Characteristics and Genetic Mechanisms of Overpressure in the Depressions of Bohai Bay Basin, China

The distribution and genetic mechanisms of abnormal pressures in the Bohai Bay Basin were systematically analyzed. Abnormal pressures are widely developed in the Bohai Bay Basin, primarily in the Paleogene E2s4, E2s3, Es1, and Ed formations. From the onshore area of the Bohai Bay Basin to the center of the Bozhong area, the top depth of the overpressured zone in each depression increases gradually, the overpressured strata in each depression gradually move to younger formations, and the pressure structure successively alters from single-bottom- overpressure to double-bottom-overpressure and finally to double-top-overpressure. The distribution of overpressured area is consistent with the sedimentary migration controlled by the tectonic evolution of the Bohai Bay Basin, which is closely related to the hydrocarbon-generation capability of active source rocks. The overpressured strata are consistent with the source-rock intervals in each depression; the top of the overpressured zone is synchronous with the hydrocarbon generation threshold in each depression; the hydrocarbon generation capability is positively correlated with the overpressure magnitude in each formation. Undercompaction was the main mechanism of overpressure for depressions with fluid pressure coefficients less than 1.2, whereas hydrocarbon generation was the main mechanism for depressions with fluid pressure coefficients greater than 1.5.     

辽河盆地大民屯凹陷流体压力场研究

综合利用泥岩声波时差、实测地层压力和地震资料 ,分析了辽河盆地大民屯凹陷的地下流体压力场特征 .研究结果表明 :(1)本区泥岩压实类型可划分为正常压实 -常压型、单段欠压实 -弱超压型和双段欠压实 -强超压型三大类 ;(2 )油层压力梯度接近于 1,多属正常压力系统 ;(3)利用地震资料研究平、剖面压力场特征具有较高的可行性与可靠性 ;(4)现今剖面压力系统由浅部正常压力、中部弱超压和深部强超压 3个部分组成 ,断裂系统、不整合面和相互连通的孔隙系统及底辟构造组成了凹陷内流体纵、横向输导的复杂网络系统 ;(5 )规模较大断层两侧的剩余压力和压力系数具较明显的差异性 ,断层对压力的形成、演化与分布起着重要的控制作用 ;(6 )欠压实与烃类生成是本区超压形成的主导机制     

辽河盆地大民屯凹陷流体压力场研究

综合利用泥岩声波时差、实测地层压力和地震资料, 分析了辽河盆地大民屯凹陷的地下流体压力场特征.研究结果表明: (1) 本区泥岩压实类型可划分为正常压实-常压型、单段欠压实-弱超压型和双段欠压实-强超压型三大类; (2) 油层压力梯度接近于1, 多属正常压力系统; (3) 利用地震资料研究平、剖面压力场特征具有较高的可行性与可靠性; (4) 现今剖面压力系统由浅部正常压力、中部弱超压和深部强超压3个部分组成, 断裂系统、不整合面和相互连通的孔隙系统及底辟构造组成了凹陷内流体纵、横向输导的复杂网络系统; (5) 规模较大断层两侧的剩余压力和压力系数具较明显的差异性, 断层对压力的形成、演化与分布起着重要的控制作用; (6) 欠压实与烃类生成是本区超压形成的主导机制.      

歧深地区双超压系统发育特征及油气成藏效应

在钻井实测储层压力(DST)、计算泥岩压力及地震资料解释的基础上,对歧深地区超压体系发育特征、分布规律和成藏效应进行了深入分析,认为歧深地区具有"三层压力结构,两个超压系统"特征。压力结构在纵向上可以划分为常压系统、上部弱超压系统和下部超压系统。超压从东营组开始出现,歧口凹陷中心超压最强,北大港东翼、歧口凹陷及板桥凹陷超压次之。双超压结构对歧深地区油气聚集有明显的控制作用,从而形成了"上油下气"分布格局,由此建立了"双压控藏"模式。     

Characteristics of Overpressure Systems and Their Significance in Hydrocarbon Accumulation in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan Basins, China

Overpressure systems are widely developed in the central depression and paleo-uplift in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins. They can be divided into three types according to the origin of abnormally high formation pressure in the reservoirs, i.e. the autochthonous, vertically-transmitted and laterally-transmitted types. The autochthonous overpressure system results from rapid disequilibrium sediment loading and compaction. In the allochthonous overpressure system, the increase of fluid pressure in sandstone originates from the invasion of overpressured fluid flowing vertically or laterally through the conduit units. The autochthonous overpressure system occurs in the deep-lying strata of Neogene age in the central depression of the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins. The vertically transmitted overpressure system is developed in the shallow strata of Late Miocene and Pliocene ages in the diapiric zone of the central Yinggehai basin, and the laterally transmitted overpressure system occurs in the Oligo     

北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷超压系统与油气运移

利用地震层速度、声波测井及各种录井资料研究北部湾盆地涠西南凹陷超压系统及油气运移 ,用以指导下一步油气勘探。研究发现主要生烃层段流沙港组二段泥岩的欠压实是形成异常高压的主要原因 ,异常压力主要分布于凹陷中心地区。最大压力封闭点及油的成熟门限深度可以区分异常高压层的作用 ,在生油门限以下的异常压力带中的快速压实段 ,是油气初次运移最有利的层段。研究发现本区存在两种油气运移方式 ,即向泥岩下方运移和侧向运移 ,最后指出勘探油气的有利地区     

The hydrodynamics of the Snorre Field area, offshore Norway

The Snorre Field, in the Norwegian North Sea, contains a 300 m oil column and is characterized by high pressures. The Snorre Field and its satellites are a well-documented area and it was considered as an excellent case history for documenting hydrocarbon migration and petroleum hydrodynamics in an overpressured regime. The reservoirs are Triassic and Lower Jurassic sandstones overlain by thick shale formations. The overpressure in the acquifer is 14 MPa. The variations of the oil-water contact levels observed throughout the structure can be correlated with oil density variations. This implies that some faults are partly sealing and suggests that leakage through the cap rock is possible together with a selective input of hydrocarbons within the compartments. The possible mechanisms of pressuring and their consequences on the migration system are discussed in this paper. The origin of abnormal pressures in the reservoir is not directly related to the vertical overburden. Some equivalent overpressures due to the compaction exist further south at the North Alwyn location. An equalization of about 14 MPa overpressure occurs along a SW-NE structural trend, through the North Alwyn, Brent, Statfjord and Snorre fields. Snorre being at the shallowest depth, the pore pressure at the top of the reservoir reaches the stress limit for fracturing and hydrocarbons leak from the field. The idea that a large structural trend acts as a preferential route for the migration of hydrocarbons is well supported; however, the oils in Snorre have a GOR increasing from the southwest to the northeast part of the field and this feature, supported by organic geochemistry, reflects an input of light hydrocarbons from source areas in the adjacent 34/5 basin to the east where high pressures are generated. Evidence for high pressures in the basin exists on seismic profiles, where velocity anomalies indicate highly pressured deep zones and migration possibilities along fractures or unconformities. The pressure regime and the stress conditions are key points for the exploration in this area, together with the sealing capacity of the main faults.     

渤海湾盆地渤中坳陷储层超压特征与成因机制

对储层超压的分析, 有助于理解渤中坳陷油气晚期快速成藏机理.利用RFT实测储层压力资料分析了渤中坳陷储层超压的特征和成因.渤中坳陷存在3套储层超压系统: 浅层明化镇组-馆陶组储层超压系统、中层东营组-沙河街组-孔店组储层超压系统、基底(中生界及以下地层) 储层超压系统.渤中坳陷的储层超压可能主要是由3种机制综合引起的, 即不均衡压实作用、超压传递作用和裂解气的生成作用.少量保存的传递超压是深部超压流体注入的“化石”, 它是超压背景下油气快速充注成藏的结果.      

储层超压流体系统的成因机制述评

储层超压流体系统的基本要素包括压力封闭层、超压流体、岩石骨架和输导通道；由于储层超压系统所处环境的差异，其超压强度可以大于、等于和小于环境的超压强度；超压传递、不均衡压实、裂解气的生成和浮力作用是储层超压形成的重要机制；大多数储层超压是油气聚集的结果；超压释放是超压流体系统内部油气成藏的必要条件，研究储层超压流体系统将更直接地揭示超压盆地中油气运移和聚集的过程。     

Fluid Dynamic Field in Bozhong Depression, Bohai Bay Basin

The physical accumulation process of oil and gas, as thenatural nuids buried in the underground, follows the mechanism of fluid flow dynamics (Tao, 19831 Hubbert, 1953,1940). More and more lines of evidence show that the underground fluid dynamics not only controls hydrocarbon expulsionand accumulation directly, but also influences hydrocarbongeneration and preservation. Therefore, this research has beenpursued with great interests by worldwide petroleum geologists(GOng and Yang, 19993 Ye et…     

评述异常压力研究中的石油地质学新思想

在对异常压力的认识不断深化的过程中,凝结出许多新的概念和思想,为现代石油地质学理论注入了新的内容。关于超压生成与有机质成熟-生烃的关系虽有争议,但大多数主张超压对有机质成熟和生烃起抑制作用;在超压的背景下,生烃、排烃以及烃类的运移和聚集常呈现出幕式的特征;压力驱动是流体活动和油气运移的重要动力;动态运移通道是油气运移的新型通道;通常压力过渡带是油气聚集的有利场所;在超压的含油气盆地中,可能发现的非传统油气聚集有异常压力的气饱和封存箱、水力破裂-泥岩裂缝油气藏、烃水倒置的油气藏等。异常压力的储层具有相对独立性。     

大民屯凹陷压力场特征及其成因机制探讨

异常地层压力是沉积盆地中的常见现象,其与成烃成藏关系密切。本文以欠压实带的有无、欠压实的幅度大小、持续的深度范围,将大民屯凹陷泥岩压实类型分为4种,即强烈欠压实型、欠压实型、局部欠压实型以及正常压实型。利用测井、地质和钻井资料,运用等效深度法分析了该区现今异常压力的展布特征并探讨了其成因机制。5条超压分布剖面揭示大民屯凹陷的超压体系在凹陷内分布较广泛,纵向上基本可分为上、中、下3套压力体系。①纵向上,上部即Es23段及其以上地层基本为正常压力系统;中部即Es33段为弱超压系统;下部即Es43和Es4地层为强超压系统。②横向上,超压在洼陷中心强烈发育,到斜坡和隆起带渐渐演变为正常压力。压实不均衡和生烃作用是大民屯凹陷超压发育的主要机制。     

大民屯凹陷超压发育机制及其成藏意义

沉积盆地超压具多样性,超压演化具系统性,超压的发育受多种因素控制。大民屯凹陷构造沉降史、沉积埋藏史、热史及生烃史等多种因素与剩余压力演化史有着良好的耦合匹配关系。压实不均衡和生烃作用分别是本区超压发育、演化不同阶段的主控因素。超压提供了油气运移的动力和通道,提高了高分子量组分,特别是“蜡”的排出效率是泥岩穿刺构造的诱发因素,亦可作为下伏油气藏的优质盖层,为本区油气富集成藏的有利保障。     

Characteristics of overpressure distribution and its implication for hydrocarbon exploration in the Qiongdongnan Basin

The Qiongdongnan Basin is a strongly overpressured basin with the maximum pressure coefficient over 2.2. Two types of vertical overpressure configuration can be identified by electronic logs and mud pressure, based on the calibration with the test pressure. The first is a double overpressure configuration, in which the middle low overpressure zone divides the entire overpressure zone into two zones. The double overpressure configuration lies primarily in the western part of the basin. The second is a single overpressure configuration, in which overpressure increases with depth. The single overpressure configuration lies primarily in the eastern part of the basin. Distribution maps of the overpressure top and overpressure horizons show three important characteristics: (1) The distribution of the pressure coefficient is not uniform. There are many low overpressure zones against a background of high overpressure. (2) The pressure coefficient in the western area is greater than in the eastern area. The maximum pressure coefficient in the western area is greater than 2.2. (3) There is a low overpressure interval between the high overpressure zones in the western area. Based on the overpressure distribution, some important implications for hydrocarbon exploration can be drawn. In the Qiongdongnan Basin, it has been shown that normal pressure zones are favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation, and strongly overpressured zones (pressure coefficient greater than 1.8) are unfavorable for hydrocarbon accumulation. Accordingly, the NW low overpressure belt around wells R, Q and S should be beneficial for hydrocarbon accumulations, and should be considered as the next exploration play in the Qiongdongnan Basin. Theoretical hydrofracture calculation and interpretation of the sand injectites indicate the presence of widespread hydrofractures in the basin. Comparison between the sealing capacities of the double overpressure and single overpressure configurations shows that the former is superior for hydrocarbon accumulation and preservation. Because of the strong sealing capacity provided by the displacement pressure and pore pressure difference between the seal rock and reservoir in the double overpressure configuration zone, hydrocarbons barely penetrate the seal rock in the middle low overpressure zone. Therefore, the exploration interval should be within and below the middle low overpressure zone in the western basin.     

莺歌海盆地流体垂向输导体系及其对天然气成藏控制作用

垂向输导体系主控下的热流体活动是莺歌海盆地重要的地质特征之一, 决定了盆内独特的油气成藏过程.依据地震剖面综合解释、三维地震属性提取和岩石薄片观察, 分析了流体垂向输导体系的构成要素, 并利用PetroMod v11进行2D盆地数值模拟, 定量化计算了自源超压和传导超压的大小, 获得以下主要认识: (1)底辟伴生断裂和水力破裂是东方区最主要的2种垂向输导要素, 且在垂向上存在分异性, 深部流体输导以水力破裂为主, 浅层输导以底辟伴生断裂为主; (2)流体的垂向输导刺穿了超压封存箱并导致自源超压面在盆地中央抬升近2 000 m, 现今盆地东方区3 000 m左右黄流组油气藏中剩余压力的90%来自传导型超压; (3)盆内存在2个有利天然气聚集带: 箱顶传导常压带和箱内自源-传导超压带, 其中后者天然气藏受水力破裂输导控制, 具有流体输导高效且距离烃源灶近的优势, 是盆地内最有勘探潜力的天然气聚集带.      

东营凹陷流体压力系统研究

利用钻井泥岩声波测井资料和实测地层压力资料, 分析了东营凹陷流体压力系统的结构和分布及其影响因素.单井的压力-深度曲线呈现出“二段式”, 即上段正常压力系统(正常压实带) 和下段异常压力系统(欠压实带).剖面和平面压力系统综合分析的结果表明, 东营凹陷压力系统呈现环状结构, 即内环为超高压系统, 中环为高压系统, 外环为常压-低压系统.中环高压系统和内环超高压系统构成了封闭的巨型超压封存箱复合体, 因其与沙河街组三、四段活跃的烃源岩有着成因的联系, 故称之为烃源岩-超压封存箱复合体(SR-OPCC).受渗透性砂岩层、断层及盐构造等压力输导系统的影响, 封存箱内产生压力分隔现象, 形成了若干个由压力输导系统联系的次级超压封存箱.概括了封存箱-压力输导系统-封存箱组合模式.烃源岩-超压封存箱复合体(SR-OPCC) 的存在对油气的运移和聚集产生了深远的影响      

Development of Diapirs and Accumulation of Natural Gases in Yinggehai Basin

Ｏｖｅｒｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｈａｓｂｅｅｎｆｏｕｎｄｉｎａｂｏｕｔ 180ｓｅｄｉｍｅｎｔａｒｙｂａｓｉｎｓ(ＬａｗａｎｄＳｐｅｎｃｅｒ,1998;Ｈｕｎｔ,1990 ) .Ｔｈｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍｓｆｏｒｔｈｅｏｖｅｒｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅｄｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｆｌｕｉｄｆｌｏｗａｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓｉｎｏｖｅｒｐｒｅｓ ｓｕｒｅｄｂａｓｉｎｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｔｈｅｓｕｂｊｅｃｔｓｏｆａｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｓｔｕｄｉｅｓ (Ｈｕｎｔ,1996 ;Ｏｒｔｏｌｅｖａ ,1994) .Ｐｒｏｂａｂｌｙ ,ｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔａｓｐ…     

东营凹陷现今大规模超压系统整体分布特征及主控因素

东营凹陷为超压富烃凹陷, 钻井揭示该凹陷现今大规模超压系统出现在始新统沙三-四段烃源岩层系.根据大量的钻杆测试(DST)数据, 实测沙三-四段砂岩异常高压的深度范围约在2 200~4 400 m, 剩余压力约为4~40 MPa, 压力系数为1.2~1.99.根据钻井和测井以及地震速度资料解释, 超压带钻井泥浆密度明显增加, 超压泥岩层具有偏离正常趋势的异常高声波时差测井响应和异常低地震层速度响应特征.综合解释超压系统顶界面埋深在2 200~2 900 m, 对应地温在90~120 ℃; 超压顶界面深度随着烃源岩层系顶界埋深的增加而增加.超压系统范围内烃源岩层系样品镜质体反射率(R_o)分布在0.5%~1.2%, 沙三中、下亚段-沙四上亚段成熟烃源岩(R_o为0.5%~1.2%)及其生油作用控制了超压分布的主体区域, 佐证了东营凹陷现今大规模超压发育区与烃源岩生油增压有成因联系; 成熟烃源岩的累积厚度、埋深及热成熟度是超压系统整体分布特征和超压发育幅度的主控因素; 断裂系统和输导性砂体对东营凹陷沙三-四段烃源岩层系中发育的大规模超压系统的分布特征和结构变化具有重要影响.      

HPHT reservoir evolution: a case study from Jade and Judy fields, Central Graben, UK North Sea

3D basin modelling of a study area in Quadrant 30, UK North Sea was performed in order to elucidate the burial, thermal, pressure and hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation history in the Jurassic and Triassic high pressure–high temperature sequences. Calibration data, including reservoir temperatures, pressures, petroleum compositional data, vitrinite reflectance profiles and published fluid inclusion data were used to constrain model predictions. The comparison of different pressure generating processes indicated that only when gas generation is taken into account as a pressure generating mechanism, both the predicted present day as well as palaeo-pressure evolution matches the available calibration data. Compositional modelling of hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation also reproduced present and palaeo bulk fluid properties such as the reservoir fluid gas to oil ratios. The reconstruction of the filling histories of both reservoirs indicates that both were first charged around 100 Ma ago and contained initially a two-phase system in which gas dominated volumetrically. Upon burial reservoir fluid composition evolved to higher GORs and became undersaturated as a function of increasing pore pressure up to the present day situation. Our results indicate that gas compositions must be taken into account when calculating the volumetric effect of gas generation on overpressure.     

沉积盆地超压系统演化、流体流动与成藏机理

压实不均衡和生烃 ,特别是生气作用是可独立产生大规模超压的主要机制。根据超压顶面的几何形态、超压的发育机制、超压系统的内部结构和演化 ,可将超压系统分为封隔型超压系统和动态超压系统 2类。超压流体的排放包含 2个层次 :从超压泥岩向邻近输导层的初次排放和从超压系统向上覆常压系统或相对低超压系统的二次排放。封隔型超压系统的流体排放主要通过周期性顶部封闭层破裂进行 ,动态超压系统的流体排放可能主要通过断裂或其它构造薄弱带、超压顶面隆起点和超压系统内构造高点处的水力破裂集中进行。超压盆地油气倾向于在静水压力系统富集 ,并具有幕式充注特征 ,但超压系统既可发育商业型油藏 ,也可形成大型气藏。