基于GPS的测高浮标的设计、研制与测试

卫星高度计在海洋中的广泛应用,离不开准确的定标工作。高度计海面高度定标主要采用验潮仪法和全球定位系统(Global Positioning System,GPS)浮标法。文中详细介绍了GPS浮标的研制工作,分别对可用于高度计海面高度定标使用的GPS浮标的性能要求、设计、数值模拟计算做了详细研究,采用数值模拟的方法对研制后浮标的性能进行了评价,数值模拟结果表明研制的浮标可以满足海上试验的要求。最后结合GPS浮标测高验证试验,对研制的GPS浮标的测高精度进行了验证,结果表明研制的GPS浮标精度能够满足高度计海面高度定标的要求。     

基于漂流浮标的南大洋卫星高度计有效波高研究

随着技术的进步和数据处理方法的完善,经过修正的卫星高度计数据已获得普遍认可.但在南大洋缺少波浪现场数据,卫星高度计在极端恶劣气候条件下获得数据的准确度仍受到一定程度的质疑.中国于2020年第36次南极考察中,在南大洋布放了一套感应耦合漂流浮标,可提供可靠的南大洋现场波浪数据.本文利用该漂流浮标2020年1月27日至9月...     

卫星高度计海面风速的校准与验证

为了改善不同卫星高度计海面风速数据之间的一致性,以浮标数据为基准,对国内的HY-2A和国外的T/P、GFO、Jason-1、Envisat、Jason-2、CryoSat-2共7颗卫星高度计的海面风速数据进行了分析,给出了各个卫星高度计的海面风速校准公式,并对其校准效果进行了验证。验证结果表明:各个卫星高度计的海面风速在经过校准后,与浮标海面风速差异的均值和均方根都有所降低,其中HY-2A最为显著。经过校准后所有卫星高度计的海面风速与浮标海面风速差异的均值都在±0.2m/s以内。除了HY-2A、GFO和Jason-1,其余4颗卫星高度计校准后的海面风速与浮标海面风速差异的均方根都在1.6m/s以下。由此可以得出结论,利用本文的校准公式对各个卫星高度计(特别是HY-2A卫星高度计)的海面风速进行校准,可以有效减少其与浮标海面风速之间的差异。     

基于高度计和漂流浮标数据的墨西哥湾东南部暖涡融合过程研究

本文结合卫星高度计和漂流浮标数据,采取海表面高度法发现并跟踪了墨西哥湾东南部附近发生的一次暖涡融合事件,通过该典型暖涡融合过程的研究初步揭示了涡间融合作用模式,有助于进一步理解复杂涡旋作用机制。欧拉涡旋结果显示,一对暖涡彼此吸引并伴随传播3周以上,随后融合为统一涡旋结构并继续向西传播。被其捕获的浮标提供了融合前后的拉格朗日涡旋轨迹,在融合发生前8天时,一个浮标随水流交换切换了原本追随的暖涡,表明融合事件被高度计观测到之前,涡间水体交流作用已经比较显著。融合前后,欧拉涡旋和拉格朗日涡旋半径均存在较大改变,其中欧拉半径提升了96.2%,受两个暖涡牵引的漂流浮标的拉格朗日半径分别提升了49.1%和115.6%。受融合效应影响,海表面温度场也表现出不同的环境响应,进一步验证了融合过程的发生。最后,对融合前后动能、涡度和散度等动力学演变,以及半径、振幅和形状等形态学变化的分析表明：融合大致经历了涡旋渐近、水体交流、轮廓压缩形变、拉长椭圆涡旋生成和边界重塑等过程;涡心所在平面的垂直结构主要表现为由双峰向单峰的演变;涡旋融合后实现了能量向中尺度的逆级联;受限于单核涡结构,在融合过程中部分属性统计存在偏差,可能导致事件前后发生突变。     

星载海洋高度计海面回波信号的统计特性分析

论文首先从理论上简要阐述了星载海洋高度计海面回波的散射机理和回波信号后向散射模型;其后,利用Matlab数学工具,通过对我国＂神州四号＂飞船下传的大量高度计观测数据进行IQ采样数据提取、数据处理以及统计分析,进行了星载海洋高度计海面回波信号的统计特性分析与研究.     

基于浮标数据的卫星雷达高度计海浪波高数据评价与校正

卫星雷达高度计是海浪有效波高（significant wave height,SWH）观测的重要手段之一,本文利用时空匹配方法对T/P、Jason-1、Envisat、Jason-2、Cryosat-2和HY-2A共6颗卫星雷达高度计SWH数据与NDBC（National Data Buoy Center,NDBC）浮标SWH数据进行对比验证,并对雷达高度计SWH数据进行校正。全部卫星雷达高度计SWH数据时间跨度为1992年9月25日到2015年9月1日,对比验证NDBC浮标共53个,包括7个大洋浮标。精度评价发现除T/P外,各卫星雷达高度计SWH的RMSE都在0.4~0.5 m之间,经过校正后,RMSE都有显著下降,下降程度最大为13.82%;对于大洋浮标,评价结果RMSE在0.20~0.28 m之间,结果明显优于全部NDBC浮标的精度评价结果;HY-2A卫星雷达高度计SWH在经过校正后数据质量与国外其他5颗卫星雷达高度计SWH数据质量差异较小。     

卫星高度计海面高度时间距平场反演平均场的理论基础

由于卫星高度计海面高度场中含有大地水准面信息,在目前测量和计算大地水准面不甚精确的情况下,对其时间距平场的分析应成为目前使用这种资料分析海洋动力学的主要途径。本文从海洋动力学角度,从理论上阐述了时间距平场中包含着平均场的信息,从而从理论上提供了一种时间距平场反演平均场的方法。通过数值实验获得模拟的Geosat高度计资料,定量分析了时间距平场对平均场的贡献,即T内尺度内脉动量对T际尺度运动的贡献,并对上述反演方法进行了模式检验。     

基于后处理载波相位差分GPS技术的验潮浮标

GPS验潮原理已经发展成熟。按照潮汐测量工作的自动化、高精度的要求,根据海洋浮标的实际工作环境和海洋浮标设计经验,利用嵌入式技术和系统集成技术研制了浮标数据采集器,利用机械设计技术设计了浮标体,并进行了精度验证试验和应用试验,采用GAMIT软件处理浮标数据。试验结果表明,该GPS浮标的瞬时海面高测量精度和潮汐测量精度均满足精度要求,可以应用于海洋潮汐测量工作。     

单点GPS浮标测波方法与数据质量控制研究

首先对GPS浮标测波原理进行分析,介绍了GPS接收器测量运动参数的多普勒方法;然后对于在现场测量中可能发生的采样丢失所导致的数据间断进行探讨,并提出了间断接续和冗余采样的解决方法,通过数值模拟实验证明了数据质量控制方法的有效性.     

利用GPS拖体在万山区域测量平均海面技术研究

Wanshan area has been chosen to be the specified field to calibrate and validate(Cal/Val) the HY-2 altimeter and its follow-on satellites. In March 2018, an experiment has been conducted to determine the sea surface height(SSH) under the HY-2 A ground track(Pass No. 203). A GPS towing-body(GPS-TB) was designed to measure the SSH covering an area of about 6 km×28 km wide centered on the HY-2 A altimeter satellite ground track. Three GPS reference stations, one tide gauge and a GPS buoy were placed in the research area, in order to process and resolve the kinematic solution and check the precision of the GPS-TB respectively. All the GPS data were calculated by the GAMIT/GLOBK software and TRACK module. The sea surface was determined by the GPS-TB solution and the tide gauge placed on Zhiwan Island. Then the sea surface of this area was interpolated by Arc GIS10.2 with ordinary Kriging method. The results showed that the precision of the GPS-TB is about 1.10 cm compared with the tide gauge placed nearby, which has an equivalent precision with the GPS buoy. The interpolated sea surface has a bias of –1.5–4.0 cm with standard deviation of 0.2–2.4 cm compared with the checking line. The gradient of the measured sea surface is about 1.62 cm/km along the HY-2 orbit which shows a good agreement compared with the CLS11 mean sea surface(MSS). In the Cal/Val of satellites, the sea surface between the tide gauge/GPS buoy and the footprint of altimeter can be improved by this work.     

卫星高度计海上定标场及定标方法研究进展

介绍了卫星高度计定标中海面高度和后向散射系数的定标方法。在后向散射系数的定标中介绍了利用有源定标器和微波辐射计定标两种方法。结合卫星高度计的特点,提出了海上定标场选取所需注意的问题,并介绍了目前比较成功的几个定标场及其定标结果,旨在为我国今后发射的卫星高度计绝对定标和定标场的选取提供依据。     

Absolute Calibration of the Jason-1 Altimeter Using UK Tide Gauges

This article describes an “absolute” calibration of Jason-1 (J-1) altimeter sea surface height bias using a method developed for TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) bias determination reported previously. The method makes use of U.K. tide gauges equipped with Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to measure sea surface heights at the same time, and in the same geocentric reference frame, as Jason-1 altimetric heights recorded in the nearby ocean. The main time-dependent components of the observed altimeter-minus-gauge height-difference time series are due to the slightly different ocean tides at the gauge and in the ocean. The main harmonic coefficients of the tide differences are calculated from analysis of the copious TOPEX data set and then applied to the determination of T, P, and J-1 bias in turn. Datum connections between the tide gauge and altimetric sea surface heights are made by means of precise, local geoid differences from the EGG97 model. By these means, we have estimated Jason-1 altimeter bias determined from Geophysical Data Record (GDR) data for cycles 1-61 to be 12.9 cm, with an accuracy estimated to be approximately 3 cm on the basis of our earlier work. This J-1 bias value is in close agreement with those determined by other groups, which provides a further confirmation of the validity of our method and of its potential for application in other parts of the world where suitable tide gauge, GPS, and geoid information exist.     

Absolute Calibration of the Jason-1 Altimeter Using UK Tide Gauges

This article describes an “absolute” calibration of Jason-1 (J-1) altimeter sea surface height bias using a method developed for TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) bias determination reported previously. The method makes use of U.K. tide gauges equipped with Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers to measure sea surface heights at the same time, and in the same geocentric reference frame, as Jason-1 altimetric heights recorded in the nearby ocean. The main time-dependent components of the observed altimeter-minus-gauge height-difference time series are due to the slightly different ocean tides at the gauge and in the ocean. The main harmonic coefficients of the tide differences are calculated from analysis of the copious TOPEX data set and then applied to the determination of T, P, and J-1 bias in turn. Datum connections between the tide gauge and altimetric sea surface heights are made by means of precise, local geoid differences from the EGG97 model. By these means, we have estimated Jason-1 altimeter bias determined from Geophysical Data Record (GDR) data for cycles 1–61 to be 12.9 cm, with an accuracy estimated to be approximately 3 cm on the basis of our earlier work. This J-1 bias value is in close agreement with those determined by other groups, which provides a further confirmation of the validity of our method and of its potential for application in other parts of the world where suitable tide gauge, GPS, and geoid information exist.     

干涉雷达高度计定标检验进展

卫星雷达高度计正从传统星下点的剖面测量向宽刈幅干涉测量发展,利用卫星观测二维的高分辨率、高精度海面高度正在成为可能,国外研究人员提出SWOT(Surface Water and Ocean Topography)干涉雷达高度计计划和我国新一代海洋科学卫星任务等计划有望实现海洋亚中尺度现象的观测。定标检验是评价卫星观测资料精度和质量的必要工作,传统高度计的定标检验均为基于验潮站、GNSS(Global Navigation Satellite System)浮标、有源定标器等方式的单点比对,难以满足干涉高度计的需求。目前国内外研究人员在干涉雷达高度计的定标检验中采用了全新的技术方案,并已利用机载试验和理论模拟开展了验证工作。对近10 a干涉雷达高度计定标检验的新技术方法进行介绍和总结,希望对我国的干涉雷达高度计卫星定标计划起到借鉴作用。     

Leveling the Sea Surface Using a GPS-Catamaran Special Issue: Jason-1 Calibration/Validation

In the framework of the TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 CNES-NASA missions, two probative experiments have been conducted at the Corsica absolute calibration site in order to determine the local marine geoid slope under the ascending TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 ground track (No. 85). An improved determination of the geoid slope was needed to better extrapolate the offshore (open-ocean) altimetric data to on-shore tide-gauge locations. This in turn improves the overall precision of the calibration process. The first experiment, in 1998, used GPS buoys. Because the time required to cover the extended area with GPS buoys was thought to be prohibitive, we decided to build a catamaran with two GPS systems onboard. Tracked by a boat at a constant speed, this innovative system permitted us to cover an area of about 20 km long and 5.4 km wide centered on the satellites' ground track. Results from an experiment in 1999 show very good consistency between GPS receivers: filtered sea-surface height differences have a mean bias of ?0.2 cm and a standard deviation of 1.2 cm. No systematic error or distortions have been observed and crossover differences have a mean value of 0.2 cm with a standard deviation of 2.7 cm. Comparisons with tide gauges data show a bias of 1.9 cm with a standard deviation of less than 0.5 cm. However, this bias, attributable in large part to the effect of the catamaran speed on the waterline, does not affect the geoid slope determination which is used in the altimeter calibration process. The GPS-deduced geoid slope was then incorporated in the altimeter calibration process, yielding a significant improvement (from 4.9 to 3.3 cm RMS) in the agreement of altimeter bias determinations from repeated overflight measurements.     

ENVISAT-1卫星测高数据编辑标准的研究

介绍了环境卫星(ENVISAT-1)的基本情况及其主要技术参数,在借鉴其他卫星测高数据编辑标准和大量统计基础上,制定了ENVISAT-1卫星的数据编辑标准,包括冰标志和S波段异常的确定,并给出了各改正项合理的限值。     

Ibiza Absolute Calibration Experiment: Survey and Preliminary Results

Within the framework of a project comprising part of the Spanish Space Program related to the JASON-1 CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales)/NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) mission, a campaign was conducted from June 9–17, 2003, on the Absolute Calibration Site of the island of Ibiza. The objective was to determine the local marine geoid slope under the ascending (187) and descending (248) Jason-1 ground tracks, in order to allow a better extrapolation of the open-ocean altimetric data with on-shore tide gauge locations, and thereby improve the overall precision of the calibration process. For this we have used a catamaran with two GPS antennas onboard, following the Corsica/Senetosa design (Bonnefond et al. 2003a Bonnefond, P., Exertier, P., Laurain, O., Menard, Y., Orsoni, A., Jeansou, E., Haines, B., Kubitschek, D. and Born, G. 2003a. Leveling Sea Surface using a GPS catamaran. Marine Geodesy, 26(3–4): 319–334. [Taylor &; Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Five GPS reference stations were deployed in order to reduce the distance between the areas covered by the catamaran and the fixed GPS receiver used in the kinematic process. The geodetic activities (e.g., GPS, leveling) have enabled the building of a very accurate (few mm) network in a reference frame compatible with the satellite altimetry missions (ITRF 2000). The GPS kinematic data were processed using two different software programmes, allowing checking of the consistency of the solutions. If the standard deviation of the differences (3.3 cm) is close to the kinematic process precision, they exhibit some large values (up to 14 cm). These large discrepancies have been reduced using a weighting based on the crossover differences. Inasmuch as the distances between the tide gauges and the areas covered by the GPS catamaran were becoming large, we have used the MOG2D ocean model (Carrère and Lyard 2003 Carrère, L. and Lyard, F. 2003. Modelling the barotropic response of the global ocean to atmospheric wind and pressure forcing—comparisons with observations. Geophys. Res. Letters, 30(6) [Google Scholar]) to correct the sea surface from tides. In the farthest areas, the crossover differences show an improvement by a factor of two. Finally, we also present preliminary results on Jason-1 altimeter calibration using the derived marine geoid. From this analysis, the altimeter bias is estimated to be 120 ± 5 mm. The quality of this first result validates the whole GPS-based marine geoid processing, for which the accuracy is estimated to be better than 3 cm rms at crossovers.     

Absolute Calibration of TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 Using GPS Buoys in Bass Strait, Australia

An absolute calibration of the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) and Jason-1 altimeters has been undertaken during the dedicated calibration phase of the Jason-1 mission, in Bass Strait, Australia. The present study incorporates several improvements to the earlier calibration methodology used for Bass Strait, namely the use of GPS buoys and the determination of absolute bias in a purely geometrical sense, without the necessity of estimating a marine geoid. This article focuses on technical issues surrounding the GPS buoy methodology for use in altimeter calibration studies. We present absolute bias estimates computed solely from the GPS buoy deployments and derive formal uncertainty estimates for bias calculation from a single overflight at the 40-45 mm level. Estimates of the absolute bias derived from the GPS buoys is -10 ± 19 mm for T/P and +147 ± 21 mm for Jason-1 (MOE orbit) and +131 ± 21 mm for Jason-1 (GPS orbit). Considering the estimated error budget, our bias values are equivalent to other determinations from the dedicated NASA and CNES calibration sites.     

Leveling the Sea Surface Using a GPS-Catamaran

In the framework of the TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 CNES-NASA missions, two probative experiments have been conducted at the Corsica absolute calibration site in order to determine the local marine geoid slope under the ascending TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason-1 ground track (No. 85). An improved determination of the geoid slope was needed to better extrapolate the offshore (open-ocean) altimetric data to on-shore tide-gauge locations. This in turn improves the overall precision of the calibration process. The first experiment, in 1998, used GPS buoys. Because the time required to cover the extended area with GPS buoys was thought to be prohibitive, we decided to build a catamaran with two GPS systems onboard. Tracked by a boat at a constant speed, this innovative system permitted us to cover an area of about 20 km long and 5.4 km wide centered on the satellites' ground track. Results from an experiment in 1999 show very good consistency between GPS receivers: filtered sea-surface height differences have a mean bias of -0.2 cm and a standard deviation of 1.2 cm. No systematic error or distortions have been observed and crossover differences have a mean value of 0.2 cm with a standard deviation of 2.7 cm. Comparisons with tide gauges data show a bias of 1.9 cm with a standard deviation of less than 0.5 cm. However, this bias, attributable in large part to the effect of the catamaran speed on the waterline, does not affect the geoid slope determination which is used in the altimeter calibration process. The GPS-deduced geoid slope was then incorporated in the altimeter calibration process, yielding a significant improvement (from 4.9 to 3.3 cm RMS) in the agreement of altimeter bias determinations from repeated overflight measurements.     

Calibration of JASON-1 Altimeter over Lake Erie

This article describes absolute calibration results for both JASON-1 and TOPEX Side B (TSB) altimeters obtained at the Lake Erie calibration site, Marblehead, Ohio, USA. Using 15 overflights, the estimated JASON altimeter bias at Marblehead is 58 ± 38 mm, with an uncertainty of 19 mm based on detailed error analysis. Assuming that the TSB bias is negligible, relative bias estimates using both data from the TSB-JASON formation flight period and data from 48 water level gauges around the entire Great Lakes confirmed the Marblehead results. Global analyses using both the formation flight data and dual-satellite (TSB and JASON) crossovers yield a similar relative bias estimate of 146 ± 59 mm, which agrees well with open ocean absolute calibration results obtained at Harvest, Corsica, and Bass Strait (e.g., Watson et al. 2003). We find that there is a strong dependence of bias estimates on the choice of sea state bias (SSB) models. Results indicate that the invariant JASON instrument bias estimated oceanwide is 71 mm, with additional biases of 76 mm or 28 mm contributed by the choice of Collecte Localisation Satellites (CLS) SSB or Center for Space Research (CSR) SSB model, respectively. Similar analysis in the Great Lakes yields the invariant JASON instrument bias at 19 mm, with the SSB contributed biases at 58 mm or 13 mm, respectively. The reason for the discrepancy is currently unknown and warrants further investigation. Finally, comparison of the TOPEX/POSEIDON mission (1992-2002) data with the Great Lakes water level gauge measurements yields a negligible TOPEX altimeter drift of 0.1 mm/yr.