某码头软黏土岸坡破坏机制分析及重建

在某吹填软黏土岸坡上修建码头时发生了较大规模的滑坡,待滑体稳定后采取了一系列的工程措施,实现了码头的重建。详细阐述了岸坡发生滑动的全过程,通过现场勘察和有限元模拟分析了岸坡发生滑动破坏的原因。分别考虑了打桩与交通荷载作用,导致地基土中产生超静孔压,从而对岸坡的稳定性造成影响。分析结果表明,岸坡发生失稳破坏是多种不利工况叠加的结果,其主要原因是在低潮位时的超挖引起的,打桩及交通荷载作用也是造成滑坡的不利因素。在破坏的岸坡上重建码头,采用了振动砂桩加固地基,同时在地表铺碎石垫层作为预压荷载,加速地基土的固结。有限元分析和码头的成功重建表明,使用砂桩加固地基可以同时达到提高地基承载力和加速土体排水固结的目的,对于码头的重建是有效的技术措施。     

不同安全系数对应的边坡滑动面位置分析

为了探讨强度折减计算边坡稳定性过程中安全系数和滑动面之间的关系,针对一均质边坡算例,通过理论分析和FLAC3D强度折减法数值计算,分析当黏聚力 和内摩擦角 变化时,边坡安全系数和滑动面位置的响应情况,结果表明：(1) 边坡的安全系数受到黏聚力或内摩擦角中任一值的影响,而滑动面位置受到两者组成的函数 （ ）的影响;(2) 当 为定值时,改变抗剪强度参数 和 并不能引起滑动面位置的变化;当 增大时,边坡破坏模式由浅层破坏转变为深层破坏,滑动面越来越缓,其上缘逐渐远离坡顶,滑体的体积增大。     

Variation with time of the factor of safety of slopes excavated in unsaturated soils

While the evolution with time of the factor of safety against slope failure is well understood for excavations performed under fully saturated conditions, this evolution has not been extensively studied for excavations carried out in unsaturated soils. The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the factor of safety and time for an excavation performed in an unsaturated silty soil, employing the finite element method. A hypothetical boundary value problem is considered and two types of analyses performed; in the first one, unsaturated soil behaviour is modelled through appropriate constitutive and soil–water retention curve models, whereas in the second one full saturation is assumed. The effect that the saturated soil permeability, its variation with suction, the increase of apparent cohesion due to suction, the depth of the groundwater table and the hydraulic hysteresis have on the results of the unsaturated analysis is examined in a parametric study. The analyses results demonstrate that for unsaturated soils the factor of safety may increase with time, in contrast to what is commonly accepted to be the case in fully saturated soils. Furthermore, it is not possible to know in advance which one of the two types of analysis performed (i.e. the saturated or the unsaturated) will produce conservative results. It is, therefore, advisable to perform unsaturated analysis in geotechnical practice, when dealing with excavations in such soils.     

某边坡变形破坏机理的数值分析

某花岗岩矿岩土体主要有填土、粉质粘土、淤泥及淤泥质土、含泥中粗砂、粘土、残积砂质粘土,其下为花岗岩基岩。边坡最大高度75m,其中残积土层以上的土质边坡高度约50m。本文运用有限元强度折减法对该边坡的稳定性进行了研究,得出了潜在的破坏模式及各个滑动部分的安全系数。分析结果表明,本边坡存在3个潜在滑动面,其中两个为浅层滑动面,另一个为深层滑动面。两个浅层滑动面的稳定系数在1.13～1.17,处于临界状态。深层滑动面稳定性系数在1.29,目前尚处在相对稳定状态。根据分析结果,提出了如下加固措施:（1）对滑坡体进行削坡处理;（2）在其滑动面下方设置抗滑台阶;（3）采用预应力锚索框架梁结合肋柱进行加固处理。     

高寒矿区草本植物根系增强排土场边坡土体抗剪强度试验研究

为研究草本植物根系对增强高寒地区露天煤矿排土场边坡土体抗剪强度的贡献以及相关因素对边坡土体抗剪强度的影响,以青海境内祁连山北缘江仓露天煤矿排土场为试验区,在排土场边坡组合种植垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans Griseb.)和冷地早熟禾(Poa pratensis L.)2种草本植物,在边坡3个不同位置处分别制取不含根系素土和根-土复合体试样进行直剪试验,探讨土体物理力学性质以及植物根系数量与根-土复合体抗剪强度之间的关系。结果表明:（1）随着边坡海拔升高,坡面浅层素土和根-土复合体试样的密度和砂粒含量呈显著增加,含水率、粉粒和黏粒含量显著降低;（2）与边坡素土试样抗剪强度相比,坡底、坡中和坡顶位置处根-土复合体抗剪强度增幅分别为4.09%、18.92%和0.69%;（3）在素土和根-土复合体试样中,含水率与黏聚力之间呈显著负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.943和-0.969;土体中砂粒含量与内摩擦角之间呈显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.940和0.926;（4）坡底至坡顶位置处根-土复合体的黏聚力与素土相比,增幅分别为29.23%,54.40%,26.45%。     

天然盐渍土冻融循环时水盐迁移规律及强度变化试验研究

通过对新疆喀什地区12处天然盐渍土室内基本性质试验分析,选取典型天然盐渍土,在开放系统中进行反复冻融循环条件下的试验研究。研究了天然盐渍土在多次冻融循环时的水分和盐分迁移规律及强度变化特征。试验结果表明:经多次冻融循环,低液限粘土试样水分重分布与盐分重分布有很大的一致性,水分和盐分自下而上迁移;试样粘聚力自下而上线形减小,内摩擦角呈s形分布。含砂低液限粘土试样冻融循环过程中,易溶盐均随水分向冷端面迁移,离子剖面呈现中间大两端小的趋势;试样粘聚力呈反s形分布,内摩擦角均呈s形分布。     

Bearing capacity tests of strip footings on reinforced layered soil

The ultimate bearing capacity of strip footings resting on subsoil consisting of a strong sand layer (reinforced/unreinforced) overlying a low bearing capacity sand deposit has been investigated. Three principal problems were analysed based on results obtained from the model tests as follows: (1) the effect of stratified subsoil on the foundations bearing capacity; (2) the effect of reinforcing the top layer with horizontal layers of geogrid reinforcement on the bearing capacity; (3) effect of reinforcing stratified subsoil (reinforced and unreinforced) on the settlement of the foundation. It has been observed that reinforcing the subsoil after replacing the top layer of soil with a well-graded soil is beneficial as the mobilization of soil-reinforcement frictional resistance will increase.     

考虑前期降雨过程的边坡稳定性分析

基于三峡库区实测降雨资料,研究了不同初始条件对不同土体边坡稳定性影响,建议了能够反映边坡含水状态的初始条件选取方法。在此基础上,采用非饱和渗流分析方法研究了前期降雨对不同土体边坡稳定性影响,以典型的砂土和黏土边坡为例初步探索了前期降雨对边坡稳定性影响规律。结果表明：初始条件对不同土体边坡稳定性影响不同;建议将多年平均降雨量对应的稳态渗流场作为初始条件进行非饱和渗流分析。边坡土体渗透系数越低,边坡稳定性受前期降雨的影响越大、影响时间也越长。砂土和黏土边坡稳定性分析时建议至少考虑15 d以上的前期降雨,对于砂土边坡还应根据这15 d前面5 d的降雨情况确定是否需要增加计算天数。短历时高强度前期降雨对砂土边坡稳定性影响更大,而长历时低强度前期降雨对黏土边坡稳定性影响更大。累积前期降雨量可以作为判断边坡最小安全系数出现时刻的依据。砂土边坡出现最小安全系数时刻与10 d累积前期降雨量最大的时刻较为吻合,而黏土边坡则与15 d累积前期降雨量最大的时刻较为吻合。     

悬臂式抗滑桩加固黏土边坡地震永久位移算法

为了有效地确定悬臂式抗滑桩加固的黏土边坡地震永久位移,基于极限分析上限定理,针对圆弧滑动式土坡破坏模式,通过对设置抗滑桩条件下土坡进行外力功率和内能耗散率的计算,按严格力学定义推导出坡体在地震作用下的安全系数,进而导出与安全系数相对应的边坡地震屈服加速度计算公式,并结合Newmark滑块位移法对边坡产生的转动加速度进行二次积分,推导出与边坡设计安全系数密切相关的坡体地震永久位移的详细计算公式。以5.12汶川地震卧龙测站东向地震波为例,通过对一算例边坡进行分析,给出了边坡永久位移时程曲线以及不同设计安全系数与永久位移的关系,分析了算法与Ambraseys算法的结果,验证了所提计算方法的有效性,并得到不同设计安全系数时边坡土体黏聚力和内摩擦角对坡体永久位移的影响规律。研究结果表明,坡体永久位移随着设计安全系数的增加逐渐呈指数函数式减小变化,在较低设计安全系数下,坡体永久位移受土体抗剪强度参数影响较为敏感,随着设计安全系数的提高,这种敏感性则逐渐降低。     

内撑式支护的软土基坑开挖抗隆起稳定性分析

采用强度折减法有限元方法（SSRFEM）,分析了不排水条件下软土地基中内撑式排桩支护基坑开挖的抗隆起稳定性,并研究了软土不排水抗剪强度、支护结构条件、基坑尺寸对基底抗隆起的影响。研究表明,以往通常采用的极限平衡公式,对基坑开挖基底抗隆起稳定分析不能完全考虑支护结构的影响,也不能考虑基坑侧壁位移的影响,在一些条件下误差较大,而SSRFEM分析方法是求解基坑极限状态实际而自然的破坏形式,可很好地分析基底隆起稳定性。     

动应力对粉质土变形、强度的影响

研山铁矿设计采用露天开采,最终最大边坡高达600m。边坡上部为粉土和粉砂、中砂、卵石、粉质粘土,下部为砂质粘性土和砾质粘性土。由于边坡高,受环境动应力影响因素大,因此分析粉土和粉质粘土层在动应力作用下对变形和强度的影响,对边坡稳定分析具有重要意义。     

Discontinuous behaviour near excavations in a bedded salt formation

Summary Discontinuous behaviour is being observed and measured in the vicinity of excavations constructed in a bedded salt formation 650 m below ground surface for the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Facility. The 2 m thick salt layer in the immediate roof acts as a beam, shearing along a thin overlying anhydrite/clay seam. Vertical separations between the immediate roof layer and the overlying strata are often observed at the anhydrite/clay seam above the centre of excavations of larger span (11 m). The floor of the excavations is comprised of a 1 m thick salt layer underlain by a 1 m thick predominately anhydrite layer (referred to as MB139). Fractures in MB139 develop beneath most excavations, with increased fracture frequency with drift span and age. In the excavations of larger span (11 m), MB139 eventually debonds along the underlying clay layer. The salt layer overlying MB139 develops both shear and tension failure. In a few locations below excavations of large span, continuous fracture systems are developing from rib to rib through MB139 and the overlying salt. In the ribs, there is limited fracturing within the first metre of most larger excavations. Vertical fractures develop in pillars at most intersections. The discontinuous behaviour is qualitatively consistent with analyses of the formation behaving as a layered medium (elastic beam analysis) and limited tensile and compressive failure of the rock salt. The significance of the discontinuous behaviour is that it can dominate the effective fluid transport properties of the formation near the excavation, and therefore requires consideration in the design of repository seals. Discontinuous behaviour must be monitored and is an important factor in the maintenance programme designed to assure a safe underground environment.     

深部膨胀性黏土层冻结温度场的分布与冻胀力形成规律

防止冻结管断裂是深部膨胀性黏土层在冻结壁形成过程中的一项亟待解决的课题。针对淮南矿区某矿副井深部膨胀性黏土层, 通过热力耦合计算分析, 研究了其冻结温度场分布与冻胀力形成规律。结果表明： 冻结152天、 236天时, 黏土层冻结壁平均温度分别为-14.42 ℃、 -16.58 ℃, 细砂层冻结壁平均温度分别为-15.86 ℃、 -17.32 ℃, 黏土层冻结壁平均温度比同时期细砂层高1.44 ℃、 0.74 ℃。黏土层冻结壁平均厚度分别为8.92 m、 10.25 m, 细砂层冻结壁平均厚度分别为9.54 m、 10.77 m, 黏土层冻结壁平均厚度比同时期细砂层小0.62 m、 0.56 m。细砂较膨胀性黏土易于冻结。冻结90天时, 黏土层外、 中、 内圈三圈冻结管平均冻胀力约为同时期细砂层的1.1倍。冻结151天时, 黏土层三圈冻结管围成的冻结壁内平均冻胀力均达到初始地应力的81.1%, 是同时期细砂层的1.16倍。冻结236天时, 细砂层内圈管的冻胀力为3.91 MPa, 比中圈管3.72 MPa大了5.11%, 而黏土层内圈管的冻胀力为4.81 MPa, 比中圈管4.74 MPa大了1.48%。黏土层三圈冻结管围成的冻结壁内平均冻胀力均达到初始地应力的88.6%, 是同时期细砂层的1.28倍。深部膨胀性黏土层及与细砂层界面处冻胀力均存在显著的不均匀性, 最大冻胀力的主要位置与实际工程中掘进时的断管处基本对应, 不均匀冻胀力是造成冻结管断裂的重要原因。     

Flow dynamics at the origin of thin clayey sand lacustrine turbidites: Examples from Lake Hazar,Turkey

Turbidity currents and their deposits can be investigated using several methods, i.e. direct monitoring, physical and numerical modelling, sediment cores and outcrops. The present study focused on thin clayey sand turbidites found in Lake Hazar (Turkey) occurring in eleven clusters of closely spaced thin beds. Depositional processes and sources for three of those eleven clusters are studied at three coring sites. Bathymetrical data and seismic reflection profiles are used to understand the specific geomorphology of each site. X‐ray, thin sections and CT scan imagery combined with grain‐size, geochemical and mineralogical measurements on the cores allow characterization of the turbidites. Turbidites included in each cluster were produced by remobilization of surficial slope sediment, a process identified in very few studies worldwide. Three types of turbidites are distinguished and compared with deposits obtained in flume studies published in the literature. Type 1 is made of an ungraded clayey silt layer issued from a cohesive flow. Type 2 is composed of a partially graded clayey sand layer overlain by a mud cap, attributed to a transitional flow. Type 3 corresponds to a graded clayey sand layer overlain by a mud cap issued from a turbulence‐dominated flow. While the published experimental studies show that turbulence is damped by cohesion for low clay content, type 3 deposits of this study show evidence for a turbulence‐dominated mechanism despite their high clay content. This divergence may in part relate to input variables, such as water chemistry and clay mineralogy, that are not routinely considered in experimental studies. Furthermore, the large sedimentological variety observed in the turbidites from one coring site to another is related to the evolution of a sediment flow within a field‐scale basin made of a complex physiography that cannot be tackled by flume experiments.     

A simple prediction model for wall deflection caused by braced excavation in clays

Deep excavations particularly in deep deposits of soft clay can cause excessive ground movements and result in damage to adjacent buildings. Extensive plane strain finite element analyses considering the small strain effect have been carried out to examine the wall deflections for excavations in soft clay deposits supported by retaining walls and bracing. The excavation geometry, soil strength and stiffness properties, and the wall stiffness were varied to study the wall deflection behavior. Based on these results, a simple Polynomial Regression (PR) model was developed for estimating the maximum wall deflection. Wall deflections computed by this method compare favorably with a number of field and published records.     

砂土地层圆形深基坑三维分析与测斜仪测量

介绍了铁皮坑开挖中测斜仪监测和三维有限元反分析的结果。所研究的铁皮坑为深度27 m、总直径26 m的圆形深基坑,最终开挖面以上土层以砂土为主。每个开挖阶段采用腰梁加固的咬合桩作为挡土墙对基坑进行支护。采用硬化土模型作为土体本构模型,反分析结果表明,桩墙位移的趋势与测斜仪测量的结果接近,最大位移为5.1mm。案例中胶结土的有效黏聚力c′取决于胶结砂层的厚度,约为50～200kPa。NSPT为标准贯入试验中分离式取样器打入土体30cm的锤击数。模拟结果表明,砂土模量约为1 400NSPT～2 000NSPT（单位：k Pa）,而对于胶结砂,其模量为7 000NSPT。还研究了腰梁和外部荷载对咬合桩变形和受力的影响。结果表明,外部荷载对桩墙位移具有主导作用;同时,腰梁对减少桩墙位移没有明显作用。     

青藏高原南缘某机场场区深厚覆盖层工程地质特征

青藏高原南缘某拟建机场场区发育第四系深厚覆盖层,对该工程建设具有较大的制约作用.钻孔资料显示,该深厚覆盖层普遍分布于整个场区,厚度均在30 m以上,最大孔深105 m仍未揭穿.纵向上深厚覆盖层由上而下可划分为4层:全新世泥石流堆积层(Qsef4)、全新世冲洪积堆积层(Qal+pl4)、全新世湖相堆积层(Ql4)和晚更新...     

Rock Mass Stability Investigation Around Tunnels in an Underground Mine in USA

Stability and deformation of rock masses around tunnels in underground mines play significant roles on the safety and efficient exploitation of the ore body. Therefore, understanding of geomechanical behavior around underground excavations is important and necessary. In this study, a three-dimensional numerical model was built and stress analyses were performed by using 3DEC software for an underground mine in USA using the available information on stratigraphy, geological structures and mechanical properties of rock masses and discontinuities. Investigations were conducted to study the effect of the lateral stress ratio (K₀), material constitutive models, boundary conditions and rock support system on the stability of rock masses around the tunnels. Results of the stress, displacement, failure zone, accumulated plastic shear strain and post-failure cohesion distributions were obtained for these cases. Finally, comparisons of the deformation were made between the field deformation measurements and numerical simulations.     

上覆流沙层隧道开挖面稳定性分析与数值试验研究

为解决上覆流沙层隧道开挖面极易发生坍塌破坏的技术难题,以典型该地质条件下的青岛地铁M2号线啤苗区间（啤酒城站至苗岭路站）为研究对象,基于开挖面的实际破坏特征建立了开挖面失稳破坏力学模型,从功能转化平衡角度,进行了隧道开挖面稳定性上限分析,并利用强度折减与重力加载两种方式,提出了隧道开挖面安全系数,得到了不同开挖面土体黏聚力、摩擦角、重度、隔水层厚度及隧道开挖高度下的临界土体破裂范围及破裂模式。理论研究表明：随着开挖面土体黏聚力、摩擦角、隔水层厚度等参数的增加,开挖面安全系数不断增大,稳定性不断提高;随着土体重度、隧道开挖高度增加,开挖面安全系数不断减小,稳定性不断降低。通过建立不同工况的数值模型验证了理论研究的正确性,得到了上覆流沙层地质条件下开挖面的典型破坏模式和临界参数,并提出了相应工程建议。研究成果为青岛地铁M2号线的顺利贯通及该类地质条件下的隧道施工提供了理论指导和科学对策。     

坡顶荷载作用下岩质边坡弯曲倾倒破坏分析

车辆、坡顶堆载等造成的坡顶荷载是影响边坡稳定性的一个重要因素。首先,基于叠合悬臂梁模型和极限平衡理论,建立了坡顶荷载作用下岩质反倾边坡的力学分析模型,推导了坡顶荷载作用下边坡的剩余倾倒力和剩余滑移力计算公式,给出了岩层破坏模式判别条件,并通过大型数学分析软件Matlab将分析方法程序化;然后,通过与离散元模拟结果进行对比分析,验证了所提分析模型的准确性;最后,基于所提分析方法,进行了不同参数的敏感性分析。研究结果表明,坡顶荷载对岩层剩余力的影响较大,但对岩层破坏模式的影响不大;对边坡稳定性较为敏感的切坡角度为50°和岩层倾角为58°,当小于该值时,边坡稳定性将显著提高;层间黏聚力对自重边坡稳定性影响较大;数值模拟与理论分析得到的安全系数较为一致,验证了考虑坡顶荷载作用下弯曲倾倒破坏分析理论解的正确性,可为类似工程稳定性分析提供参考。