东秦岭两种新型钼矿床的矿物特征及成因分析

东秦岭地区发现了两种新型的钼矿床——花岗岩型钼矿床和石英脉状钼矿床。花岗岩型钼矿床矿体赋存于花岗岩中,石英脉型钼矿与石英脉关系密切,矿体分布在石英脉的上下部流纹岩中,前者成矿与燕山期花岗岩热液有关,而后者是否是燕山期花岗岩热液的产物还有待进一步研究。两种类型钼矿床中的辉钼矿与石墨关系密切。     

东秦岭二郎坪群中火山成因块状硫化物矿床地质地球化学特征及其成因讨论

二郎坪群是东秦岭造山带重要的组成部分,其火山建造中广泛发育有火山成因块状硫化物(VMS)矿床.文章总结并分析了南阳盆地东、西两侧二郎坪群中3个典型矿床(刘山岩、水洞岭和上庄坪)的研究资料,把二郎坪群VMS矿床分为3类:Zn-Cu型矿床(刘山岩矿床);Zn-Cu型与Zn-Pb-Cu型矿床(水洞岭矿床);Zn-Pb-Cu型矿床(上庄坪矿床).从刘山岩矿床到水洞岭矿床,再到上庄坪矿床,铜的含量减少,铅的含量增多.二郎坪群VMS矿床矿石富集LREE、Ce负异常及Eu正异常,说明矿床为热液成因.石英和重晶石中流体包裹体的氢氧同位素特征表明,成矿流体主要来自建造水,南阳盆地以西,矿床成矿流体中伴有较多古大气降水.矿石的硫同位素特征说明,二郎坪群VMS矿床中的硫可能为地幔岩浆硫和海水硫的混合硫.围岩与矿石的铅同位素组成基本一致,说明矿石和围岩可能来源于相似的物源区,成矿元素主要来源于地幔或下地壳深源物质,而水洞岭矿床明显有上地壳浅源物质的混染.研究表明,南阳盆地以西的水洞岭和上庄坪矿床可能形成于大陆边缘海环境,盆地规模较小,受陆源物质影响较大;而南阳盆地以东的刘山岩矿床可能形成于远洋盆地,盆地到达成熟阶段.用地震泵模式可解释二郎坪群VMS矿床的成因机制.     

东秦岭（河南段）钼矿床地质特征、矿床分布规律及成矿区带划分

东秦岭（河南段）钼矿床类型可分为斑岩型、斑岩-矽卡岩型、斑岩-角砾岩型,以斑岩型钼矿床为主,近几年又相继发现石英脉型及剪切带型钼矿。通过对东秦岭（河南段）钼异常、矿床空间分布特征及成矿区带综合研究,并对东秦岭（河南段）钼成矿区带进行了划分,为该区进一步开展钼矿地质勘查工作具有重要意义。     

Re—Os Isotope Ages of Molybdenum Deposits in East Qinling and Their Significance

Dating of metallic ore deposits has been one of the problems concerned with by ore geologists for many years.The establishment of the Re-Os Isotope Laboratory at the Institute of Rock and Mineral Analysis,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, has provided us with a new technique to carry out geochronological studies of molybdenum ores.As one of the most important Re-bearing minerals, molybdenite contains almost no common osmium, but ^187Os was derived completely from decay of ^187Re, with ^187Os content as the function of Re content in the mineral .An ID-ICP-MS technique has been used in this study,and Re-Os isotopic ages of several large molybdenum deposits of differ-ent types from the East Qinling molybdenum belt have been determined.It is indicated that the Huanglongpu carbonatite vein-type molybdenum-(lead) deposit has a Re-Os age corresponding to Indosinian,while the rest porphyry-type molybdenum deposits and porphyry-skarn-type molybdenum-(tungsten) deposits have Re-Os ages corresponding to Yenshanian.     

中国不同时代主要类型铜矿床硫同位素特征及其成因意义

硫同位素是示踪矿床成矿物质来源的重要手段,对于揭示硫的物质循环也具有参考意义。本文选择我国不同类型、不同时间、不同空间的8个大型、超大型铜矿床,系统搜集和整理了1415个硫同位素数据资料,结果发现：① 空间上,矽卡岩型、斑岩型和海相火山沉积型三类铜矿硫同位素组成显示“上重下轻”、“中轻边重”的规律。② 时间上,矿床尺度从成矿早期到成矿晚期,不同类型矿石的δ34S值逐渐增大;全国尺度不同类型铜矿中黄铜矿的硫同位素组成,从老到新,δ34S值由正变负,与矿床尺度的变化规律相反。③ 对找矿的指示,甲玛和大宝山矿床中富矿体中硫化δ34S值偏高,在阿舍勒矿床靠近矿化中心的黄铁矿δ34S值偏低,胡篦型铜矿早期富钴黄铁矿δ34S值高于晚期贫钴黄铁矿δ34S值。总体上,除新太古代红透山铜矿之外,其他时代不同类型铜矿中黄铜矿δ34S值从元古宙到古生代到中生代再到新生代,明显降低,与地球演化有关。     

中国不同时代主要类型铜矿床硫同位素特征及其成因意义

硫同位素是示踪矿床成矿物质来源的重要手段,对于揭示硫的物质循环也具有参考意义。笔者等选择我国不同类型、不同时间、不同空间的8个大型、超大型铜矿床,系统搜集和整理了1415个硫同位素数据资料,结果发现：①空间上,矽卡岩型、斑岩型和海相火山沉积型三类铜矿硫同位素组成显示“上重下轻”、“中轻边重”的规律。②时间上,矿床尺度从成矿早期到成矿晚期,不同类型矿石的δ34S值逐渐增大;全国尺度不同类型铜矿中黄铜矿的硫同位素组成,从老到新,δ34S值由正变负,与矿床尺度的变化规律相反。③对找矿的指示,甲玛和大宝山矿床中富矿体中硫化δ34S值偏高,在阿舍勒矿床靠近矿化中心的黄铁矿δ34S值偏低,胡篦型铜矿早期富钴黄铁矿δ34S值高于晚期贫钴黄铁矿δ34S值。总体上,除新太古代红透山铜矿之外,其他时代不同类型铜矿中黄铜矿δ34S值从元古宙到古生代到中生代再到新生代,明显降低,与地球演化有关。     

东秦岭钼矿类型、特征、成矿时代及其地球动力学背景

文章在总结前人研究成果的基础上,综合论述了东秦岭钼矿床的时空分布、分类和基本特征。东秦岭钼矿带沿区域构造线呈近东西向狭长带状展布,钼矿床主要集中分布于金堆城—南泥湖地区内;其形成与燕山期中酸性浅成_超浅成小花岗斑岩体有关,钼矿床直接产于岩体内外接触带及其附近;矿床类型主要为斑岩型、斑岩_矽卡岩型,少量热液碳酸盐脉型。结合Re_Os同位素年龄数据,探讨了东秦岭钼矿床的成矿时代及其成矿物质来源、成矿环境、大规模成矿作用时限及其特征,以及成矿地球动力学背景、演化特点和成矿过程。研究结果表明:除黄龙铺钼矿床形成于(221.5±0.3)Ma外,东秦岭地区钼矿床的大规模成矿主要出现在(144.8±2.1)~(132.4±2.0)Ma时限之间,对应的地球动力学背景为华北克拉通与扬子克拉通的碰撞造山后陆内造山局部伸展过程、中国东部地球动力学体制大转换晚期岩石圈拆沉及伸展时期。     

北淮阳地区与斑岩型钼矿床相关岩浆岩的地质地球化学特征及成因

位于秦岭-大别造山带东段的北淮阳地区分布有众多的斑岩型钼矿床,其成矿与岩浆作用紧密相关。对该区与斑岩型钼矿床密切相关的岩浆岩进行了系统的岩石化学、微量元素和同位素地球化学研究,深入探讨了其成因。研究认为,成矿岩体规模较小,岩性为花岗(斑)岩类,受北东向与北西向区域性断裂的次级构造控制。岩石化学成分以高硅、高钾、富碱为特征,为高钾钙碱性钾玄岩系列、准铝过铝质岩石。岩石微量、稀土元素特征相似并显示壳源特征。岩石Sr Nd Pb Hf同位素地球化学特征显示这些花岗质岩浆与整个大别地区白垩纪花岗岩的成岩物质来源一致,源于新元古界北大别片麻岩和扬子克拉通北缘TTG型岩浆,并混入一些古元古代扬子克拉通古老地壳物质(如崆岭杂岩)。在白垩纪发生的下地壳拆沉、软流圈上涌及大规模地壳伸展等机制下,扬子克拉通北缘的地壳熔融并提供了主要的成岩物质,幔源岩浆的上涌可能提供了热源,其物质的加入是次要的。该区与斑岩型钼矿床相关岩浆岩与东秦岭地区类似,属深源浅成型花岗岩类。     

陕西秦岭东部地区中生代钼、铜矿床时空分布规律、控矿因素及找矿潜力分析

陕西秦岭东部地区中生代钼、铜矿床成矿类型齐全,有斑岩型、斑岩-矽卡岩型、矽卡岩型、石英脉型和碳酸岩脉型。钼矿床主要分布在小秦岭地区,有向西秦岭过渡和向南秦岭延伸的趋势;铜矿床主要分布在南秦岭地区。除碳酸岩脉型钼矿床外,这些钼、铜矿床多与花岗质小岩体具有密切的成因联系,不受容矿地层的限制,成矿时代主要集中在晚三叠世—早侏罗世和晚侏罗世2个阶段,与共生岩体的成岩时代多数相同,个别相差在10 Ma内。赋矿岩体多受近EW向与NE向或NW向断裂构造交汇部位的控制,与钼矿床有关的成矿岩体显示高硅(w(Si O2)71%)、高钾(K2O/Na2O1)、中铁(w(TFe)=0.13%~2.45%)特征,而与铜矿床有关的岩体相对低硅(70%w(Si O2)62%)、中钾(K2O/Na2O0.88)、高铁(w(TFe)=1.9%~4.8%)。矿石、岩体和地层的S、Pb、Sr、Nd同位素组成显示,除晚三叠世碳酸岩脉型和石英脉型钼矿的成矿物质来源于Ⅰ型富集地幔外,早侏罗世—晚白垩世斑岩-矽卡岩型及石英脉型钼、铜矿成矿物质以壳幔混源为主,但铜矿比钼矿具有更多的幔源物质。地质和地球化学特征指示,南秦岭和北秦岭地区有形成斑岩型铜、钼矿床的有利条件,也有不利因素,不利因素导致南秦岭和北秦岭地区浅部不易形成大型斑岩铜、钼矿床,但形成小-中型铜、钼矿床的潜力大。     

南秦岭地块构造背景与金矿类型

产于沉积岩系中的微细粒浸染型金矿床在南秦岭地块中十分发育,其与南秦岭地块特定的构造格局和地质演化密切相关,笔者将该成矿聚集区各类金矿以容矿系为主要分类原则,进而按照控矿因素和矿床特征,把本区金矿床划分为４类８种样式。     

“镜铁山式”铁铜矿床地质特征及其成因探讨

探讨了镜铁山桦树沟矿区铁铜矿床成矿地质背景和成岩成矿的演化过程,阐述控制铁铜矿带在水平和垂向分带变化的地质特征。根据线性构造与火山喷发沉积关系,着重探讨“镜铁山式”铁铜矿床的成因机制,并运用δ３４Ｓ、δ１８Ｏ、δ１３Ｃ测试成果,确立含铁铜硅质岩建造,建立上铁下铜结构分带。认为该类型矿床是与海相火山作用有关的喷气沉积成因矿床,具有与块状硫化物矿床共生,组成铁－铜－硫矿床系列双层成矿结构模式     

大水式金矿床地质特征及成冈探讨

大水式金矿床是新近发现的一个新类型金矿,其矿化特征独特、埋藏浅、品位高、化学成分简单、易采选、具有委高的经济价值。矿体呈脉状、不规则囊状或漏斗状产于西秦岭造山带三叠纪碳酸盐岩中。矿石主要为一套热液成因的红色、褐色硅化岩和硅质岩,极端贫硫化物。矿石组构和矿物组成等反映出的成矿作用方式主要为热液渗滤交代、构造裂隙和角砾岩孔隙前限空间的充填沉淀作用以及古构造岩溶内相对开放空间中的沉积或堆积作用,构成比较     

Geochemical characteristics of iron ore deposits in central eastern Turkey: an approach to their genesis

ABSTRACT

Economically the most important iron deposits of Turkey occur as: (1) skarn-hosted (SH)-type ore deposits, occurring along the contacts between syenitic-monzonitic intrusives and limestone or serpentine; (2) vein-type deposits, found between the serpentine and limestone (SLH); or (3) ore deposits that are entirely within the limestone (LH).

Elemental associations are defined as: Fe+Ni+Cr+U+Bi+Rb+Mg+Ga for the SH-type ores; Fe+Cr+Mn+Nb+V for the SLH-type ores; and Fe+Ag+Au+Cr+Ba+As+Pb+Sb+Ni for the LH-type ores. Positive correlations between Fe, U, Bi, and Rb for the SH type indicate that late magmatic hydrothermal input was related to monzonitic intrusions. Chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns of the 14 deposits show very weak light/heavy REE (LREE/HREE) fractionation. Similarities of REE patterns, particularly between the SH and LH types, may indicate a common source of REEs and Fe. Ce depletion in the LH ores indicates long-term fluid flow and interaction with marine sediments. Ni, Cr, and V enrichment of all deposits indicates that iron was scavenged from the serpentinized ultra-basic-basic rocks and transported along fracture zones by hydrothermal solutions driven by intrusions. The iron deposits were formed around the magmatic bodies, or tectonic contacts between the serpentine and the limestone.     

凤凰山铜矿床两类成矿岩体的厘定及其成因分析

本文从地质、地球化学以及矿化蚀变特征等方面对凤凰山矿田内两类不同成矿岩体的特征进行了对比,指出凤凰山复式岩体由早期的花岗闪长岩和晚期的石英二长闪长斑岩所组成,与花岗闪长岩有关的成矿作用主要为矽卡岩型成矿作用,与石英二长闪长斑岩有关的成矿作用主要为斑岩型成矿作用.并对新发现的斑岩型矿化的大地构造背景、围岩、蚀变特征、控矿构造以及矿石类型进行了阐述.最后,在综合分析成矿物质来源、物理化学条件、成矿流体和成矿作用的基础上,对凤凰山铜矿床的成因进行了探讨,认为矿床的形成主要与中酸性岩浆活动有关,经历了多种成矿作用,形成了多种矿化型式,矿床成因属以岩浆热液为主的复合型热液矿床.     

Fluid evolution of the Yuchiling porphyry Mo deposit,East Qinling,China

The Yuchiling Mo deposit, East Qinling, China, belongs to a typical porphyry Mo system associated with high-K calc-alkaline intrusions. The pure CO₂ (PC), CO₂-bearing (C), aqueous H₂O-NaCl (W), and daughter mineral-bearing (S) fluid inclusions were observed in the hydrothermal quartz. Based on field investigations, petrographic, microthermometric and LA-ICP-MS studies of fluid inclusions, we develop a five-stage fluid evolution model to understand the ore-forming processes of the Yuchiling deposit. The earliest barren quartz ± potassic feldspar veins, developed in intensively potassic alteration, were crystallized from carbonic-dominant fluids at high temperature (> 416 °C) and high pressure (> 133 MPa). Following the barren quartz ± potassic feldspar veins are quartz-pyrite veins occasionally containing minor K-feldspar and molybdenite, which were formed by immiscible fluids at pressures of 47–159 MPa and temperatures of 360–400 °C. The fluids were characterized by high CO₂ contents (approximately 8 mol%) and variable salinities, as well as the highest Mo contents that resulted in the development of quartz-molybdenite veins. The quartz-molybdenite veins, accounting for > 90% Mo in the orebody, were also formed by immiscible fluids with lower salinity and lower CO₂ content of 7 mol%, at temperatures of 340–380 °C and pressures of 39–137 MPa, as constrained by fluid inclusion assemblages. After the main Mo-mineralization, the uneconomic Cu-Pb-Zn mineralization occurred, as represented by quartz-polymetallic sulfides veins consisting of pyrite, molybdenite, chalcopyrite, digenite, galena, sphalerite and quartz. The quartz-polymetallic sulfide veins were formed by fluids containing 5 mol% CO₂, with minimum pressures of 32–110 MPa and temperatures of 260–300 °C. Finally, the fluids became dilute (5 wt.% NaCl equiv) and CO₂-poor, which caused the formation of late barren quartz ± carbonate ± fluorite veins at 140–180 °C and 18–82 MPa.It is clear that the fluids became more dilute, CO₂-poor, and less fertile, with decreasing temperature and pressure from quartz-pyrite to late barren veins. Molybdenite and other sulfides can only be observed in the middle three stages, i.e., quartz-pyrite, quartz-molybdenite and quartz-polymetallic sulfide veins. These three kinds of veins are generally hosted in potassic altered rocks with remarkable K-feldspathization, but always partly overprinted by phyllic alteration. The traditional porphyry-style potassic–phyllic–propylitic alteration zoning is not conspicuous at Yuchiling, which may be related to, and characteristic of, the CO₂-rich fluids derived from the magmas generated in intercontinental collision orogens.Among the fluid inclusions at Yuchiling, only the C-type contains maximum detectable Mo that gradationally decreases from 73 ppm in quartz-pyrite veins, through 19 ppm in quartz-molybdenite veins, and to 13 ppm in quartz-polymetallic sulfide veins, coinciding well with the decreasing CO₂ contents from 8 mol%, through 7 mol%, to 5 mol%, respectively. Hence it is suggested that decreasing CO₂ possibly results in decreasing Mo concentration in the fluids, as well as the precipitation of molybdenite from the fluids. This direct relationship might be a common characteristic for other porphyry Mo systems in the world.The Yuchiling Mo deposit represents a new type Mo mineralization, with features of collision-related setting, high-K calc-alkaline intrusion, CO₂-rich fluid, and unique wall-rock alterations characterized by strong K-feldspathization and fluoritization.     

都庞岭地区锡多金属矿床地质特征及矿床成因

总结了都庞岭地区花岗岩和锡多金属矿床特征,提出蚀变花岗岩型是区内主要锡多金属矿床类型,矿床共同特征是主要矿体与蚀变岩体融为一体,矿床具有明显的垂直分带现象;花岗质岩浆的分异、熔离、自交代作用是该区锡多金属矿床成矿的主因.     

西秦岭尹家坪金矿地质特征及矿床成因

尹家坪金矿位于西秦岭褶皱系南秦岭印支褶皱带北缘,矿体赋存于海西—印支期侵入的闪长岩岩体及围岩接触部位。文章分析了尹家坪金矿体产出的地质特征及矿床成因,认为地层岩性及火山喷发、断裂构造、岩浆岩作用三位一体控制着尹家坪金矿金的富集与成矿,特别是F2断裂破碎带是成矿的关键构造条件;金成矿物质主要来自海西中-晚期闪长岩,源自地壳深部,热液来源有岩浆热液、大气降水。尹家坪金矿为浅层中低温热液活动形成的构造蚀变岩型金矿床。     

东秦岭鱼池岭斑岩型钼矿床成矿作用过程 ——来自成矿流体的约束

鱼池岭斑岩型钼矿床钼成矿期可分为石英-钾长石、辉钼矿-石英、绢英岩化和石英-碳酸盐化4个阶段。流体包裹体显微测温及流体成分研究显示,成矿流体由早阶段高温、高盐度、高氧化性、富CO2、富金属元素的CO2-NaCl-H2O体系岩浆热液,向晚阶段低温、低盐度、还原性、贫CO2、贫金属元素的NaCl- H2O体系大气降水热液演化,成矿深度也由石英-钾长石阶段的5.85km,变为辉钼矿-石英阶段的4.11km。流体H、O、S同位素组成表明,鱼池岭钼矿早期以岩浆水为主,晚期有较多的大气水混合,而S则可能来自于深部,具幔源S的特征。氧逸度、pH值、Eh值从早阶段到晚阶段均具有依次降低的趋势,Eh值显示钼矿床的形成总体属于弱还原环境。鱼池岭钼矿主成矿阶段前,钼成矿物质可能以钼酸、离子对为主,少量以钼-氧-氯络合物形式存在;主成矿阶段钼成矿物质主要以钼-氧-氯络合物形式进行迁移。     

Diatom characteristics of the Far East siliceous organogenic deposits

Three Far East diatomites, Puzanov (Kunashir Island, Kuril Islands), Sergeevskii, and Terekhovka (Southern Primorye) are characterized in detail. Rock-forming taxa are identified (Puzanov—Aulacoseira subarctica (O. Mull.) Hawort and Stephanodiscus niagarae var. pusanovae Genkal et Cherepanova; Sergeevskii—Staurosira construens var. venter (Ehr.) Gran., Aulacoseira italica (Ehr.) Sim., and representatives of the genus Cymbella with large valves (up to 175 Jim in length); Terekhovka—Aulacoseira praegranulata var. praeislandica f. praeislandica (Sim.) Moiss.). Morphometric analysis of valves of the dominant taxa showed a low variability of valve parameters for the Puzanov diatomite and a high one for the Sergeevskii and Terekhovka diatomites. The lake environments of the diatoms forming the diatomites were reconstructed based on the elemental composition of diatom valves and the ecological structure of diatom paleocommunities. The high oxygen and low silicon concentrations in valves of the Puzanov diatomite, most likely, indicate that the diatoms were part of plankton communities formed in a large deep freshwater lake. Significant concentrations of silicon in valves of the Terekhovka diatomite, in contrast, suggest that the diatoms occurred in benthic ecotopes in a shallow lake. The age of the deposits was refined by detailed studies of Aulacoseira valves, using light and scanning electron microscopes. For example, the presence of Aulacoseira taxa of the “prae” group in the Terekhovka diatomite confirms its Pliocene age, and the presence of valves of the present species A. italica in the Sergeevskii diatomite points to its Late Pliocene age. The identified features of the diatomites permit their use in practice.