添加量大,均对胶粒吸附去除苯酚有利。无机盐的存在影响很小。     

利用废旧轮胎防治滚石的数值模拟分析

为克服传统刚性拦石结构体系,刚性过大,受落石冲击易破坏,场地适应性差等缺点,设想将汽车废旧轮胎堆栈于刚性拦石结构前,形成一种刚柔并重的结构体系。利用废旧轮胎的弹性和韧性缓解落石的冲击力,从而提高传统刚性拦石结构体系防护落石的能力。并通过利用LS-DYNA有限元软件对废旧轮胎在落石冲击作用下的耗能性能进行了分析,计算结果表明废旧轮胎具有较好的吸能效果,对提高刚性拦石结构体系的防护能力有很大的帮助。     

The use of shredded waste tires to improve the geotechnical engineering properties of sands

A new geo-environmental approach was proposed to use waste tires in certain engineering applications and thereby reduce the potential impact on the environment. This paper presents a laboratory study on the effect of shredded tires on the physical properties of some sands. Shredded tires were passed through US sieve size 4 and mixed with three different types of sands with varying gradations. Each type of sand was mixed with four different percentages of shredded tires: 10, 20, 30 and 40% by dry weight. Direct shear tests were conducted to study the effect of the shredded tires on the shear strength properties of sands, such as angle of internal friction and shear strength. The addition of shredded waste tires increased both the angle of internal friction and the shear strength of the sands. Additionally, a prediction model was developed to calculate the shear strength of sand due to increasing shredded tire content. The shredded tires improved some engineering properties of sand.     

Interaction of Ribbed-Metal-Strip Reinforcement with Tire Shred–Sand Mixtures

There is a pressing need of finding innovative and beneficial ways of using scrap tires in the construction of various geotechnical structures because a large number of waste tires are generated and discarded every year throughout the world. One example of such geotechnical application is the use of tire shreds mixed with soil as a backfill material for mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls. In this paper, we report the results of laboratory pullout tests performed to study the interaction between ribbed-metal-strip reinforcement and tire shred–sand mixtures prepared with various tire shred sizes (9.5 mm in nominal size, 50–100 mm in length, and 100–200 mm in length) and tire shred-to-sand mixing ratios (tire shred contents of 0, 12, 25, 100% by weight). The pullout capacities of ribbed metal strips embedded in tire shred–sand mixtures were obtained for three confining pressures (40, 65, and 90 kPa). The test results showed that the pullout capacity of ribbed metal strips embedded in tire shred–sand mixtures is much higher than that of ribbed metal strips embedded in samples prepared with only tire shreds. Based on the laboratory pullout test results, an equation was developed that can be used to estimate the pullout capacity of ribbed metal strips embedded in tire shred–sand mixtures if the tire shred size, compacted unit weight of the mixture, mean particle size of sand, and vertical effective stress acting at the interface are known.     

Direct Shear Tests on Waste Tires–Sand Mixtures

Waste tires are used in some engineering applications and thereby reduce the potential impact on the environment, for example, as lightweight materials in geotechnical engineering projects. This paper presents a brief literature review on geotechnical applications of processed waste tires, and a laboratory study on the effect of tire shreds on the physical properties of two different sands (fine angular sand and coarse rotund sand). Each type of sand was mixed four different percentages of rubber particles; 5, 10, 20 and 50% by dry weight. Direct shear tests were employed to investigate the effect of rubber particles on the shear strength of sands and internal friction angle. The addition of shredded waste rubber particles slightly decreased both the internal angle of friction and the shear strengths of the sands within the tested stress and strain levels. Additionally, a prediction model using stepwise regression (SR) method is proposed to calculate the shear strength of sands with the increasing rubber content. The performance of accuracies of proposed SR models are quite satisfactory. The proposed SR models are presented as relatively simple explicit mathematical functions for further use by researchers.     

Influence of size of granulated rubber on bearing capacity of fine-grained sand

Nowadays, in most of the advanced and developing countries, waste tires have caused serious environmental problems such as fire and environmental contamination. For reusing them in an appropriate and beneficial way, waste tires have been utilized as a lightweight fill material in geotechnical engineering applications such as highway embankments. In this study, Babolsar fine-grained sand and granulated rubber with sizes in the ranges of 1 to 4, 1 to 9, and 4 to 9 mm were used. A series of model footing tests on reinforced sand with different sizes of granulated rubber were carried out. According to the results, 4- to 9-mm granulated rubber had the highest effect on enhancement of bearing capacity and reduction of fine-grained sand settlement. The results showed that sand-granulated rubber mixtures with granulated rubber in the range of 4 to 9 mm and content of 10% by weight of mixture can increase the bearing capacity of sand up to 50%. In addition, for this mixture, a series of laboratory tests were conducted to determine the optimum width and depth of the reinforcement layer consisting of sand-granulated rubber mixture. The results indicate that the optimum width and the most effective depth of this mixture are 5B and 1B, respectively (where B is the footing width).     

Strength and Stiffness Properties of Green Lightweight Fill Mixtures

Approximately 250 million tires are discarded each year in the United States and 20 million in Canada. Finding sustainable ways to dispose these tires continues to be a problem throughout the world not only in North America. Disposal issues along with a continuing increase in tire production have resulted in an increase in tire stockpiles, 30 % of these tires end up occupying valuable landfill space. Tire Derived Aggregates (TDA) made from scrap tires have a compacted dry unit weight of 6.9 kN/m³ and a specific gravity of 1.06 making their use as lightweight fill material especially for highway embankments over soft soils very advantageous. Using TDA as fill material not only provide a new construction material but also help to provide sustainable solution for several environmental and economic problems. Previous studies have shown that the addition of Tire Derived Aggregates (TDA) to sand results in a fill material which is characterized by its higher shear strength compared to that of 100 % sand. While there have been several studies investigating various properties and situations involving TDA’s, there remain areas that still require exploration. The effect of soil/aggregate gradation on shear strength is one of particular interest. All of the research conducted to date investigated only the sand gradation mixed with uniform TDA gradation. None of the conducted research investigated the interaction between the gradation of the two materials and its effect on the performance of the fill mixture. The main goal of this paper is to gain an understanding of this interaction in aim of producing better fill mixtures with enhanced characteristics.     

一种提高泥石流防撞墩抗冲击性能的方法

为提高桥墩泥石流防撞墩的抗冲击性能,拟将废旧轮胎堆栈于防撞墩前,与之形成一种刚柔复合结构.并使用显式动力有限元软件LS-DYNA,通过对泥石流大石块的冲击过程进行数值计算,发现当冲击能量在轮胎的吸能范围时,其冲击力能降低80％.     

大面积基坑多级支护理论与工程应用实践

大面积基坑采用常规钢筋混凝土水平支撑时,其水平支撑造价高、施工工期长,且拆除后会产生大量固体废弃物。发展了系统的大面积基坑多级支护方法,对其破坏机制和设计方法开展了研究。当围护结构内侧的反压土宽度不足够大时,采用多级支护取代宽度较大的反压土,可有效控制基坑围护结构变形。当两级支护之间宽度较小时,多级支护的工作机制和破坏机制近似于异形重力式挡土墙,可产生整体式破坏（包括整体倾覆、整体失稳等）;而随着多级支护之间的宽度增大,土体的破坏面可进入多级支护的围护桩之间的土体,并使多级支护桩的破坏产生相互关联的影响;当多级支护的宽度足够大时,多级支护可产生各自独立的破坏。工程应用实践表明,条件适当时,多级无支撑支护可取得较好的经济效益并节省地下工程工期。     

轮胎碎片-砂混合土抗剪性能优化试验研究

废旧轮胎碎片-砂混合土有诸多优点,作为轻质填料目前已有应用。对轮胎碎片-砂混合土进行系列剪切试验,探讨碎片含量和纵横比、密实度等不同因素对混合土抗剪性能的影响规律。研究结果表明,加入轮胎碎片后,混合土摩尔-库仑包线呈非线性,且随碎片含量增加,抗剪强度、内摩擦角相应增加,非线性特征更明显。通过优化轮胎碎片纵横比、增加碎片含量和密实度,混合土内摩擦角可以增加8%～89%。其他条件相同时,单纯改变轮胎碎片宽度对抗剪性能影响不明显,但纵横比影响很大,对于给定宽度的轮胎碎片,仅有惟一的某个长度值使得混合土内摩擦角达到最大,且最大值可达65°。