川西彭州地区雷口坡组沉积期后古应力场重建及其油气地质意义

川西坳陷三叠纪以来多期构造应力场演化控制了该区古隆起的迁移和裂缝-岩溶型储层的形成,从而对该区油气富集具有十分重要的控制作用,而目前对该区古构造应力场的量化评价研究程度较弱。通过野外露头、钻井岩芯、薄片及裂缝充填物以及声发射测试资料,重点对川西坳陷彭州地区雷口坡组沉积后期的古应力方向、大小及演化期次进行了研究。结果表明该区域存在4期应力,印支期应力为NW向;燕山早中期应力为SN向;燕山晚期应力为NW向;喜山期应力为EW向。对应的最大水平应力值分别为25.81MPa、66.03MPa、41.27MPa以及50.85MPa。结合区内构造演化,印支期区域平缓抬升使得古隆起及彭县断裂雏形形成,雷口坡组暴露地表形成岩溶性储层,成为后续的油气富集地;在燕山期两期应力控制下,研究区北部地层最先抬升,古隆起继续发育;喜山期强烈构挤压下使全区北西向地层抬升,古隆起最终定型,燕山晚期-喜山期形成的裂缝和断层对早期油气运移进行调整起到关键作用。该研究可为彭州地区的构造演化、裂缝预测以及进一步的勘探开发提供依据。     

Fault movements and stress accumulation before the 1976 Tangshan earthquake in North China

This paper analyses geodetic data including the results of short baseline and short levelling surveys across active faults, and of relevellings over a wide area collected at Tangshan and in its vicinity during the several years before the 1976 Tangshan earthquake of magnitude 7.8. Using a theoretical model for slip on a fault plane with an arbitrary dip in a viscoelastic half-space, the parameters of the aseismic fault slip prior to the shock are obtained, and the stress changes caused in the area of Tangshan by such slip are estimated. The results are comparable with the seismic activity and the changes in time and space of the b-value in the relation N = exp(a - bM) observed in the same period. It is demonstrated that during 1968–1975 the Cangdong fault, the main NNE-trending active fault in the southwest of the seismic region, had gradually started aseismic right-lateral strike-slip and that the occurrence of the Tangshan earthquake was related to the stress field produced by the slip. Finally, two sequences of periodic earthquake migration that took place in North China during 1966–1976 are discussed in connection with the Tangshan earthquake.     

La tectogenèse hercynienne dans la partie occidentale du bassin de l'Ahnet et la région de Bled El-Mass, Sahara Algérien: un continuum de déformation

The study area is located in the north of the Hoggar Basement. It is bounded to the east by the Idjerane-Azaz north-south-trending structural system, the Azzel-Matti Ridge to the south and to the north by the Timimoun Basin. Distribution of the structural elements and the determination of deviatoric stress tensors indicate two main directions for major stress (σ1), one striking northeast-southwest and the other west-northwest-east-southeast. Structural evolution during the Hercynian Orogeny can be considered as a continuous strain rather than as two contrasting tectonic events. The structural features can be attributed to the association of wrench faulting and thrusting, which is compatible with a strain regime of combined pure and simple shear. The basement fabric features exerted a very strong control on the structural evolution during the Hercynian deformation.     

A synthesis: Late Cenozoic stress field distribution at northeastern corner of the Eastern Mediterranean,SE Turkey

Fault kinematic analysis and inversion of focal mechanisms of shallow earthquakes reveal significant evolution of the regional stress regime in the northeastern most corner of the Eastern Mediterranean region since the Mio-Pliocene to the present time. This study was carried out in the interaction area between the Arabian/African plates and the Anatolian block. The evolution of stress regimes consists of a change from older transpression to younger transtension. Both strike-slip stress regimes having a NNW- to northwest-trending σ_Hmax (σ₁) and ENE- to northeast-trending σ_Hmin (σ₃) axes induce a sinistral component of displacement on the major intra-continental Karatas–Osmaniye and Misis–Ceyhan faults elongated with the northeast-trending Misis Range between Adana and Osmaniye provinces (sub-area i) and by a NNE-trending plate boundary Amanos fault running along Amanos Range between Antakya and Kahramanmaras provinces (sub-area ii). The inversion results show that the transtensional stress regime is dominantly strike-slip to extension, with an ENE- to northeast-trending σ_Hmin (σ₃) axis for sub-areas (i) and (ii), respectively. The inversions of earthquake focal mechanisms indicate that the transtensional stress regime is still active in the whole study area since probably recent Quaternary time. To cite this article: S. Over et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

塔里木盆地北部地区主要断裂带构造应力场与油气运移

塔里木盆地北部地区的断裂构造对油气的形成、运移、储集和保存具有极为重要的控制作用。大型多期活动断裂控制了大型隆起和拗陷的形成、发展和演化,是各时期油源纵向运移的良好通道;小型或次级断裂以及由断裂产生的节理、裂隙等,可改善储层的性能,是该区各种储油构造形成的主要构造条件。
笔者认为,油气的运移和聚集最主要的条件是构造应力驱动。为了将断裂构造活动的构造应力场与油气运移的物质场结合起来,建立了构造应力驱动与岩内流体运动的理论方程,这个方程反映了构造应力、流体内压和运移势之间的微分关系。
笔者对该区已知油田不同类型断裂机制的储油构造型式、油气富集条件及部位进行了理论分析和模拟计算,进而对主要构造区块选择典型剖面模拟计算运移势状态,并与已知油田进行类比,找出油气运移和储集的有利地区,为塔北地区油田勘探提出了预测意见。      

准噶尔盆地西北部地层压力演化与油气成藏有利动力条件研究

准噶尔盆地西北部发育异常高压,异常高压是油气垂向运移的重要动力条件,目前已经在超压带上发现大量高压油气藏。为了揭示现今地层压力特征,恢复成藏期古压力演化特征。利用测井方法和2D盆地模拟技术,得到超压的分布和演化特征,并讨论了超压对油气运移的影响。结果表明,研究区单井地层压力结构可以分为三类;由古至今,各地层超压逐渐变大,超压由浅部地层向深部地层逐渐变大;各时期平面上超压分布呈规律性变化,整体上是由西北部向东南部逐渐增大;超压的分布和演化成为油气垂向运移有利动力条件,对研究区高压油气藏的形成具有重要的意义。     

Age constraints to the relationships between magmatism, metamorphism and tectonism in the Aracena metamorphic belt, southern Spain

 The Aracena metamorphic belt (AMB), southwest Iberian peninsula, is characterized by the following geological elements: (a) a high-temperature/low-pressure (HT/LP) metamorphic belt a few kilometres wide and more than 200 km long; (b) a linear belt of oceanic amphibolites with a low-pressure inverted metamorphic gradient; (c) crustal-scale ductile shear zones; and (d) mafic, noritic intrusions of high-Mg andesite (boninite) composition. The relationships between these elements led to the proposal of a model of ridge subduction for this sector of the Hercynian belt of Europe. This interpretation is supported by the age relationships displayed between the main rock units considered representative of the main tectonic and petrological processes responsible for the geological elements mentioned previously. The results of a geochronological study (Ar–Ar, Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd) clearly support a Late Paleozoic tectonic evolution at an active continental margin. The time evolution of the metamorphism in the oceanic domain, ranging from 342.6±0.6 Ma in the west to 328.4±1.2 Ma in the east, over a distance of 70 km along the metamorphic belt, support a tectonic model of triple-junction migration responsible for the creation at depth of a slab-free window with decisive consequences for the thermal evolution of the region. The origin of the linear metamorphic belt of HT/LP regime may be explained by the migration along a continental margin of a punctual thermal anomaly induced by the creation of a triple-junction at the continental margin. Received: 9 March 1998 / Accepted: 9 December 1998     

DF1-1底辟区构造应力场及渗流场演化的数值模拟研究

DF1-1底辟区是莺歌海盆地内超压流体最活跃的地带之一.超压流体的活动直接受控于构造应力及其形成的不同类型的断裂和裂隙构成的输导系统.从底辟区大规模流体垂向活动以及幕式活动的特征来看, 流体流动的动力主要是由于垂向压差的存在以及渗流场变化引起的局部应力场(包括热应力场) 的作用所致.在详细研究底辟区的构造及流体活动关系的基础上, 对底辟区构造应力场及渗流场的演化进行了模拟.结果显示: 构造运动引起的应力场决定了DF1-1底辟区油气沿主要断裂系走向迁移的总趋势, 在底辟区流体从底辟的两侧向其中心运移, 由底辟体中向上运移为主; 高压流体产生的热应力控制局部应力场状况及油气运移方向, 驱动流体向底辟体顶部运移, 当热应力值过大时有可能改变应力场状况以及油气运移总趋势.      

State of stress in the northern Tabas block, east-central Iran, as inferred from focal mechanisms of the 1978 Tabas earthquake sequence

In this paper, the state of stress in the northern Tabas block in east-central Iran is analyzed based on the systematic inversion of aftershock focal mechanisms from the 1978.09.16 Tabas earthquake, to characterise the stress regime that controls most earthquakes in this area. Here, stress inversions of double-couple focal mechanisms of earthquakes recorded during the 30 days following the main shock have been carried out. The calculated average stress regime indicates dominant major 226° to 237° trending compression for the Tabas region. The dominating regime in east-central Iran is thrusting with a minimum stress axis, σ ₃, close to vertical. The reconstruction of the main seismotectonic stress in east-central Iran with a NE-SW compression is consistent with independent information of the active plate convergence related to Arabia-Eurasia convergence. Most earthquakes in the mentioned area occur near or around concealed Quaternary thrust faults with their activity being controlled by the NE-SW compression. Where ?, the ratio of principal stress differences, is 0.5, a small difference between σ ₂; σ ₃ and σ ₁ and small amounts of deviatoric stress is indicated. Therefore, for small deviatoric horizontal σ ₁ it is not possible to increase and reactivate small sections of basement thrust faults and create secondary basement aftershocks. Reconstructed stress regimes in this study for sedimentary cover (237) and basement (226) of Tabas are similar. Therefore, it seems that the basement and cover were coupled together, possibly along the 2–4 km of upper Precambrian low-grade metamorphic rocks. Then these segments of the fold-and-thrust belt were involved in similar seismic activity under a similar stress regime.     

华北东部晚中生代区域伸展背景下同构造花岗岩体的起源与就位

花岗质岩浆的起源、迁移及就位是研究大陆岩石圈流变学特性的重要方面。然而,板内伸展背景下同构造花岗岩体的岩浆来源、就位机制和岩浆流动与区域应力场的关系等问题缺乏系统性的总结。晚中生代期间华北板块东部逐渐变为区域伸展体制,同时中浅部地壳形成一系列的韧性剪切带、变质核杂岩和拆离断层,这些伸展构造往往伴有同剪切变形的花岗岩体。因此,华北东部是系统研究板内伸展背景下同构造花岗岩体的最佳区域。本文选取多个典型的同构造花岗岩体,进行综合分析。通过归纳总结这些同构造岩体的岩石地球化学和年代学资料,发现多数同构造岩体具有多个岩浆源区,且较早就位的中性岩席(单元)往往来自壳幔混合岩浆或新生下地壳的部分熔融,而较晚的酸性岩席(单元)则主要来源于古老下地壳的部分熔融。这一特点反映了同伸展岩体岩浆源区由深至浅的演化规律,也揭示了区域伸展背景下源自地幔的流体和热量是触发地壳部分熔融的重要因素。通过分析岩浆就位过程中围岩和岩体中形成的定向及变形组构,发现华北东部同伸展岩体的就位模式可分为三大类:以扁平岩床或岩基形式就位于中部地壳的水平韧性剪切带内;岩浆以近直立运移的方式形成长轴平行拆离断层的岩基,就位于变质核杂岩核部或拆离断层下盘;岩浆就位于再活化的先存断裂,通过膨胀作用、挤压围岩获得就位空间并使围岩变形,形成类似底辟作用的就位方式。剪切应力和浮力是影响岩浆运移方向的重要力学参数。岩浆自源区上升的过程中浮力起着主要控制作用,就位于韧性剪切带时剪切应力起着控制作用,就位于浅部地壳的脆-韧性过渡带时浮力的作用再次凸显。     

Be exposure ages of a rock avalanche and a late glacial moraine in Alta Valtellina, Italian Alps

A rock avalanche deposit was investigated in order to understand the chronological evolution of geological hazards and to evaluate the interaction of the triggering geodynamic processes in the valley Val Viola, Italian Alps. The deposit is situated west of the Alpe Dosdé, in a permafrost area with deep-seated gravitational deformations (DSGD) along a tectonic line. Based on its geomorphologic context, the rock avalanche was first interpreted as a result of slope stress release without exact timing. This hypothesis was tested by measuring the ¹⁰Be exposure date of quartz from one boulder from the rock avalanche. The age of 7430±460 years places the event in the early Holocene. The timing of the last deglaciation was constrained using the inner late glacial moraine of a moraine doublet in the valley Alpe Dosdé situated at an altitude between 2140 and 2120 m a.s.l. west of the rock avalanche. The ¹⁰Be concentrations of quartz yield minimum exposure ages of 11,480±670 and 10,850±820 years. Different proposals for potential triggering factors of the rock avalanche include (a) melting of the local valley glacier and slope stress release in the Val Viola, likely to play a minor role as trigger, because of the time delay between the deglaciation and the rock avalanche event. More likely are (b) enhanced crustal seismicity induced by post-glacial regional isostatic glacial rebound coupled with tectonic stress or/and (c) climate conditions with higher temperatures around 7430±460 years, resulting in an upwards movement of the permafrost limit and destabilization of the rock walls.     

应力场数值模拟与油藏有利区预测-以松辽盆地乾安地区归字井青三段为例

构造应力场在油气运聚成藏中具有重要的作用。明水组沉积末期是松辽盆地乾安地区高台子油层的一个主要成藏期, 期间烃源岩的生、排烃高峰与大规模油气运聚和圈闭的形成在时间上具良好的匹配关系。利用ANSYS有限元模拟软件, 对归字井地区明水组沉积末期构造应力场进行了初步模拟; 同时利用地应力驱动油气运移理论, 对运移势场进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明, 最大主应力受岩性控制明显, 而最小主应力主要受埋深控制。已有的试油试气资料表明, 具油气显示的井, 大部分都位于地应力区和地势区。依据地应力和运移势场的分布, 并结合地质构造特征, 对油藏有利区进行了预测, 为油田的勘探开发提供了科学依据。      

Triggered seismicity in the Andean arc region via static stress variation by the MW = 8.8, February 27, 2010, Maule earthquake

We localized crustal earthquakes in the Andean arc, between 35°S and 36°S, from December 2009 to May 2010. This research shows a seismicity increase, in a narrow longitudinal area, of more than nine times after the great M_w 8.8 Maule earthquake.The localized seismicity defines an area of ∼80 km long and ∼18 km wide and NNW to NNE trend. The M_d magnitudes varied from 0.7 to 3.1 except for two earthquakes with M_w of 3.9 and 4.5, located in the northern end of the area. The focal mechanisms for these two last events were normal/strike-slip and strike-slip respectively.During 2011, a network of 13 temporary stations was installed in the trasarc region in Malargüe, Argentina. Sixty earthquakes were localized in the study region during an 8 month period.We explored how changes in Coulomb conditions associated with the mega-thrust earthquake triggered subsequent upper-plate events in the arc region. We assumed the major proposed structures as receiver faults and used previously published earthquake source parameters and slip distribution for the Maule quake. The largest contribution to static stress change, up to 5 bars, derives from unclamping resulting consistent with co-seismic dilatational deformation inferred from GPS observations in the region and subsidence in nearby volcanoes caused by magma migration.Three different Quaternary tectonic settings–extensional, strike-slip and compressional-have been proposed for the arc region at these latitudes. We found that the unclamping produced by the Maule quake could temporarily change the local regime to normal/strike-slip, or at least it would favor the activation of Quaternary NNE to N-trending dextral strike-slip faults with dextral transtensional movement.     

河北省兴隆煤田及邻区厚皮式逆冲推覆构造与隐伏煤田问题

在地质填图的基础上，确定了兴隆煤田南部逆冲推覆构造主逆冲带的平面展布特征，认为主逆冲断层在剖面上具有浅部缓深部陡的几何特征。运用平衡剖面基本原理估算出了由逆冲推覆所造成的水平缩短量约为１３７５ｋｍ。根据本区逆冲推覆构造的几何学与运动学特征，认为在推覆体下寻找到隐伏煤田的范围是极其有限的。     

Quantitative reconstruction of Early Pleistocene climate in southeastern Australia and implications for atmospheric circulation

Today, southeastern Australia experiences a winter-dominated rainfall regime, governed by the seasonal migration of the highly zonal Southern Hemisphere subtropical anticyclone. The late Cenozoic history of this rainfall regime is poorly understood, but it has been widely accepted that its onset was a product of the intensification and northward migration of the subtropical anticyclone, driven by steepening of hemispheric temperature gradients associated with the initiation of extensive Northern Hemisphere glaciation, ～2.6 million years ago (Ma). Here, we use fossil beetle remains from Stony Creek Basin, a small palaeolake record in upland southeastern Australia deposited over ～280,000 years between ～1.84 and 1.56 Ma, to quantitatively reconstruct regional climate during the Early Pleistocene. Climate reconstructions based on coexistence of extant beetle taxa indicate that temperatures were consistently 1–3 °C warmer than present, and rainfall as high as or substantially higher than today, throughout the record. In particular, beetle data indicate that rainfall was similar to today during winter, but 2–2.4 times higher than today during summer. This is consistent with the presence of diverse rainforest pollen also present in the record, and indicates that the modern, winter-dominated rainfall regime was not yet in place by ～1.5 Ma, at least one million years later than previously thought. We suggest that the Southern Hemisphere anticyclonic circulation must have been much less intense during the Early Pleistocene than today, rather than shifted meridionally as previously argued.     

焉耆盆地焉耆隆起区石油地质条件初探

焉耆盆地经历了20多年的勘探开发,取得了一系列认识,但目前急需开辟新的油气勘探领域来缓解增储上产的压力。焉耆隆起区是盆地的油气远景区,通过新焉参1井钻探,初步分析了研究区石油地质条件,明确了其缺失中生界大部分地层,缺乏油源和有效的油气运移通道。讨论后认为应继续探索隆起区油气成藏的可能性,加强焉耆隆起区与博湖坳陷构造演化关系的研究,寻找有效的油气运移通道及隐蔽型油气藏。这些认识对今后焉耆盆地的勘探具有重要意义。     

焉耆盆地焉耆隆起区石油地质条件初探

焉耆盆地经历了20多年的勘探开发,取得了一系列认识,但目前急需开辟新的油气勘探领域来缓解增储上产的压力。焉耆隆起区是盆地的油气远景区,通过新焉参1井钻探,初步分析了研究区石油地质条件,明确了其缺失中生界大部分地层,缺乏油源和有效的油气运移通道。讨论后认为应继续探索隆起区油气成藏的可能性,加强焉耆隆起区与博湖坳陷构造演化关系的研究,寻找有效的油气运移通道及隐蔽型油气藏。这些认识对今后焉耆盆地的勘探具有重要意义。     

黔南地区~3 km油气深孔地应力测量与构造应力场分析

地应力大小和方向信息是非常规油气勘探开发及区域构造应力场特征分析的重要基础数据。为了解黔南紫云地区的现今地应力状态,采用基于钻孔岩心的非弹性应变恢复(ASR)地应力测量方法,获取了紫云地区2877～2985 m石炭系打屋坝组地层的地应力信息,分析了区域构造应力场特征,探讨了油气保存条件。结果表明:(1)黔南紫云地区近3 km处石炭纪地层现今地应力状态表现为以垂向应力为主的应力环境,测点处最大水平主应力方向近SN向。(2)紫云地区近3 km处岩心实测最大水平主应力方向与燕山早期古构造应力场最大主应力方向大致相同,一定程度上反映了燕山末期—喜马拉雅运动对次生油气藏的改造程度较小,有利于黔南坳陷内部油气藏的保存。     

Structural and stress analysis based on fault-slip data in the Amman area, Jordan

This study presents a structural analysis based on hundreds of striated small faults (fault-slip data) in the Amman area east of the Dead Sea Transform System. Stress inversion of the fault-slip data was performed using an improved Right-Dihedral method, followed by rotational optimization (TENSOR Program, Delvaux, 1993). Fault-slip data (totaling 212) include fault planes, striations and sense of movements, are obtained from the Turonian Wadi As Sir Formation, distributed mainly along the southern side of the Amman – Hallabat structure in Jordan the study area. Results show that σ1 (SHmax) and σ3 (SHmin) are generally sub-horizontal and σ2 is sub-vertical in 8 of 11 paleostress tensors, which are belonging to a major strike-slip system with σ1 swinging around N to NW direction. The other three stress tensors show σ2 (SHmax), σ1 vertical and σ3 is NE oriented. This situation explained as permutation of stress axes σ1 and σ2 that occur during tectonic events and partitioned strike slip deformation. NW compressional stresses affected the area and produced the major Amman – Hallabat strike-slip fault and its related structures, e.g., NW trending normal faults and NE trending folds in the study area.The new paleostress results related with the active major stress field of the region the Dead Sea Stress Field (DSS) during the Miocene to Recent.