基于实测记录的土层地震反应分析程序对比研究

DEEPSOIL和SOILQUAKE是两种典型的土层地震反应分析程序,已有研究表明,我国学者新近开发的SOILQUAKE程序更适用于模拟深厚软土场地的非线性反应,但对于该程序的验证分析,大多是通过与其他一维土层分析程序或基于单一场地的实测记录进行对比验证,尚有待通过不同类型场地的实测记录进行验证并进一步分析程序的可靠性。本文选取日本KiK-net台网中包含Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类场地的多个台站地层参数及实测地震波记录,通过SOILQUAKE和DEEPSOIL建模计算,从土层放大效应及地表反应谱特征等方面进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)SOILQUAKE在Ⅱ、Ⅲ类场地情况下能够较好地预测土层响应,但在Ⅳ类场地上地震烈度达到7度之后,地表PGA计算结果比实测记录有所偏小,但误差仍在可接受范围内;而DEEPSOIL的计算值则在各类场地中均明显偏小,与实测记录的偏差随着场地特征周期及地震强度增加而增大。(2)场地土的层数较多且各层土性差异较大时,两种程序计算与实测记录的偏差比土层简单时明显增大。(3)需要注意的是,SOILQUAKE对放大效应预测足够时,有时伴随着地震反应谱"左移"的问题,该现象在各类场地中均有所存在,且在存在"左移"的案例中,现象随着场地特征周期和地震动强度的增加表现得更显著。     

冻土场地地震反应分析研究中的关键问题探讨

总结了当前场地地震反应分析的计算方法与发展现状,得到寒区场地中由于冻土层结构的存在会对地震动的传播和场地的地震反应产生影响的结论。土体在冻结过程中其强度与刚度会显著增强,在地震过程中冻融土层界面的容易发生滑移破坏,并对场地地震反应和地震波的传递特征具有较大影响,是冻土场地地震反应分析中应当考虑的关键问题。鉴于当前场地地震反应计算方法不能模拟该界面的滑移特征的局限性,建议构建冻土场地地震反应计算新方法,并阐述了构建该方法所需要开展的基础性研究工作。     

剪切波速不确定性对地表反应谱平台值的影响

剪切波速不确定性对场地地震反应具有显著的影响。基于不同场地类别的228个实际工程场地剖面,采用一维等效线性化波动分析程序LSSRLI-1。研究了不同地震动输入下土层剪切波速的不确定性对地表反应谱平台值的影响;提出了用地表反应谱平台值变化率表征剪切波速的不确定性引起的地表反应谱平台值的相对改变量;建立了地表反应谱平台值变化率与剪切波速变异率之间的函数关系;建议了考虑土层剪切波速的不确定性对地表反应谱平台值影响的修正公式,并给出了相应的修正系数,所得到的成果为工程抗震设计定量考虑剪切波速的不确定性对地表反应谱平台值的影响提供了科学依据。     

弱非线性下两种程序对不同类别场地地震反应的对比

一维等效线性化土层地震反应分析程序的代表有LSSRLI 1与SHAKE2000。LSSRLI 1是我国地震安评工作中推荐使用的程序,代表20世纪80年代的国际先进水平,而目前代表国际先进水平是SHAKE2000。针对等效线性化程序存在的不足,有必要对LSSRLI 1进行改进。为了寻找LSSRLI 1与SHAKE2000之间的差异,通过建立Ⅰ至Ⅳ类场地的土层剖面模型,对比分析两程序的计算结果,得到在不同场地条件下两程序的差异情况以及这些差异的变化规律。结果表明,Ⅰ、Ⅱ类场地中两程序计算结果差异不大,Ⅲ、Ⅳ类场地中两程序计算的PGA、反应谱与剪应变结果差异较大。初步分析可知,剪应变相对差与PGA、反应谱、剪切模量相对差存在相关性,通过修正剪应变的计算可以缩小LSSRLI 1结果与SHAKE2000结果的差距。     

弱非线性下两种程序对不同类别场地地震反应的对比

一维等效线性化土层地震反应分析程序的代表有LSSRLI 1与SHAKE2000。LSSRLI 1是我国地震安评工作中推荐使用的程序,代表20世纪80年代的国际先进水平,而目前代表国际先进水平是SHAKE2000。针对等效线性化程序存在的不足,有必要对LSSRLI 1进行改进。为了寻找LSSRLI 1与SHAKE2000之间的差异,通过建立Ⅰ至Ⅳ类场地的土层剖面模型,对比分析两程序的计算结果,得到在不同场地条件下两程序的差异情况以及这些差异的变化规律。结果表明,Ⅰ、Ⅱ类场地中两程序计算结果差异不大,Ⅲ、Ⅳ类场地中两程序计算的PGA、反应谱与剪应变结果差异较大。初步分析可知,剪应变相对差与PGA、反应谱、剪切模量相对差存在相关性,通过修正剪应变的计算可以缩小LSSRLI 1结果与SHAKE2000结果的差距。     

岩溶场地地表地震动特性研究

对典型岩溶场地进行土层地震反应分析,并与非岩溶场地土层的地震反应进行对比,研究岩溶场地地表地震动的基本特性,为岩溶区工程场地地震动参数的确定提供参考。实例研究表明:与非岩溶场地的土层地震反应相比,岩溶场地土层对地震波的放大效应较强,地表地震动的频率偏高;当岩溶场地中发育有土洞时,地表地震动加速度峰值比不含土洞的岩溶场地要大。     

基于DEEPSOIL的软土场地地震反应研究

软土场地地震反应分析是目前工程场地地震安全性评价中的重要组成部分,对场地设计地震动参数的确定具有重要意义。利用一维场地地震反应分析软件DEEPSOIL,可进行场地线性、等效线性化和时域非线性等多种分析,并可考虑孔隙水压的影响。笔者根据土层计算参数,编制了DEEPSOIL软件场地模型输入文件的自动生成程序,可高效、快速地完成对场地的建模。通过数值算例验证了DEEPSOIL软件的精度。同时通过对某典型Ⅲ类软土场地的地震反应分析,研究了拟合参数的敏感性以及等效线性化方法和时域非线性方法对峰值加速度和地表加速度反应谱的影响,并指出了等效线性化方法在分析软土场地地震反应中的不足。对于软土场地建议采用DEEPSOIL软件进行时域非线性分析,因为其参数简单并容易确定,适合建模快速和使用方便的要求。     

天津软弱土场地土层地震反应实例分析

对场地土层地震反应分析的主要方法进行介绍,在天津软弱土场地（Ⅳ类场地）上分别采用等效线性化和逐步积分的方法进行土层反应,并把土层反应得到的结果与天津地区Ⅳ类场地上的实际强震记录对比,发现等效线性化方法适用于天津软弱土场地土层地震反应。对软弱土场地土层地震反应结果进行分析,把该结果与GB50011—2010《建筑抗震设计规范》中相应的参数进行对比,分析两者之间的差别,为天津软弱土场地的抗震设防提供合理的建议。     

建筑结构抗震研究若干基本问题概述及讨论

本文介绍和讨论了结构抗震研究中的一些基本问题,包括地震反应分析选择地面运动输入应注意的问题,高层结构地震模拟试验问题和结构地震反应分析中的主要分析方法和存在的问题,最后简要介绍了目前常用结构反应分析程序。     

考虑远场大震对持时影响的人工地震动时程

概率地震危险性分析方法确定的场地地震动反应谱Sa(T,(),综合考虑了场地周围潜在震源区对场地地震危险性的影响,通常称为一致概率反应谱,即不同控制周期T对应谱值的超越概率相同.在获得Sa(T,()后,还需要以Sa(T,()为目标合成用于场地土层地震反应分析或结构动力反应分析的人工地震动时程,通常步骤如下:     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.