藏南桑单林地区晚白垩世—始新世砂岩物源区分析

阿尔泰山南缘晚古生代火山岩十分发育,其中中泥盆世北塔山组为一套以中基性火山岩为主的火山－沉积岩系,并且其下部发育少见的苦橄岩和富辉橄玄岩。北塔山组富辉橄玄岩和玄武岩中存在着三种类型的单斜辉石：大斑晶辉石、小斑晶辉石和基质辉石。这三种类型的辉石在成分上有明显的差异,从大斑晶辉石—小斑晶辉石核部—小斑晶辉石边部和基质辉石,成分由富镁、钙向富铁方向演化,显示出拉斑玄武系列的特点。根据单斜辉石-熔体平衡原理计算了富辉橄玄岩和玄武岩中斑晶相辉石形成的温度和压力,前者变化范围主要集中在1345～1366℃和1.75～2.05GPa,其深度相当于58－67km,平均的地温梯度大约20～24℃/km,说明该区具有异常的热或地温梯度,这可能是导致本区斑岩铜矿形成的主要原因之一;后者的温度和压力都相对较低,分别为1129～1191℃和1.19～1.60Gpa,而相应的深度为39～53km,暗示着玄武岩是在相对低温低压的环境中形成的演化岩浆。单斜辉石的成分指示了其构造背景为岛弧环境。     

阿尔泰南缘中泥盆统北塔山组火山岩的矿物学研究

阿尔泰山南缘中泥盆统北塔山组火山岩极为发育。本文对富辉橄玄岩和玄武岩中的单斜辉石和橄榄石斑晶进行了矿物化学分析,并结合矿物的地质温压计和岩浆结晶模拟,约束了两种岩石中矿物的形成过程,推测了原始岩浆的演化过程。提出富辉橄玄岩和玄武岩的原始岩浆属于拉斑玄武系列,富辉橄玄岩中的高压单斜辉石来源于深部（40～50 km）,其结晶早于橄榄石;玄武岩中单斜辉石大多属于岩浆房结晶产物（30～40km）,其结晶晚于橄榄石;两种岩石中橄榄石均属于岩浆房结晶产物（30～40 km）。     

准噶尔北缘中泥盆统北塔山组富辉橄玄岩的岩石成因及其对晚古生代洋脊俯冲的启示

准噶尔北缘中泥盆统北塔山组富辉橄玄岩是一种富含单斜辉石斑晶的岛弧玄武岩,被认为是洋脊俯冲作用的产物,但具体成因机制并不清楚。本文对老山口地区富辉橄玄岩进行了岩石地球化学研究,同时系统测定了其单斜辉石斑晶的成分及其环带变化规律。结果表明,富辉橄玄岩的相容元素和不相容元素的变化规律具有岩浆混合作用的特征,而透辉石斑晶的反环带则将岩浆混合作用限定于高Mg~#熔浆的上涌过程。富辉橄玄岩极高的相容元素含量将上涌的高Mg~#熔浆限定为苦橄质熔浆,而富辉橄玄岩中顽透辉石是被苦橄质熔体携带而来的斑晶物质。主导老山口富辉橄玄岩形成的岩浆过程是苦橄质熔浆的连续补给过程,而苦橄质熔浆被认为是板片窗处软流圈高程度部分熔融的产物。老山口富辉橄玄岩形成的岩浆过程与洋脊俯冲的板片窗模型吻合,因此老山口富辉橄玄岩可能是洋脊俯冲的产物。     

阿尔泰山南缘中泥盆世苦橄岩中单斜辉石的成分特征及其地质意义

岛弧苦橄岩非常稀少,但在阿尔泰山南缘却分布有世界上罕见的中泥盆世厚大苦橄岩层。本文对该地区苦橄岩及其共生的玄武岩中单斜辉石的矿物化学成分进行了电子探针分析,结果表明,苦橄岩中的单斜辉石全部为透辉石,玄武岩中的单斜辉石种属有普通辉石和透辉石两类,但玄武岩中的单斜辉石成分呈连续演化关系。根据单斜辉石-熔体平衡原理计算了苦橄岩中单斜辉石斑晶形成的温度和压力,其变化范围主要集中在1350～1387℃和16.6～21.3kPa,相应的深度为55～70km,大致代表了苦橄岩岩浆房的深度。与此不同的是,玄武岩中单斜辉石斑晶结晶的深度较苦橄岩浅,为37～41km,暗示玄武岩浆是在相对低压条件下分离结晶后形成的演化岩浆。基于单斜辉石的成分和演化,确定了该地区火山岩属亚碱性系列,其构造背景为岛弧环境。     

南海新生代玄武岩中单斜辉石矿物化学及成因意义

从南海南大陆坡底至北大陆坡底采集的玄武岩样品,基本可以代表南海新生代岩浆活动的代表性样品.本文中对这些玄武岩中单斜辉石的矿物化学成分进行了研究,研究的单斜辉石以顽透辉石为主(占3/4),还有少量普通辉石及次透辉石等,也出现少量较为罕见的富钙辉石,位于深绿辉石区域内.基质微晶辉石比辉石斑晶更富钙、钛、铁,可能反映了岩浆演化向着富钙、钛、铁方向发展,且碱度逐渐降低.与碱性系列的演化趋势基本一致.由单斜辉石-熔体平衡温压计计算的岩浆房深度分别为:碱玄岩岩浆房约49km左右,粗面玄武岩岩浆房约25km;玄武岩岩浆房约15km.由碱玄岩→粗面玄武岩→玄武岩,平衡温度(K)依次降低:从1535～1498→1429→1369.南海新生代玄武岩为板内碱性玄武岩.碱性玄武岩系列可能是地幔柱在上升过程中在不同深度处发生部分熔融并伴随有分离结晶作用等物理化学过程的连续演变的产物.     

江西九瑞矿集区郎君山第三纪玄武岩的成因与岩浆演化:来自辉石和长石的矿物学证据

近期在江西九瑞矿集区朗君山地区通过钻探获取了新鲜的第三纪火山岩样品,本文对这些样品进行了系统的矿物学研究。结果表明:这些火山岩样品均为玄武岩,可明显分为两个喷发旋回,主要组成矿物为单斜辉石和斜长石,并有少量的磷灰石和铁钛氧化物等矿物。根据其矿物成分特征判断,早期旋回的玄武岩属于钾玄岩系列,晚期旋回的玄武岩属于拉斑玄武岩系列。对比两套玄武岩中单斜辉石的成分可以发现,早期玄武岩岩浆朝着富钙富锰和贫铝贫碱的方向演化,而晚期玄武岩岩浆则朝着富钛富锰和贫铝贫钙贫铬的方向演化。早期旋回玄武岩中斜长石斑晶发育反环带和韵律环带,辉石斑晶中发育正环带、反环带和韵律环带,且基质中斜长石普遍被碱性长石所交代,推测早期喷发的岩浆遭受过多次岩浆混合作用。早期旋回玄武岩中单斜辉石形成的温度为1124~1157℃,压力为1.23~1.42GPa,相应深度为41~47km,表明这套玄武岩可能是由相对原始岩浆上升到较浅部位分异形成的。根据单斜辉石F1-F2图解和Ti O2-Al Z图解判断,该区玄武岩具有明显的与弧有关的构造环境特征,推测应为弧后拉张盆地环境。     

江西广丰早白垩世碱性橄榄玄武岩中单斜辉石矿物化学及其地质意义

江西广丰早白垩世晚期碱性橄榄玄武岩中含有大、小两类单斜辉石斑晶,它们的主量元素间呈线性相关,且与大斑晶、小斑晶相平衡的岩浆Mg#值均类似于寄主岩石的Mg#值,说明它们与寄主岩石同源。早期的单斜辉石大斑晶粒径达1～1.5cm,SiO2,MgO,TFeO,CaO含量和Mg#值相对较低,Al2O3和TiO2含量相对较高,具有碱性玄武岩中单斜斑晶的矿物学特征;而晚期的单斜辉石小斑晶粒径为0.3～0.5cm,SiO2,MgO,TFeO,CaO含量和Mg#值相对较高,Al2O3和TiO2含量相对较低,也具有碱性玄武岩中斑晶的矿物学特征。单斜辉石大斑晶Wo（硅灰石）相对较高,En（顽辉石）含量相对较低,主要为含钛透辉石、含钛次透辉石,结晶温度为1272～1349℃、压力为1.23～1.93GPa,深度相当于41～64km,可能是原始岩浆绝热底辟上升结晶形成的;单斜辉石小斑晶Wo含量相对较低,En含量相对较高,主要为含钛普通辉石和顽透辉石,结晶温度为1186～1220℃、压力为0.44～0.75GPa,深度相当于15～25km,可能是相对原始的岩浆上升到浅部发生结晶分异作用形成的。     

南秦岭早古生代玄武岩的岩浆源区及演化过程

南秦岭地区早古生代玄武岩中发育的大量单斜辉石斑晶为研究火山岩的深部演化过程及源区属性提供了重要的载体。本文通过对早古生代玄武岩及其中的单斜辉石斑晶进行矿物学、岩石学及地球化学分析,讨论火山岩的演化历程及源区属性。电子探针分析结果表明玄武岩中单斜辉石斑晶属于透辉石,其成分与全岩成分并不平衡,暗示岩石经历了单斜辉石的堆晶作用。通过质量平衡计算得到了与单斜辉石斑晶平衡的熔体并计算了单斜辉石结晶的温压条件,结果显示单斜辉石斑晶结晶压力为7.6～14.0kbar,温度为1201～1268℃。高压下的分离结晶作用导致了单斜辉石成为主要的结晶相。重建后的玄武岩具有高镁、高钙、富钛,富集高场强元素Nb、Ta,亏损Rb、K、Sr和P,Dy/Yb比值高的地球化学特征,指示其源区为含单斜辉石、磷灰石及石榴石的交代岩石圈地幔。同地区发现的玄武质角砾也具高镁及高钙的特征,其富集Ba、Nb、Ta、Ti及低Dy/Yb比值表明源区为含单斜辉石、角闪石及尖晶石的交代岩石圈地幔。     

云南马关地区新生代碧玄岩中地幔包体研究

自晚新生代以来,由于受印度-亚洲板块碰撞和青藏高原整体快速抬升的影响,在云南省东南的马关地区发育了大量新生代碱性火山岩.其中有的火山岩中含有丰富的地幔包体.本文提供了马关八寨碧玄岩和钾玄岩的2个全岩化学分析资料,以及石榴二辉橄榄岩、尖晶二辉橄榄岩、石榴辉石岩和石榴二辉岩包体的全岩化学和电子探针分析结果,采用矿物温压计获得各种地幔包体的平衡温压条件,建立了本区地幔地温线,并与世界典型大地构造单元的地温线进行了对比.研究表明,石榴石二辉橄榄岩的平衡温压为1209℃～1230℃和2.13～2.93CPa,石榴石二辉岩为1034℃～1095℃和1.69～2.35CPa,尖晶石二辉橄榄岩的平衡温压为944℃～1072℃和1.46～2.74GPa,其对应的深度分别为69～93km、55～75km和48～87km.因此尖晶石二辉橄榄岩与石榴二辉橄榄岩和石榴二辉岩共存,其间没有截然的界限,而是一种过渡关系.由包体平衡温压建立的上地幔地温线与华北地区地温线一样,位于澳大利亚克拉通东缘地温线与碱性玄武岩省地温线之间,但本区地温线显著高于华北地温线,与本区具有高于华北地区的大地热流值相吻合.这证明各种辉石岩和橄榄岩包体来自地幔.根据平衡压力反演的包体起源深度推测,含石榴石的二辉橄榄岩可能来源于岩石圈底部或软流圈.基于上述研究,结合高原及滇西地区新生代钾质岩浆活动时空结构的研究成果,提出马关地区新生代碱性岩浆活动和地幔包体的成因,与印度-欧亚大陆俯冲碰撞诱发的软流圈横向地幔流的活动有关.     

冲绳海槽玄武岩中单斜辉石的特征及其意义

冲绳海槽海底玄武岩中存在着三种不同世代的单斜辉石,即斑晶,微晶和基质辉石,它们的平均粒径分别约为400μm,30μm和5μm。斑晶辉石在电子探针下可见到明显的核部与边部之分;微晶辉石无明显的环带构造;基质辉石粒径细小但数量较大。这三个世代的辉石在成分上差异较为明显,从斑晶辉石的核部→边部和微晶辉石→基质辉石,成分从富铁向富镁,钙方向演化,这与封闭体系的辉石成分演化趋势正好相反,辉石的形态和成分特征反映出该玄武岩浆存在岩浆混合的特征,它们也可反演该地幔岩浆的活动过程;源自上地幔的拉斑玄武岩浆,在从源区向浅部岩浆房上升,运移过程中,受到携带相对富铁单斜辉石的较酸性岩浆的注入,混合;在浅部岩浆房中,混合岩浆结晶形成斑晶的边部和微晶辉石;基质辉石则是岩浆喷出洋底后淬冷结晶的结果,冲 槽玄武岩中三个世代的单斜辉石较好的完整记录了地幔岩浆后系列活动过程。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。