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A preliminary study was conducted to evaluate the amount of pseudorange multipath at 390+ sites in the National Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) Network. The National CORS Network is a cooperative effort involving over 110 different agencies, universities, and private companies who seek to make GPS data from dual-frequency receivers located throughout the United States and its territories available to the general public. For CORS users, pseudorange multipath can seriously degrade the accuracy of any application that relies on precise measurements of the pseudorange observable over a short period of time, including differential pseudorange navigation, kinematic and rapid-static surveying, and ionospheric monitoring. The main objectives of this study were to identify the most affected and least affected sites in the network, to closely investigate problematic sites, and to compare various receiver/antenna combinations. Dual-frequency carrier phase and pseudorange measurements were used to estimate the amount of L1 and L2 pseudorange multipath at each site over a one-year period. Some of the most severely affected sites were maritime Differential GPS and Nationwide Differential GPS (DGPS/NDGPS) sites. Photographs obtained for these sites verified the presence of transmission towers and other reflectors in close proximity to the GPS antennas. Plotting the variations of the L1 and L2 pseudorange multipath with respect to azimuth and elevation further verified that even above a 60° elevation angle there was still as much as five meters of pseudorange multipath at some sites. The least affected sites were the state networks installed in Ohio and Michigan; these sites used excellent antenna mounts, choke ring antennas, and new receiver technology. A comparison of the 12 most commonly used receiver/antenna combinations in the CORS Network indicated that newer receivers such as the Ashtech UZ-12, Leica RS-500, and Trimble 5700 help to significantly mitigate pseudorange multipath, while the receivers/antennas at some DGPS/NDGPS sites, and the antennas formerly used at the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) sites, are among those most affected by pseudorange multipath. The receiver/antenna comparison did not take into account the potential presence of reflectors at the sites (i.e., it is possible that a well-performing receiver/antenna combination could have been consistently placed at very poor site locations, and vice-versa).Product Disclaimer: Mention of a commercial company or product does not constitute an endorsement by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Use for publicity or advertisement purposes of information from this paper concerning proprietary products or the comparison of such products is not authorized. 相似文献
3.
Carrier phase multipath is currently one source of unmodeled signals that may bias GPS coordinate time series significantly.
We investigate the effect of simulated carrier phase multipath on time series of several sites covering the period 2002.0–2008.0
and spanning a range of observation geometries. High-, mid-, and low-latitude IGS sites are investigated as well as sites
with significant signal obstructions. We examine the effect of multipath in different sectors of the sky, considering time-constant,
horizontal reflectors at each of 0.1, 0.2, and 1.5 m below the antenna. The differences between a horizontally uniform multipath
source are analyzed, and it is shown that positioning errors are generally larger when unmodeled carrier phase multipath is
azimuthally heterogeneous. Using the adopted multipath model, height biases reach ±1 mm in case of the symmetric multipath
and ±5 mm for the asymmetric multipath but this increases to being ±10 mm in the worst case. In addition to mean bias, low-frequency
variations in the bias also exist, including periodic signals and leading to velocity biases of up to ±0.1 mm/year in the
symmetric case and ±1 mm/year in the asymmetric case over the considered period. In contrast to the generally slowly varying
observation geometry that is typically experienced, we show the effects of an abrupt change in geometry due to receiver/antenna
hardware changes; in the case considered, we see changed pattern of temporal variation in the bias in addition to an instantaneous
offset. 相似文献
4.
Knowledge of the local direction of multipath at a particular site is important for a number of reasons. For example, such
information can be used to study site selections or during monument design for GPS installations. We present a MATLAB program
for creating colorized polar maps of high-frequency multipath using TEQC report files of single-epoch data. The maps, although
not necessarily indicating the actual local direction of multipath on the ground, give the orientation with respect to the
geometry of the satellites in the sky. This information can aid the interpretation of ground multipath geometry at the site.
We give an example of short-span data with ∼0.05 Hz multipath (i.e. repeat period ≈ 20 s) although the program can be modified
for long-term measurements as well. 相似文献
5.
Pseudo-Satellite Applications in Deformation Monitoring 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:4
In this article, three general classes of potential pseudolite applications for deformation monitoring are described. The
first is GPS augmentation with pseudolite(s), which is suitable for circumstances such as urban canyons, or for monitoring
in valleys and deep open-cut mines. The second is indoor applications of pseudolite deformation monitoring systems. Pseudolite
arrays can, in principle, completely replace the GPS satellite constellation. This could extend the “satellite-based” deformation
monitoring applications into tunnels or underground, where GPS satellite signals cannot be tracked. The last case is an inverted
pseudolite-based deformation monitoring system, where a “constellation” of GPS receivers with precisely known “orbits” track
a mobile pseudolite. The system consists of an array of GPS receivers, the base reference pseudolite, the mobile pseudolite,
and a central processing system. However, in the case of such pseudolite-only or hybrid pseudolite-GPS deformation monitoring
systems, some additional issues need to be addressed. These include multipath, atmospheric delay effects, and pseudolite location-dependent
biases. To address deformation monitoring applications, some practical procedures to mitigate or eliminate their influence
are suggested. Some experiments were carried out using NovAtel GPS receivers and IntegriNautics IN200CXL pseudolite instruments.
The experimental results indicate that the accuracy of the height component can indeed be significantly improved – the RMS
of the vertical component has been reduced by a factor of 4, to the same level as the horizontal components. Their performance
will be demonstrated through case study example. ? 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
6.
Satellite surface soil moisture has become more widely available in the past five years, with several missions designed specifically for soil moisture measurement now available, including the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission and the Soil Moisture Active/Passive (SMAP) mission. With a wealth of data now available, the challenge is to understand the skill and limitations of the data so they can be used routinely to support monitoring applications and to better understand environmental change. This paper examined two satellite surface soil moisture data sets from the SMOS and Aquarius missions against in situ networks in largely agricultural regions of Canada. The data from both sensors was compared to ground measurements on both an absolute and relative basis. Overall, the root mean squared errors for SMOS were less than 0.10 m3 m−3 at most sites, and less where the in situ soil moisture was measured at multiple sites within the radiometer footprint (sites in Saskatchewan, Manitoba and Ontario). At many sites, SMOS overestimates soil moisture shortly after rainfall events compared to the in situ data; however this was not consistent for each site and each time period. SMOS was found to underestimate drying events compared to the in situ data, however this observation was not consistent from site to site. The Aquarius soil moisture data showed higher root mean squared errors in areas where there were more frequent wetting and drying cycles. Overall, both data sets, and SMOS in particular, showed a stable and consistent pattern of capturing surface soil moisture over time. 相似文献
7.
Single receiver phase ambiguity resolution with GPS data 总被引:26,自引:12,他引:14
Willy Bertiger Shailen D. Desai Bruce Haines Nate Harvey Angelyn W. Moore Susan Owen Jan P. Weiss 《Journal of Geodesy》2010,84(5):327-337
Global positioning system (GPS) data processing algorithms typically improve positioning solution accuracy by fixing double-differenced
phase bias ambiguities to integer values. These “double-difference ambiguity resolution” methods usually invoke linear combinations
of GPS carrier phase bias estimates from pairs of transmitters and pairs of receivers, and traditionally require simultaneous
measurements from at least two receivers. However, many GPS users point position a single local receiver, based on publicly
available solutions for GPS orbits and clocks. These users cannot form double differences. We present an ambiguity resolution
algorithm that improves solution accuracy for single receiver point-positioning users. The algorithm processes dual- frequency
GPS data from a single receiver together with wide-lane and phase bias estimates from the global network of GPS receivers
that were used to generate the orbit and clock solutions for the GPS satellites. We constrain (rather than fix) linear combinations
of local phase biases to improve compatibility with global phase bias estimates. For this precise point positioning, no other
receiver data are required. When tested, our algorithm significantly improved repeatability of daily estimates of ground receiver
positions, most notably in the east component by approximately 30% with respect to the nominal case wherein the carrier biases
are estimated as real values. In this “static” test for terrestrial receiver positions, we achieved daily repeatability of
1.9, 2.1 and 6.0 mm in the east, north and vertical (ENV) components, respectively. For kinematic solutions, ENV repeatability
is 7.7, 8.4, and 11.7 mm, respectively, representing improvements of 22, 8, and 14% with respect to the nominal. Results from
precise orbit determination of the twin GRACE satellites demonstrated that the inter-satellite baseline accuracy improved
by a factor of three, from 6 to 2 mm up to a long-term bias. Jason-2/Ocean Surface Topography Mission precise orbit determination
tests results implied radial orbit accuracy significantly below the 10 mm level. Stability of time transfer, in low-Earth
orbit, improved from 40 to 7 ps. We produced these results by applying this algorithm within the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s
(JPL’s) GIPSY/OASIS software package and using JPL’s orbit and clock products for the GPS constellation. These products now
include a record of the wide-lane and phase bias estimates from the underlying global network of GPS stations. This implies
that all GIPSY–OASIS positioning users can now benefit from this capability to perform single-receiver ambiguity resolution. 相似文献
8.
Cheinway Hwang Tzu-Pang Tseng Ting-Jung Lin Dražen Švehla Urs Hugentobler Benjamin Fong Chao 《GPS Solutions》2010,14(1):121-131
The precise orbit determination antennas of F3/C and GRACE-A satellites are from the same manufacturer, but are installed
in different configurations. The current orbit accuracy of F3/C is 3 cm at arcs with good GPS data, compared to 1 cm of GRACE,
which has a larger ratio of usable GPS data. This paper compares the qualities of GPS observables from F3/C and GRACE. Using
selected satellites and time spans, the following average values for the satellite F3/C and satellite A of GRACE are obtained:
multipath effect on the pseudorange P1, 0.78 and 0.38 m; multipath effect on the pseudorange P2, 1.03 and 0.69 m; occurrence
frequency of cycle slip, 1/29 and 1/84; standard error of unit weight, 4 and 1 cm; dynamic–kinematic orbit difference, 10
and 2 cm. For gravity determination using F3/C GPS data, a careful selection of GPS data is critical. With six satellites
in orbit, F3/C’s large amount of GPS data will make up the deficiency in data quality. 相似文献
9.
10.
Multipath in global positioning system (GPS) is the interference of the microwave signals directly from satellites and those
reflected before reaching the antenna, typically by the ground. Because reflected signals cause positioning errors, GPS antennas
are designed to reduce such interference. Recent studies show that multipath could be utilized to infer the properties of
the ground around the antenna. Here, we report one such application, i.e. a fixed GPS station used as a snow depth meter.
Because the satellite moves in the sky, the excess path length of reflected waves changes at rates dependent on the antenna
height. This causes quasi-periodic variations of the amplitude and phase of the received signals. Accumulation of snow reduces
effective antenna heights, and we can see it by analyzing multipath signatures. Signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) are often used
to analyze multipath, but they are not always available in raw GPS data files. Here, we demonstrate that the geometry-free
linear combination (L4), normally used to study the ionosphere, can also be used to analyze multipath signatures. We obtained
snow depth time series at a GPS station in Hokkaido, Japan, from January to April in 2009 using L4 and SNR. Then, we compared
their precisions. We also discuss mechanisms responsible for the possible underestimation of the snow depth by GPS. Finally,
we investigate the possibility of inferring physical conditions of the snow surface using amplitudes of multipath signatures. 相似文献
11.
GPS precision as a function of session duration and reference frame using multi-point software 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
As an aid to survey design, we used data acquired from three European continuous GPS networks to test the precision of position
estimates from static observations as a function of the length of the observing session and the number and distribution of
reference stations. Our criterion was the weighted RMS of estimates over 31 days with respect to coordinates determined from
24-h sessions over a 2-year period. With a single reference station, a precision of 3 mm horizontal and 10 mm vertical could
be achieved reliably only for session lengths of 3 h or longer and baselines less than 200 km. If four or more reference stations
are used, these levels of precision were usually achieved with sessions as short as 2 h. With sessions 6 h or longer and four
or more reference stations, the precision is typically 1–2 mm in horizontal and about 3–5 mm in vertical. Increasing the number
of reference stations further provides only marginal improvement. Although there is some variation in precision in 4-station
networks with the choice of reference stations, the dependence on distance and geometric distribution is weak. 相似文献
12.
An open source GPS multipath simulator in Matlab/Octave 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Multipath is detrimental for both GPS positioning and timing applications. However, the benefits of GPS multipath for reflectometry have become increasingly clear for monitoring soil moisture, snow depth, and vegetation growth. In positioning applications, a simulator can support multipath mitigation efforts in terms of, e.g., site selection, antenna design, receiver performance assessment, and in relating different observations to a common parameterization. For reflectometry, in order to convert observed multipath parameters into useable environmental products, it is important to be able to explicitly link the GPS observables to known characteristics of the GPS receiver/antenna and the reflecting environment. Existing GPS multipath software simulators are generally not readily available for the general scientific community to use and/or modify. Here, a simulator has been implemented in Matlab/Octave and is made available as open source code. It can produce signal-to-noise ratio, carrier phase, and code pseudorange observables, based on L1 and L2 carrier frequencies and C/A, P(Y), and L2C modulations. It couples different surface and antenna types with due consideration for polarization and coherence. In addition to offering predefined material types (water, concrete, soil, etc.), it allows certain dimensional properties to be varied, such as soil moisture and snow density. 相似文献
13.
The diurnal cycle of the tropospheric zenith total delay (ZTD) is one of the most obvious signals for the various physical
processes relating to climate change on a short time scale. However, the observation of such ZTD oscillations on a global
scale with traditional techniques (e.g. radiosondes) is restricted due to limitations in spatial and temporal resolution.
Nowadays, the International GNSS Service (IGS) provides an important data source for investigating the diurnal and semidiurnal
cycles of ZTD and related climatic signals. In this paper, 10 years of ZTD data from 1997 to 2007 with a 2-hour temporal resolution
are derived from global positioning system (GPS) observations taken at 151 globally distributed IGS reference stations. These
time series are used to investigate diurnal and semidiurnal oscillations. Significant diurnal and semidiurnal oscillations
of ZTD are found for all GPS stations used in this study. The diurnal cycles (24 hours period) have amplitudes between 0.2
and 10.9 mm with an uncertainty of about 0.5 mm and the semidiurnal cycles (12 h period) have amplitudes between 0.1 and 4.3 mm
with an uncertainty of about 0.2 mm. The larger amplitudes of the diurnal and semidiurnal ZTD cycles are observed in the low-latitude
equatorial areas. The peak times of the diurnal cycles spread over the whole day, while the peak value of the semidiurnal
cycles occurs typically about local noon. These GPS-derived diurnal and semidiurnal ZTD signals are similar with the surface
pressure tides derived from surface synoptic pressure observations, indicating that atmospheric tides are the main driver
of the diurnal and semidiurnal ZTD variations. 相似文献
14.
The Cooperative Network for GIOVE Observation (CONGO) is a global network of real-time capable multi-constellation GNSS receivers,
which has been established by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the German Federal Agency for Cartography and Geodesy
(BKG) as a test bed for experimentation with the new Galileo signals. The CONGO network employs a variety of different antennas
and receivers which have become available for public use over the last 2 years. Following an overview of the network and the
employed user equipment, the paper discusses the achieved GPS/GIOVE tracking performance. This includes a characterization
of antenna gain patterns as well as receiver noise and multipath errors. Special attention is given to the discussion of inter-system
biases. The nature and variation of these biases is illustrated based on a set of three different receivers operated in a
zero-baseline configuration at the Wettzell site. 相似文献
15.
The India Remote Sensing data on 1:50,000 scale revealed the occurrence of permanent waterlogging in low-lying flats and depressions
of the Indira Gandhi Nahar Pariyojona (IGNP) command area. Such data also indicated seasonal dynamics of waterlogging and
soil salinization (Salt efflorescence/crusting) in irrigated areas. Mixed spectral signatures of high moisture content and
poor crop stand indicated the presence of shallow aquifers close to the main canal. Digital analysis facilitated some indicators
for segregating such land uses, limited to optical range. Ground truth study found patchy crop stand, moist soil profile and
subsurface soil salinization indicating the presence of high water table (<1.5 m). It also found fluctuating (1.5–6.0 m) water
table with poor vegetative growth indicating areas sensitive to waterlogging These were classified as potential waterlogging.
Moderate to high soil salinity was found at surface and at the control section (0.2–0.8 m) of soil profiles indicating initiation
of secondary salinization. Coarse to medium soil texture facilitated capillary rise of salts with the advancing water table
in irrigated zone. The presence of fine textured and impermeable calcium carbonate layers at a depth below the surface enhanced
waterlogging and rise of water table. The preponderance of chlorides and sulfates of sodium, calcium and magnesium was found
in the salinized areas. The quality of ponded water was extremely poor and unfit for its reuse. The ground water was saline
in some areas but normally lies within the prescribed limit. The quality of drainage water was poor in saline depression and
unsuitable for reuse. These were moderate in other areas suggesting its safe reuse if mixed with good quality water. Suitable
soil and water management practices are necessary for sustainable crop production in the irrigated areas 相似文献
16.
Improvement in PWV estimation from GPS due to the absolute calibration of antenna phase center variations 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Climatology of column-integrated atmospheric water vapor over Spain has been carried out by means of three techniques: soundings,
sun photometers and GPS receivers. Comparing data from stations equipped with more than one of these instruments, we found
that a large discontinuity occurred on November 6, 2006, in the differences between the data series from GPS receivers and
those from the other two techniques. Prior to that date, the GPS data indicate a wet bias of 2–3 mm for all stations when
compared with sounding or photometer data, whereas after that date this bias practically reduces to zero. The root mean square
error also decreases about half of its value. On November 6, 2006, the International GNSS Service adopted an absolute calibration
model for the antennas of the GPS satellites and receivers instead of the relative one. This change is expected to be an improvement,
increasing the accuracy of station position determination and consequently benefiting post-processing products such as zenith
total delay from which the atmospheric water vapor content is calculated. 相似文献
17.
Multipath is one of the most important error sources in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) carrier-phase-based precise
relative positioning. Its theoretical maximum is a quarter of the carrier wavelength (about 4.8 cm for the Global Positioning
System (GPS) L1 carrier) and, although it rarely reaches this size, it must clearly be mitigated if millimetre-accuracy positioning
is to be achieved. In most static applications, this may be accomplished by averaging over a sufficiently long period of observation,
but in kinematic applications, a modelling approach must be used. This paper is concerned with one such approach: the use
of ray-tracing to reconstruct the error and therefore remove it. In order to apply such an approach, it is necessary to have
a detailed understanding of the signal transmitted from the satellite, the reflection process, the antenna characteristics
and the way that the reflected and direct signal are processed within the receiver. This paper reviews all of these and introduces
a formal ray-tracing method for multipath estimation based on precise knowledge of the satellite–reflector–antenna geometry
and of the reflector material and antenna characteristics. It is validated experimentally using GPS signals reflected from
metal, water and a brick building, and is shown to be able to model most of the main multipath characteristics. The method
will have important practical applications for correcting for multipath in well-constrained environments (such as at base
stations for local area GPS networks, at International GNSS Service (IGS) reference stations, and on spacecraft), and it can
be used to simulate realistic multipath errors for various performance analyses in high-precision positioning. 相似文献
18.
In this paper, ionospheric disturbance data from a local GPS network in Hong Kong (low latitude region) are studied in the
solar maximum period (2001–2003). The spatial and temporal distributions of the disturbances in Hong Kong are investigated.
It is found that strong ionospheric disturbances occur frequently during the solar maximum period, particularly around March
and September, and concentrate at the region around geographic latitude 22°N (geomagnetic latitude 12°N). The effects of the
disturbances on GPS geodetic receivers, such as loss of lock and measurement noise level, are also analyzed for the 3-year
period. It shows that the measurement noise level and the number of losses of lock in GPS data increase dramatically during
ionospheric disturbance periods. The behaviors of different types of GPS receivers during the disturbances are also compared. 相似文献
19.
GPS multipath has been studied since the early 1970s. Prior to the investigation described in this paper, however, the effects
due to the relative Doppler shift between the direct and multipath signal components have received scant attention. The single
previous study that did address the issue indicated coherent receivers had significant performance advantages over noncoherent
receivers. Specifically, it was stated that under the condition of fast-fading multipath, noncoherent receivers would yield
a bias error, whereas coherent receivers would not. After reviewing the background theory, this paper describes a revised
model of the phenomenon and shows the results of hardware simulations which validate the existence of the bias in both receiver
types and offer support for the new model. A case study of a specific commercial receiver is presented.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
20.
An effective method of decreasing multipath errors in GPS or GPS/GLONASS receivers by changing delay lock loop correlator
reference signal is discussed. Unlike other approaches, this method does not lead to apparatus complication, power comsumption
increase, or augmentation of digital processor load. This method eliminates the multipath error completely if the difference
in delays of direct and reflected signal is more than 30 m, and decreases this error for smaller delays. The cost of such
decrease is that the noise error is decreased. However, the noise error is much less dangerous than the multipath one because
of its smaller value and much shorter correlation interval. Calculated and experimental data for the method are given for
multipath and noise errors. ? 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献