川西安宁河Ⅰ～Ⅲ级阶地孢粉记录反映晚更新世以来古气候变化

植物孢子和花粉是理想的恢复环境变化的有机指标,对于第四纪地层划分和区域古气候的对比具有重要意义。本文在川西冕宁泸沽镇附近选取安宁河Ⅰ～Ⅲ级阶地剖面进行年代学测量和孢粉采样分析。结果表明:安宁河Ⅰ级阶形成时期为全新世,气候温和较湿或轻湿;Ⅱ级阶地沉积时期在晚更新世晚期或全新世早期,温度及湿度均比Ⅰ级阶地时低,在该时期无论植被和气候曾出现过两次以上比较明显的变化及波动;Ⅲ级阶地沉积时期为晚更新世中期,气候温和较湿或轻湿,堆积时期之温度及湿度均比Ⅱ级阶地时高,但又均比Ⅰ级阶地时低。同时探讨了安宁河阶地形成时期构造、气候的变化规律。根据河流的下切速率可以间接的推断晚更新世构造隆升速率大于晚更新世末期-全新世。     

松辽盆地西部斜坡区新近纪孢粉组合及其地质意义

依据松辽盆地西部斜坡区首次新近纪全取芯井样品中获得的丰富孢粉与藻类化石的分布特征,自下而上划分出两个孢粉藻类组合,命名为Caryapollenites simplex-Momipites coryloides-Celtispollenites sp.-Tsugaepollenites igniculus组合和Artemisiaepollenites minorBetulaceoipollenites sp.-Carpinipites sp.-Polypodiaceaesporites sp.组合,分别分布于大安组和泰康组中下部;前者的地质时代为早中新世晚期至中中新世,后者为晚中新世至上新世初期.依据孢粉藻类组合特征,推测研究区大安组沉积时的气候相当于现代的暖温带至北亚热带中生气候,植被基本上为落叶阔叶,间夹少量常绿阔叶的针阔叶混交林,林下有少量蕨类植物,局部有淡水浅水湿地;泰康组沉积时其植被仍以落叶阔叶间夹有少量常绿阔叶的针阔叶混交林为主,林下旱生草本植物较为发育,处于暖温带至北亚热带中生偏旱范围之内,但比大安组沉积时期更凉一些和更旱一些.上述孢粉组合特征确定的地质时代以及古植被和古气候分析结论,丰富了松辽盆地中新生代孢粉地层学研究内容,为今后松辽盆地井下新近纪孢粉地层对比提供了最新参考资料,为邻区新近纪生物地层对比以及古植被和古气候分析提供了孢粉学证据.     

内蒙呼包盆地晚更新世孢粉组合及其意义

本文是对内蒙呼包盆地内二级台地沉积物进行孢粉分析的总结。根据对孢粉资料的分析研究得出,该区二级台地沉积物堆积时期的古植被是由森林草原过渡到荒漠草原,气候由湿凉转向干冷。通过孢粉组合的对比,证明二级台地形成于晚更新世晚期,相当于萨拉乌苏组的地层时代     

广东平海晚更新世沉积的孢粉学证据

本剖面位于广东省惠东县平海镇东北约1公里的虎头山东南麓,临近海岸。本区第四纪松散沉积多为低山、丘陵之坡积、残积及冲积,出露零星,厚度薄。过去研究尚少。本文将通过松散沉积的孢粉分析,就其地质时代问题进行讨论。 一、岩性特征及分析结果 孢粉分析样品采自0—4.1米的露头剖面,主要为一套砂质粘土,含砂之泥炭及粉细砂等。共采孢粉分     

新疆罗布泊罗4井的孢粉组合及其意义

本文应用孢粉分析,对罗布泊罗4井沉积的地质时代和古环境进行了探讨。指出:沉积物堆积期间的气候下部干凉,上部温干,植被属荒漠类型,沉积物的地质时代为晚更新世至全新世。 罗布泊是我国最大的咸水湖,也是我国和世界上最为干燥的地区之一。为了探讨它的成因,恢复其地史时期的自然面貌,本文系统地研究了罗4井的孢粉,现就孢粉分析结果进行一些讨论     

临汾盆地晚第四纪地层划分与新构造运动分析

为划分临汾盆地第四纪地层,在临汾市东布设1个控制性钻孔,描述其所揭示的地层岩性特征。通过对钻孔剖面中269件孢粉样品的孢粉组合进行分带讨论,结合9个光释光样品和12个电子自旋共振样品的年龄测试结果,认为该控制性钻孔记录了379ka B.P.以来的沉积地层,其中埋深0~0.4m属于全新统,0.4~80.8 m属于上更新统(孢粉记录揭示出相对干燥寒冷的古气候特征,终末期气候转暖,降水增多),埋深80.8m以下属于中更新统(代表了温暖潮湿的古气候特征)。晚更新世以来平均沉降速率为0.64mm/a,远高于临汾盆地第四纪平均断陷速率,表明晚更新世以来临汾盆地的新构造运动呈现增强趋势。     

新疆富蕴地区晚第四纪松散沉积的孢粉研究

据对新疆富蕴吐尔洪及干沟等剖面的孢粉分析,揭示这些剖面沉积时期的气候温和干燥,植被为荒漠草原或稀树草原。孢粉分析结果及14C年龄数据说明,这些沉积物的地质时代属全新世。通过对取自断层两侧沉积物的孢粉分析研究,获知此断层的形成时间不会早于全新世     

据花粉分析试论郑州大河村遗址的地质时代和形成环境

本文通过对郑州市大河村遗址沉积进行系统的孢粉分析,结果表明,遗址沉积时期的大部分时间,为距今5740一4410年,气候暖和润湿,气温较今稍高,其时植被面貌属森林草原类型或森林类型。遗址沉积物的地质时代属第四纪的全新世     

从孢粉分析试论北京地区两泥炭矿的时代和形成环境

本文应用孢粉分析,对北京地区两个泥炭矿的时代和形成环境进行了探讨。指出:泥炭成矿时期的气候是温暖而湿润的,气温较现今高。植物生长茂盛,属针阔叶林植被。泥炭是在植物残体的不断积累、分解和腐烂,长期保存在水体及后期泥砂覆盖的还原环境之下,上覆压力不断增加,沉积物的堆积速度与湖沼下降的速度长期保持相对平衡等条件下形成的。泥炭成矿的地质时代主要在中全新世     

川西安宁河断裂带晚第四纪地层地貌序列和构造活动性研究

本文以川西安宁河河谷第四纪沉积记录和晚第四纪地表构造变形研究为基础,借助孢粉分析、构造过程等诸多定量信息,试图较深入地认识河谷阶地成因及其块体边界断裂的活动特征和强震活动特征,为进一步开展边界断裂动力学研究和强震预测提供详实和可靠的基础资料。     

地震预报唯象模型的适用性研究

滑动可预报模型，时间可预报模型和双限随机应力水平模型是三种相关的地震预报唯象模型。对于一个指定地区，用哪种模型更合理呢？为解决这个问题，本文提出了两地震预报模式适用程度的数值分析方法，利用这些方法可以合理地鉴别出氖要用的地震预报唯象模型是否适用于指定地区的地震预报分析。     

WAVELET ESTIMATION USING THE MULTITAPER METHOD1

An accurate estimate of the seismic wavelet on a seismic section is extremely important for interpretation of fine details on the section and for estimation of acoustic impedance. In the absence of well-control, the recognized best approach to wavelet estimation is to use the technique of multiple coherence analysis to estimate the coherent signal and its amplitude spectrum, and thence construct the seismic wavelet under the minimum-phase assumption. The construction of the minimum-phase wavelet is critically dependent on the decay of the spectrum at the low-frequency end. Traditional methods of cross-spectral estimation, such as frequency smoothing using a Papoulis window, suffer from substantial side-lobe leakage in the areas of the spectrum where there is a large change of power over a relatively small frequency range. The low-frequency end of the seismic spectrum (less than 4 Hz) decays rapidly to zero. Side-lobe leakage causes poor estimates of the low-frequency decay, resulting in degraded wavelet estimates. Thomson's multitaper method of cross-spectral estimation which suffers little from side-lobe leakage is applied here, and compared with the result of using frequency smoothing with the Papoulis window. The multitaper method seems much less prone to estimating spuriously high coherences at very low frequencies. The wavelet estimated by the multitaper approach from the data used here is equivalent to imposing a low-frequency roll-off of some 48 dB/oct (below 3.91 Hz) on the amplitude spectrum. Using Papoulis smoothing the equivalent roll-off is only about 36 dB/oct. Thus the multitaper method gives a low-frequency decay rate of the amplitude spectrum which is some 4 times greater than for Papoulis smoothing. It also gives more consistent results across the section. Furthermore, the wavelet obtained using the multi-taper method and seismic data only (with no reference to well data) has more attractive physical characteristics when compared with a wavelet extracted using well data, than does an estimate using traditional smoothing.     

TWO-DIMENSIONAL SCATTERING OF P,SV AND RAYLEIGH WAVES: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FOR THE VALLEY OF MEXICO

A direct boundary element method for calculating the two-dimensional scattering of seismic waves from irregular topographies and buried valleys due to incident P-, SV- and Rayleigh waves is employed to model a section of the Mexico City Valley. The method has been formulated with isoparametric quadratic boundary elements and contains, with respect to previous works in the field, some improvements that are briefly presented. Because the Mexico City Valley is relatively flat and shallow and the contrast of S-waves between the clays and the basement rock is very high, it is believed that the one-dimensional theory is enough to explain the amplification patterns. Although this is true for most sites, results from recent accelerometric data suggest that two- and three-dimensional models are needed to explain the amplification behaviour at some places. In this work, two accelerometric sites have been chosen: Site 84 to probe that the one-dimensional model works well for most sites, and Site TB, as an example of irregular response. The two-dimensional method presented here was used to model a section of the valley where site TB is located, showing that this method yields results closer to the observations than the one-dimensional approach. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

台湾海峡7.3级地震的构造环境

台湾海峡７．３级地震发生在北东东向台湾西南分国地的北缘活动断裂带上，这里的地质构造复杂，断块差异性升降运动强烈，为台湾浅滩隆起与台湾西南断陷分国地的交替地段；也是深部布格重力异常带由北东东转折为北东向的交汇部位，地震等烈度线的轮廓形态大致反映出其发震构造的走向。     

High-resolution Induan-Olenekian boundary sequence in Chaohu,Anhui Province

The Lower Triassic of Chaohu has been exten-sively studied owing to its classic stratigraphic se-quence formed in a unique paleogeography, very easyaccessibility and comfortable working conditions inthe area, and the Induan-Olenekian boundary stratareceived special attention in recent years to meet therequirements of defining the GSSP of the boundary.The best-studied boundary sequence in Chaohu is atthe West Pingdingshan Section, which was recom-mended as a GSSP candidate for the Induan-…     

ANALYTICAL HAYAMI SOLUTION FOR THE DIFFUSIVE WAVE FLOOD ROUTING PROBLEM WITH LATERAL INFLOW

The diffusive wave equation is generally used in flood routing in rivers. The two parameters of the equation, celerity and diffusivity, are usually taken as functions of the discharge. If these two parameters can be assumed to be constant without lateral inflow, the diffusive wave equation may have an analytical solution: the Hayami model. A general analytical method, based on ‘Hayami’s hypothesis, is developed here which resolves the diffusive wave flood routing equation with lateral inflow or outflow uniformly distributed over a channel reach. Flood routing parameters are then identified using observed inflow and outflow and the Hayami model used to simulate outflow. Two examples are discussed. Firstly, the prediction of the hydrograph at a downstream section on the basis of a knowledge of the hydrograph at an upstream section and the lateral inflow. The second example concerns lateral inflow identification between an upstream and a downstream section on the basis of a knowledge of hydrographs at the upstream and downstream sections. The new general Hayami model was applied to flood routing simulation and for lateral inflow identification of the River Allier in France. The major advantages of the method relate to computer simulation, real-time forecasting and control applications in examples where numerical instabilities, in the solution of the partial differential equations must be avoided.     

STUDY ON THE LATEST ACTIVITY OF WUYUNSHAN-HEFEI FAULT IN HEFEI BASIN,THE WESTERN BRANCH OF THE TANLU FAULT ZONE

Tanlu fault zone is the largest strike-slip fault system in eastern China. Since it was discovered by aeromagnetics in 1960s, it has been widely concerned by scholars at home and abroad, and a lot of research has been done on its formation and evolution. At the same time, the Tanlu fault zone is also the main seismic structural zone in China, with an obvious characteristic of segmentation of seismicity. Major earthquakes are mostly concentrated in the Bohai section and Weifang-Jiashan section. For example, the largest earthquake occurring in the Bohai section is M7.4 earthquake, and the largest earthquake occurring in the Weifang-Jiashan section is M8.5 earthquake. Therefore, the research on the active structure of the Tanlu fault zone is mainly concentrated in these two sections. With the deepening of research, some scholars carried out a lot of research on the middle section of Tanlu fault zone, which is distributed in Shandong and northern Jiangsu Province, including five nearly parallel fault systems, i.e. Changyi-Dadian Fault(F₁), Baifenzi-Fulaishan Fault(F₂), Yishui-Tangtou Fault(F₃), Tangwu-Gegou Fault(F₄) and Anqiu-Juxian Fault(F₅). They find that the faults F₃ and F₅ are still active since the late Quaternary. In recent years, we have got a further understanding of the geometric distribution, active age and active nature of Fault F₅, and found that it is still active in Holocene. At the same time, the latest research on the extension of F₅ into Anhui suggests that there is a late Pleistocene-Holocene fault existing near the Huaihe River in Anhui Province. The Tanlu fault zone extends into Anhui Province and the extension section is completely buried, especially in the Hefei Basin south of Dingyuan. At present, there is little research on the activity of this fault segment, and it is very difficult to study its geometric structure and active nature, and even whether the fault exists has not been clear. Precisely determining the distribution, active properties and the latest active time of the hidden faults under urban areas is of great significance not only for studying the rupture behavior and segmentation characteristics of the southern section of the Tanlu fault zone, but also for providing important basis for urban seismic fortification. By using the method of shallow seismic prospecting and the combined drilling geological section, this paper carries out a detailed exploration and research on the Wuyunshan-Hefei Fault, the west branch fault of Tanlu fault zone buried in Hefei Basin. Four shallow seismic prospecting lines and two rows of joint borehole profiles are laid across the fault in Hefei urban area from north to south. Using ¹⁴C, OSL and ESR dating methods, ages of 34 samples of borehole stratigraphic profiles are obtained. The results show that the youngest stratum dislocated by the Wuyunshan-Hefei Fault is the Mesopleistocene blue-gray clay layer, and its activity is characterized by reverse faulting, with a maximum vertical offset of 2.4m. The latest active age is late Mesopleistocene, and the depth of the shallowest upper breaking point is 17m. This study confirms that the west branch of Tanlu fault zone cuts through Hefei Basin and is still active since Quaternary. Its latest activity age in Hefei Basin is late of Middle Pleistocene, and the latest activity is characterized by thrusting. The research results enrich the understanding of the overall activity of Tanlu fault zone in the buried section of Hefei Basin and provide reliable basic data for earthquake monitoring, prediction and earthquake damage prevention in Anhui Province.     

ON THE PROPERTIES OF THE RECIPROCAL GEOELECTRIC SECTION*

The interpretation of vertical electrical sounding data can be facilitated by the application of the reciprocal geoelectric section. If an apparent resistivity field curve has a descending right end, the apparent resistivity curve of the reciprocal geoelectric section can be obtained by the application of linear filter theory; from this the total transverse resistance of the geoelectric section can be calculated without having to interpret the field curve. In addition, Orellana's auxiliary point method can now be extended to interpret three and four layer apparent resistivity curves of all types. This paper summarizes the properties of the resistivity transform curve, the apparent resistivity curve, and the apparent resistivity curve of the reciprocal geoelectric section, with several new applications.     

活动断裂带中地震分布时空结构的信息维 D1sub>特征初探

活动断裂带中地震时空分布的信息维 D1避免了容量维 D0的缺陷,考虑了每一地震事件对信息所作的贡献,从新的角度反映了地震分布时空结构特征.计算表明,炉霍大震前鲜水河断裂带地震分布时间结构信息维 D1=0.1051,这是该区大震活动的一个参考性判据.安宁河断裂带十七年现今地震分布时间结构信息维:北段,D1（tN）=0.1363;南段,D1（tS）=0.06710.地震空间分布信息维:北段,D1（KN）=1.053;南段,D1（Ks）=0.7758.南北两段分属信息维维数不同的两个自相似系统.南段地震活动自组织程度较高.这有助于强震重点监测区内主要危险段的判定地震时空分布 D1特征探索对于活断层研究以及地震预报都有一定的意义.      

中国大地震(M≥7)空区及其应用于中长期地震预报的讨论

本文在分析我国大陆地区大地震的广义前震空间分布特点的基础上,对我国历史大地震的空区作了圈定和研究。根据28个历史大地震空区的统计,提出求空区震级和发震时间的经验关系式。最后圈定6个空区作为此方法预报地震的讨论和检验