波流环境中射流的大涡数值模拟

采用大涡模拟方法(LES)对波流环境中的垂向圆管射流进行了数值模拟。出口边界采用人工海绵层加零梯度条件以减小数值反射,且保证自由出流;入口边界分别采用线性叠加和非线性叠加的波流边界条件,通过与物理实验数据对比发现,采用非线性叠加的边界条件时模拟精度更高。数模结果表明,在波浪和水流共同作用下,射流体上部出现了较为明显的"水团"现象,射流平均速度矢量较纯流环境中更靠近底床,这与前期实验观察的结果一致。     

波流环境中射流的大涡数值模拟

采用大涡模拟方法（LES）对波流环境中的垂向圆管射流进行了数值模拟。出口边界采用人工海绵层加零梯度条件以减小数值反射,且保证自由出流;入口边界分别采用线性叠加和非线性叠加的波流边界条件,通过与物理实验数据对比发现,采用非线性叠加的边界条件时模拟精度更高。数模结果表明,在波浪和水流共同作用下,射流体上部出现了较为明显的“水团”现象,射流平均速度矢量较纯流环境中更靠近底床,这与前期实验观察的结果一致。     

水质大涡模拟数学模型研究

建立了基于弱可压缩流基础上的水质大涡模拟数学模型及污染物质扩散系数与平均运动的关系。数值计算采用有限体积法和预测校正法,固壁边界条件采用"部分滑移条件"。并应用该模型对重庆嘉陵江、长江两江交汇段的流场,污染物质浓度分布进行了计算,计算结果与实测值比较吻合。研究表明,横向扩散与流动状态有关,当支流流量相对较小时,横向扩散较弱,形成岸边污染带,当支流流量相对较大时,横向扩散较强,污染带向江心移动。     

混流式转轮中流场的大涡模拟

建立了基于微可压缩流体理论的相对运动的大涡模拟方法,并对混流式转轮流场进行了三维非恒定粘性数值模拟,计算方法采用了有限体积法和预测-校正方法,对固体边壁的处理使用了“壁函数”法。得到了混流式转轮的三维速度场和压力分布,与k-ε模型计算结果进行比较表明,所建立的相对运动的大涡模拟方法对转轮性能预测更加精确、合理,对转轮改型设计具有十分重要的参考价值。     

弯曲槽道边壁振动情况下湍流特性的大涡模拟

为了更好地理解透平机械流道内能量耗散的机理和湍流结构变化,利用大涡数值模拟方法,数值试验了时、空做正弦振动的壁面所围成的弯曲槽道内的湍流流动。研究了6种不同的振动参数下,槽道内压力分布、近壁涡量以及其它相关湍流统计量的分布特性。计算结果表明,受展向壁面振动的影响,近壁区速度梯度增加,粘性底层变薄,湍流强度增加,能量耗散加大。该研究还发现壁面展向振动而引起的能量耗散主要依赖于近壁区粘性底层的展向涡量大小。     

曲线坐标系二维带自由表面强紊动水流数值模拟

将追踪自由表面的流体体积(VOF)法应用于曲线坐标系下水流控制方程的求解中,计入流线弯曲对水流紊动特性的影响,建立了垂向二维强紊动水流的曲率修正的紊流模型,并对溢流坝反弧段的紊流特性进行了数值模拟。数值计算时,采用有限体积法离散水流的控制方程;物理变量,如:压力P、紊动参量κ、ε、γt等,采用交错方式排列(交错网格布置),用SIMPLEC算法求解离散方程。计算结果表明,得到的溢流坝反弧段的自由表面位置、速度场、压力场、剪应力分布和紊动能分布与实验结果吻合良好。     

基于分子模拟的表面活性剂对煤体的润湿机制探讨

随着煤矿开采深度和机械化程度的逐渐提高,瓦斯煤尘二次爆炸愈加严重,采用表面活性剂等化学抑尘剂可以有效抑制煤尘的产生及扩散,减少瓦斯煤尘爆炸。为探明非离子表面活性剂对疏水性煤尘的抑制机理,以典型深部(1 050 m)疏水性煤尘为研究对象,利用FT-IR、XRF、XRD等手段分析其基础物化特性,联合EA、XPS、¹³C NMR等测试技术分析并建立煤尘分子结构模型,通过建立分子模型考察水-表面活性剂-煤润湿吸附体系的平衡吸附构型、分子空间分布特征,设计实验测定表面活性剂吸附前后煤尘的表面自由能组成变化,验证并讨论表面活性剂在煤尘界面的润湿吸附机制。结果表明：表面活性剂可在疏水性煤尘表面形成有效定向吸附层(吸附层较紧密,对煤表面覆盖程度高),通过表面活性剂疏水尾链覆盖煤尘表面疏水结构,亲水头基朝向水相,使得煤尘表面自由能极性分量增大,煤尘表面因此由疏水性向亲水性发生转变。研究结果可为煤矿开采中的高效抑尘处理提供理论指导和借鉴。     

基于FLUENT的二维滑坡涌浪数值模拟

本文从N-S方程出发,建立了二维滑坡涌浪控制方程,使用二维非定常分离隐式PISO算法求解方程。通过UDF(User-Defined Function)编程,采用动网格技术控制滑体的运动,结合RNGk-ε湍流模型并采用VOF方法跟踪非线性自由表面流场,基于流体计算软件FLUENT模拟滑体下滑所引起的水的速度、自由表面高度变化以及流动过程,并将数值计算结果与Monaghan和Kos的试验数据进行比较。算例表明:本模型能很好地模拟出滑体下滑过程中孤立波的产生和传播以及涡流的形成。在此基础上,本文还研究了滑体速度对水体自由表面变形的影响。     

白云母—流体界面盐离子分布的计算模拟研究:对离子地球化学循环的启示

黏土矿物是表生土壤、沉积物、碎屑岩结晶颗粒表面的常见矿物,常与地质流体处于共存状态。离子–水–黏土矿物的相互作用影响着表生环境的流体组成、元素输运、土壤有机质分馏和沉积物的力学特性等。通过分子动力学模拟认识离子在黏土矿物–流体界面的分布,是揭示黏土矿物参与离子地球化学循环过程的基础。以白云母为研究对象,使用分子动力学模拟和热力学计算方法,分析了白云母–碱金属盐溶液界面的离子吸附结构和静电作用特性。研究发现Na⁺离子在白云母表面形成了两个内球络合吸附层, K⁺、Cs⁺离子仅形成一个内球络合吸附层。内球络合吸附层外可以形成多个外球络合吸附层,表现为离子的层状吸附结构。增大盐浓度没有改变同种离子的吸附结构,仅改变吸附层分布的大小。定量对比了使用伞状采样方法计算的离子吸附自由能曲线和基于离子密度分布得到的自由能曲线,二者总体一致,基本确证了模拟采样的充足性。研究表明界面流体不能视为均一的介电环境。     

淹没水跃的数值模拟

利用标准双方程紊流模型数值模拟了进口Fr₁为819、淹没度为024、闸下出流形成的淹没水跃。详细介绍了数值离散格式特别是用VOF方法跟踪非恒定自由表面的数值方法。将淹没水跃的数值模拟结果包括自由表面位置、平均流速、雷诺应力分量的分布与物模试验结果进行了对比,表明该数学模型及数值方法能够较为准确地模拟淹没水跃的大尺度紊流结构及其微观结构。     

Deciphering viscous flow of frictional melts with the mini-AMS method

The anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) is widely used to analyze magmatic flow in intrusive igneous bodies including plutons, sills and dikes. This method, owing its success to the rapid nature of measurements, provides a proxy for the orientation of markers with shape anisotropy that flow and align in a viscous medium. AMS specimens typically are 25 mm diameter right cylinders or 20 mm on-a-side cubes, representing a volume deemed statistically representative. Here, we present new AMS results, based on significantly smaller cubic specimens, which are 3.5 mm on a side, hence∼250 times volumetrically smaller than conventional specimens. We show that, in the case of frictional melts, which inherently have an extremely small grain size, this small volume is in most cases sufficient to characterize the pseudotachylyte fabric, particularly when magnetite is present. Further, we demonstrate that the mini-AMS method provides new opportunities to investigate the details of frictional melt flow in these coseismic miniature melt bodies. This new method offers significant potential to investigate frictional melt flow in pseudotachylyte veins including contributions to the lubrication of faults at shallow to moderate depths.     

Acoustic method for defining the stress state of a rock massif based on solution of the seismic inverse problem

A method for estimating the stress–strain state of a rock massif in the vicinity of underground facilities is substantiated. This method is based on solution of the boundary inverse problem of defining the components of an external stress field from the acoustic sounding data. The acoustic sounding data used are the arrival times of diving head longitudinal waves, recorded in a long mine shaft. Numerical experiments have revealed the optimal arrangement of the recording network and the limited relative error in the input data, which, taken together, provide for solvability of the inverse problem.     

基于标准压缩模量和液限推求地基土全压力段压缩模量的分析方法

以京沪高铁深厚地层细粒土固结试验数据为基础,以e-lgp曲线包含分式函数的复合函数表达和土体液限与压缩指数的线性关系为依据,提出了基于土体基本物性指标标准压缩模量E1?2和液限wL推求正常固结原状地基土全压力段压缩模量的简化方法,其适用性得到了京津城际铁路试验数据的验证。结果表明,Harris函数能较好地描述土体压缩的e-lgp曲线特征,E1?2和wL能分别反映曲线低压力段割线斜率和高压力点切线斜率,建立的地基土压缩模量估算方法具有良好精度,其中,100～1 000 kPa常压力段的误差均值仅为7.89%,高压力段约为13.70%,只在低压力段变异性较大;研究成果提供了缺少e-lgp曲线情况下简便快速获取土体压缩模量的新途径。     

A method to solve the paleotectonic analysis problem

The method to determine the rates of tectonic movements is based on the use of dynamic models of sedimentary basins. A standard dataset should be provided as input information: the present-day position of sedimentary layer interfaces (chronostratigraphic boundaries), land surface and basement, the layer ages, and the uncertainty limits within which the depth of sedimentation of each layer may have differed. In terms of dynamic models, the paleotectonic analysis problem is reduced to the determination of such tectonic rates that, at prescribed reference times, the model surface topography within the assumed limits would be constrained. At the final moment, the interfaces would be brought into agreement with the contemporary geologic cross-section. The analysis the problem of tectonic rates determination has shown that it has no unique solution. One of the ways to obtain the unique solution is to seek it within a prescribed class of functions, for example, the Fourier series. This method differs from the paleotectonic analysis methodology in that it treats the tectonic rates of motion as functions of time and spatial variables. Under certain conditions, it proves feasible to reconstruct the rates of tectonic movements not only within the time intervals represented in the deposited strata, but within periods of erosion as well. It also is possible to take into account the deformation-induced changes in thickness of the layers. The method's application is illustrated with an example of the Terek-Caspian Trough. As follows from the computation, the tectonic movements since the Middle Jurassic may be presented as a sum of two components: an overall slowing-down subsidence whose rate is proportional to the square root of the age, and local movements which follow a regular oscillatory time pattern with a period of 60–70 MY. The character of the local movements is such that the profile appears to break into a northern and southern segment. When one was being uplifted, the other segment was sinking, andvice versa. These two segments are separated by a deep-seated fault. This may have been a result of an external compression on the trough.     

基于互补理论的扩展有限元接触问题实现

在处理含有裂隙这类不连续问题时,常规有限元方法需要对裂隙尖端部位进行局部网格加密,当裂隙扩展时还需要进行网络重构。基于单位分解思想的扩展有限元成功解决了常规有限元难以处理的裂隙类不连续问题。在研究复合裂隙时,通常需要考虑裂隙的接触问题。基于互补理论,建立了裂隙面上相对位移和接触力的互补方程,并采用牛顿法求解,无需开闭迭代,且能够快速收敛。最后,对含裂隙平板进行受压数值试验,计算结果表明,基于互补理论的扩展有限元接触算法能够有效地阻止裂隙两端网格的相互嵌入,且获得裂隙面上的应力分布与实际一致。     

基于分形盒维算法的天然地震波初至拾取方法研究

基于分形理论,提出了一种地震波初至的拾取方法,根据地震初至波到达前后时间序列的分形特征,采用适当的时间窗口,可以定量地确定初至波的到达时间。数值计算表明,当窗口大小为0.6 s时,计算速度合适,可以保证地震波波至时间的拾取精度,并且在广西地区的宽频带地震流动台网记录的地震数据处理中进行了应用。     

Theoretical investigation of the cavity expansion problem based on a hypoplasticity model

The problem of the symmetric quasi‐static large‐strain expansion of a cavity in an infinite granular body is studied. The body is assumed to be dry or fully drained so that the presence of the pore water can be disregarded. Both spherical and cylindrical cavities are considered. Numerical solutions to the boundary value problem are obtained with the use of the hypoplastic constitutive relation calibrated for a series of granular soils. As the radius of the cavity increases, the stresses and the density on the cavity surface asymptotically approach limit values corresponding to a so‐called critical state. For a given soil, the limit values depend on the initial stresses and the initial density. A comparison is made between the solutions for different initial states and different soils. Applications to geotechnical problems such as cone penetration test and pressuremeter test are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

褶积微分算子法数值模拟的边界问题研究

褶积微分算子法是一种全新的数值模拟方法,已被广泛应用于复杂介质的地震波场数值模拟,但是其边界反射问题一直没有解决。这里将最佳匹配层(PML)吸收边界条件引入到褶积微分算子法中,此方法是在研究区域的边界上加入吸收层,使边界上传入吸收层的波,随传播距离按指数规律衰减,不产生任何反射,以达到消除边界反射的目的。构造不同的模型,通过对比分析证明,PML吸收边界条件能比较好地解决褶积微分算子法的边界问题,从而验证了完全匹配层吸收效果的优越性。