Influences of Tidal Fronts on Coastal Winds Over an Inland Sea

A regional numerical model of the atmosphere was applied to an inland sea, the Seto Inland Sea in Japan, to study the influence of sea-surface temperature (SST) variations, accompanied by a tidal front, on the coastal winds in summer when tidal fronts fully develop. After confirmation of the model performance, two sensitivity simulations, which used spatially uniform SST with the highest and lowest values over the study area, were performed. The control and sensitivity simulations show that the mean wind speeds were apparently reduced by the low SST and the SST gradient accompanying the tidal front. The comparison of the terms in the momentum equations in control and sensitivity simulations indicates that the change of the perturbation pressure gradient force with the SST gradient is the most important factor in the modification of near-surface winds with SST variations. When the air flows across a tidal front, the air cools over the low SST area and warms over the high SST area. Consequently, the surface perturbation pressure increases over the low SST area and decreases over the high SST area. This adjustment in surface perturbation pressure produces an additional pressure gradient force with direction from the low SST area to the high SST area that decelerates the surface wind in the area upwind of the tidal front and accelerates the surface wind downwind of the tidal front.     

一次层积云发展过程对黑潮延伸体海洋锋强迫的响应研究——观测与机制分析

由于缺乏海上现场观测,对天气尺度扰动下,海表面温度锋 (海洋锋) 对海洋大气边界层 (MABL) 垂直结构和MABL内海洋性低云 (marine stratus) 的影响研究较少。2014年4月12日,中国海洋大学东方红2号科学考察船在黑潮延伸体海区的海洋锋附近捕捉到一次层积云的迅速发展。在比较稳定的天气形势下,由暖水侧向北穿越海洋锋时,云底和云顶高度升高,云区范围迅速扩大。本文利用多种大气-海洋联合观测数据,结合卫星观测和再分析资料,对此次层积云迅速发展的机理进行了综合分析。结果表明,在海上低压后部西北风控制下,在海洋锋的暖水侧 (下风方) 形成热通量大值中心和低压槽,有助于高空西风动量下传,进而又使得海气界面热通量增加,这种正反馈效应为MABL内混合层厚度加大和云底/顶高度在海洋锋的下风方升高提供有利背景条件。4月12日09:00~12:00(协调世界时),来自日本本州岛陆地的低空暖平流到达该热通量中心上空,暖平流与热通量中心的共同作用,导致该时段近海面暖中心强度异常增加,MABL中静力不稳定层加深和低压槽发展,综合作用的结果使得混合层厚度明显加深,云底高度升高,云区迅速发展。本研究有助于理解在复杂大气背景扰动下MABL对海洋强迫的响应机理。     

渤海湾海风锋雷达回波特征分析

应用天津新一代天气雷达和相应的自动气象站资料,统计分析雷达监测到的4次渤海湾海风锋的特点,并研究渤海湾海风锋与强对流天气形成、发展和消散过程演变特征。结果表明:渤海湾海风锋在低仰角(O．5°或1．5°)基本反射率产品中表现为平行于渤海湾的窄带弱回波,强度一般仅维持在15～25dBz,长度约为100～300km,宽度随着季节、天气背景场的变化而变化;并且移动速度非常缓慢,基本维持在10～15km·h~(-1)。低仰角(O．5°或1．5°)的基本速度产品上,海风锋几乎呈准静止的零速度窄带回波。当海风锋与弱冷锋相遇时,相遇交叉处能够产生强对流天气;而单一海风锋不能产生强对流天气,仅能改变气温和风向等气象要素特征。     

阵风锋的雷达探测和研究

本文应用北京地区和美国Oklahoma地区天气雷达观测资料比较了两类阵风锋。快速运动的阵风锋常与猛烈发展的强风暴相伴随，它的出现，风暴将持续猛烈地发展。运动缓慢近于静止的阵风锋则常出现在风暴的减弱阶段，它的出现加速了风暴的消亡。阵风锋的形成与风暴中的下沉气流有关，两类不同的阵风锋反映了下沉气流与环境的不同作用。文中还对阵风锋形成雷达回波的原因进行了探索，认为阵风锋锋区的湍流对电磁波的散射是形成雷达回波的可能机制。应用多普勒天气雷达和高塔的探测资料，对阵风锋回波的强度进行了理论估算，估算值与雷达实测值比较一致。     

Gust Front Statistical Characteristics and Automatic Identification Algorithm for CINRAD

Gust front is a kind of meso-and micro-scale weather phenomenon that often causes serious ground wind and wind shear. This paper presents an automatic gust front identification algorithm. Totally 879 radar volume-scan samples selected from 21 gust front weather processes that occurred in China between 2009 and 2012 are examined and analyzed. Gust front echo statistical features in reflectivity, velocity, and spectrum width fields are obtained. Based on these features, an algorithm is designed to recognize gust fronts and generate output products and quantitative indices. Then, 315 samples are used to verify the algorithm and 3 typical cases are analyzed. Major conclusions include： 1） for narrow band echoes intensity is between 5 and 30 dBZ, widths are between 2 and 10 km, maximum heights are less than 4 km （89.33%are lower than 3 km）, and the lengths are between 50 and 200 km. The narrow-band echo is higher than its surrounding echo. 2） Gust fronts present a convergence line or a wind shear in the velocity field;the frontal wind speed gradually decreases when the distance increases radially outward. Spectral widths of gust fronts are large, with 87.09% exceeding 4 m s-1 . 3） Using 315 gust front volume-scan samples to test the algorithm reveals that the algorithm is highly stable and has successfully recognized 277 samples. The algorithm also works for small-scale or weak gust fronts. 4） Radar data quality has certain impact on the algorithm.     

Effects of Sea-Surface Waves and Ocean Spray on Air-Sea Momentum Fluxes

The effects of sea-surface waves and ocean spray on the marine atmospheric boundary layer(MABL) at different wind speeds and wave ages were investigated. An MABL model was developed that introduces a wave-induced component and spray force to the total surface stress. The theoretical model solution was determined assuming the eddy viscosity coefficient varied linearly with height above the sea surface. The wave-induced component was evaluated using a directional wave spectrum and growth rate. Spray force was described using interactions between ocean-spray droplets and wind-velocity shear. Wind profiles and sea-surface drag coefficients were calculated for low to high wind speeds for wind-generated sea at different wave ages to examine surface-wave and ocean-spray effects on MABL momentum distribution. The theoretical solutions were compared with model solutions neglecting wave-induced stress and/or spray stress. Surface waves strongly affected near-surface wind profiles and sea-surface drag coefficients at low to moderate wind speeds. Drag coefficients and near-surface wind speeds were lower for young than for old waves. At high wind speeds, ocean-spray droplets produced by wind-tearing breaking-wave crests affected the MABL strongly in comparison with surface waves, implying that wave age affects the MABL only negligibly. Low drag coefficients at high wind caused by ocean-spray production increased turbulent stress in the sea-spray generation layer, accelerating near-sea-surface wind. Comparing the analytical drag coefficient values with laboratory measurements and field observations indicated that surface waves and ocean spray significantly affect the MABL at different wind speeds and wave ages.     

上海地区移动型雷暴阵风锋特征统计分析

文章利用常规天气资料、双多普勒雷达资料、GFS 3 km分辨率分析场资料以及地面自动站资料等,统计分析了上海地区2009-2014年共18次移动型雷暴产生的阵风锋的个例,包括天气背景、温湿环境特征以及阵风锋在雷达图上的特征等。根据阵风锋生成的时段以及与其母体雷暴的相互作用和影响,将移动型雷暴产生的阵风锋分为两类:(1)一类出现在雷暴发展、成熟阶段,阵风锋通常与雷暴保持一定的距离同向运动,出现阵风锋的雷暴主体通常伴有高悬的后侧人流急流,生命史长达2h以上;(2)另一类出现在雷暴的减弱消亡阶段,出现后即逐渐远离雷暴,出现阵风锋的雷暴主体通常伴有从雷暴系统后侧倾斜向下正好到达雷暴前侧阵风锋处的后侧人流急流。阵风锋出现后,逐渐远离雷暴运动,大部分阵风锋(12个个例)出现在雷暴移动方向的前侧,与雷暴移动同向,少数阵风锋(4个个例)出现在雷暴移动方向的异侧,与雷暴移动不同向。统计分析结果表明:第一类阵风锋一方面与雷暴同向移动,不断将其前侧低层的暖湿空气抬升,并沿着阵风锋输送到雷暴中去;另一方面,由于较强的垂直风切变和较强的对流有效位能对后侧人流急流高度的维持起到了关键作用,高悬的后侧人流急流和垂直风切变共同产生的正涡度和冷池产生的负涡度平衡,有利于维持雷暴的发展传播。因此,阵风锋后侧的雷暴持续稳定的发展,并在其后侧可观测到雷暴的新生。第二类阵风锋生成后即逐渐远离雷暴主体,仅以孤立波的形式传播,受经过的环境的影响,其后侧的干冷气流的性质逐渐减弱。与雷暴同向运动的阵风锋切断了暖湿气流向雷暴的输送,不利于雷暴的发展;同时在弱-中等切变和弱-中等对流有效位能的环境中,从雷暴后侧向前侧倾斜向下的后侧人流急流和冷池共同产生的负涡度强于垂直风切变产生的正涡度,强冷池前沿的上升气流向后倾斜,不利于新对流单体的发展,雷暴大都在阵风锋出现2h内消亡。     

阵风锋自动识别算法的试验研究

利用江苏省6部S波段全相参多普勒天气雷达测得的2007-2011年28个阵风锋观测实例,检验多普勒天气雷达的阵风锋自动识别算法的效果。该算法主要包括熵函数模板的反射率强度边界识别、风切变算法,并综合依据径向速度及谱宽进行阵风锋识别。在阵风锋的识别中,多普勒速度的径向切变有利于判别雷达波束垂直于阵风锋边界的辐合,旋转切变可更好地显示平行于波束的阵风锋边界。在参与检测的28个个例中,成功检测出的有13个;因雷达资料质量影响,7个个例检测出部分阵风锋;8个个例未检测到阵风锋。经过检验,该算法的识别效果较好,但仍存在一些不足,需要进一步完善雷达资料的质量控制,和对低层弱切变特征的提取研究。     

The Impact Of Air-Flow Separation On The Drag Of The Sea Surface

An approach that allows assessment ofthe impact of air-flow separation (AFS) fromwave breaking fronts on the sea-surface drag is presented. Wave breaking fronts are modelled by the discontinuities of the sea-surface slope. It is assumedthat the dynamics of the AFS from wave breaking crests is similar to thatfrom the backward facing step. The form drag supported by an individualbreaker is described by the action of the pressure drop distributed alongthe forward face of the breaking front. The total stress due to the AFS isobtained as a sum of contributions from breaking fronts of different scales.Outside the breaking fronts the drag of the sea surface is supported by theviscous surface stress and the wave-induced stress. To calculate the stressdue to the AFS and the wave-induced stress a physical model of the wind-wavespectrum is used. Together with the model of the air flow described in termsof surface stresses it forms a self-consistent dynamical system for the seasurface-atmosphere where the air flow and wind waves are strongly coupled.Model calculations of the drag coefficient agree with measurements. It is shownthat the dimensionless Charnock parameter (roughness length normalized onthe square of the friction velocity and the acceleration of gravity)increases with the increase of the wind speed in agreement with fieldmeasurements. The stress due to the AFS normalized on the square of thefriction velocity is proportional to the cube of wind speed. At low windsthe viscous surface stress dominates the drag. The role of the form drag,which is the sum of the stress due to the AFS and the wave-induced stress, isnegligible. At moderate and high winds the form drag dominates. At windspeeds higher than 10 m s^-1 the stress supported by the AFS becomescomparable to the wave-induced stress and supports up to 50% of the totalstress.     

南京地区初夏一次阵风锋过程的分析与识别

阵风锋过程一般伴随中尺度强对流系统发生, 在近地层形成很大的阵风及风切变, 容易造成风灾, 特别是对航空部门有很大的影响。本文对2006年6月29日发生在南京的一次由强中尺度对流系统引发的阵风锋过程进行分析, 通过多普勒天气雷达资料以及地面中尺度观测网观测到的实况, 可以清楚地看出这个阵风锋系统的结构。当阵风锋经过时, 地面测站观测到明显的风向变化、 风速增大、 气压增强、 温度下降, 而后出现强降水等特点, 这些都符合阵风锋的结构特征。利用地面测站实时观测到的气压、 相对湿度、 温度等计算得到折射指数, 它在阵风锋刚经过时迅速增大, 而后随阵风锋外移逐渐减小, 但是因为阵风锋后对流系统的影响, 折射指数还要维持很长时间的高值。从雷达观测的反射率强度上能看到阵风锋位置的回波强度、 高度都比两侧要大, 与后方强对流系统之间的距离有5～10 km。对雷达观测到的径向速度进行反演, 可看到上层的速度大于近地层速度, 并且强速度中心靠前, 在近地层形成向后的气流(回流)。阵风锋在多普勒速度场中表现出明显的线状组合切变, 利用阵风锋的这个特点设计自动识别算法, 能够有效地对阵风锋进行识别, 组合切变也能有效地对阵风锋的发展以及移动作预报。     

Relations of lower atmosphere wind dynamics to synoptic conditions and weather phenomena

Nonperiodic vertical and temporal variations in wind direction in the lower 500-meter air layer related to synoptic conditions are studied using the long-term data of acoustic remote sensing by the MODOS sodar at Moscow State University. Average values of wind shear to the right (clockwise) with time as a result of the passage of atmospheric fronts are 55° for cold fronts, 40° for warm fronts, and 45° for occlusion fronts. In some cases the clockwise wind shear may reach 180° per 30 minutes and 720° per several hours. The wind shear to the left with time is usually observed if the northern periphery of anticyclones or the ridge axis pass by. It takes more time than the clockwise wind shear does. Dramatic variations in wind direction with height including synchronous opposite air flows at different heights are observed in the zones of fronts, axes of ridges and troughs (if they are inclined), and cols. The vertical wind shear may reach 250° in the lower 300-meter air layer. Thunderstorms in Moscow are usually accompanied by the average wind speed increase by 1 m/s during 30-40 minutes after their beginning.     

“威马逊”台前飑线环境场及多普勒雷达回波特征

利用常规观测资料、多普勒天气雷达资料、地面自动站加密资料、NCEP 1°×1°的再分析资料等对2014年7月18日发生在湘赣地区一次台前飑线过程的环境条件及多普勒天气雷达特征进行研究。结果表明:台前飑线产生前,对流层低层较好的水汽条件、条件不稳定层结以及两者结合形成的高CAPE值均为其发生发展提供了良好的条件;台风倒槽是此次台前飑线过程主要影响系统,露点锋、地面辐合线为其提供了抬升触发和维持加强机制;台前飑线西移北上的过程中出现"弓形"回波、中层径向辐合(MARC)、速度大值区、阵风锋。本次台前飑线和以往研究的西风带飑线存在以下差异:本次飑线低层垂直风切变主要是以风速差为主;中高层的冷空气侵入并不明显;在成熟阶段,气压场上也没有明显的雷暴高压,但有明显正变压;本次飑线过程是发生在暖湿的环境条件下,后侧入流为相对湿度较大的东南急流,雨水蒸发并没有西风带飑线强烈;雷达速度图上虽有MARC特征但最大正负速度差值并不是很大(15~27 m/s)。上述特征可能是该台前飑线过境湖南过程中没有造成极端大风的主要原因之一。     

一次冷锋大暴雨过程的多普勒雷达观测分析

2003年6月22—23日受冷锋和低空急流影响, 湖北省东部地区出现了一次区域性大暴雨过程。用每6 min一次的武汉多普勒雷达资料, 详细分析了冷锋和低空急流天气系统在多普勒雷达径向速度PPI、速度垂直剖面VCS和速度谱宽产品上的主要特征和演变特点。结果表明:PPI上冷锋对应一条径向速度辐合线, 由于多普勒雷达所测的是径向速度, 辐合线在向雷达站移动过程中出现逐渐“变短”的现象。因在冷锋附近低层的风垂直切变相对较大, 多普勒雷达所测的速度谱宽很大, 这一特征对确定冷锋的位置很有帮助。中尺度低空急流在PPI速度图上表现为有较大径向速度切向梯度的大风核, 且距离雷达站越远这一特征越明显。在上述分析基础上, 还结合地面逐时雨量资料等分析讨论了产生暴雨中尺度对流系统的传播与冷锋和低空急流的关系。     

1998梅雨锋的结构特征及形成与维持

应用1998年6月中旬的分析资料, 对1998年6月16~17日暴雨时段的梅雨锋结构及梅雨锋的形成与维持进行了诊断分析, 确认了暴雨发生时期梅雨锋结构的一些普遍特征, 如在对流层低层表现为θ_se锋而不是温度的强烈对比, 梅雨锋区是一个低层正涡度带以及风和水汽的辐合带等。同时揭示了1998年6月暴雨时期梅雨锋结构的典型特征:锋区从近地面可伸展到600 hPa层 (一般认为梅雨锋只存在于800 hPa以下), 近乎垂直、略向北倾; 锋区900 hPa以下是一个大气弱对流不稳定区, 向上气层变为潮湿中性直至400 hPa, 等θ_se线基本上呈垂直分布; 锋区斜压性相当弱等。研究表明, 出现强降水时的梅雨锋结构已经变性或者说它是介于温带锋面结构和ITCZ结构之间的副热带锋系结构。分析还认为, 在强盛的南海季风涌和频繁的西风带扰动组配的大尺度有利背景形势下, 低层空气的水平运动和地转偏差风对1998梅雨锋的形成和维持有明显的正贡献。     

我国东部海洋温度锋区对大气的强迫作用——季节变化

采用一系列高分辨率的卫星资料研究了我国东部海区的海洋温度锋对局地大气的强迫作用及其季节变化。分析表明, 当春季海洋锋增强时, 海温与海表面风速之间存在明显的正相关关系, 并且在海洋锋的暖 (冷) 侧形成海表风的辐合 (辐散), 表现为海洋对大气的强迫作用。海温对表面风场的影响程度与海洋锋的强度成正比, 春季影响程度最大, 夏、秋季最小。海洋锋对其附近的总降水、对流、层云降水均有影响, 尤其在春季海洋锋暖侧的降水强度增大, 对流降水的频次增多, "雨顶" 高度也有明显的抬升。暖流对大气的影响不仅局限在边界层, 其影响可达整个对流层。另外, 分析发现对流降水对海温的响应比层云降水更加敏感。研究还表明, 暖流上空高、低云呈现相反的年循环特点, 冬季多0.5~2 km的边界层云, 夏季多云底在10 km以上的高云。深对流云集中出现在3~6月, 从冬季到初夏, 30%以上的云量中心抬高了接近8 km。春季和初夏在海洋锋的暖侧频繁地出现深对流活动。     

渤海北部东岸海风锋活动及其触发对流特征分析

利用常规观测、雷达、卫星及加密自动气象站等资料,对2015年、2018年和2019年渤海北部东岸海风锋活动及其触发的对流特征进行统计分析.结果表明:不同年份渤海北部东岸海风锋活动的差异较大,海风锋主要出现在6—8月,其中7月最多;海风锋可分为沿山型、北部沿海型和混合型3种,其中沿山型占比70％以上,海风锋东移到达沿山地...     

利用雷达回波自动识别锋线的方法

运用Matlab软件对冷锋过境的多普勒雷达径向速度进行模拟,运用合成切变估算方法,采用多普勒雷达获取的速度基数据资料,探讨了自动识别锋线的判据,并以动态链接库的方式进行了多普勒雷达锋线自动识别模块的工程设计。对2002年5月13日湖南省入汛后首场大范围暴雨过程进行自动识别处理,对比模拟结果表明该模块对此次过程中的锋线有较好的识别能力。     

三次雷暴导致的阵风锋过程分析

利用多普勒天气雷达资料和自动站资料对2012年5月16日江苏、6月9日京津冀地区以及7月10日河北的三次阵风锋过程进行综合分析。结果表明：持续下沉的冷空气形成雷暴高压是阵风锋产生的直接原因。雷暴高压形成过程中,一方面,下沉气流在较小区域内迅速堆积形成雷暴高压,另一方面,新旧单体不断更替,风暴内稳定的下沉气流使雷暴高压发展。雷暴高压内强辐散气流与环境空气形成阵风锋。随着雷暴高压的移动和增强,阵风锋向前移动和增强,当雷暴高压减弱,阵风锋也逐渐消亡。温度梯度与气压梯度越大,瞬时大风越强,阵风锋也越强。阵风锋产生的瞬时大风与窄带回波的强度值不一定成正比。中层径向辐合对阵风锋产生有提前预示作用,提前量为半小时左右,辐合持续时间越长,阵风锋生命史越长。     

Observations of atmospheric boundary layer evolution above the Gulf Stream frontal zone

Ship borne measurements of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) parameters, sea-surface temperature and radar signals are analyzed to reveal the effects of the ABL transformation above the Gulf Stream temperature frontal zone. It was found that local changes in vertical gradients of wind speed and air temperature are well correlated with sub-mesoscale (~ 10 km) sea surface temperature variations. These effects are accompanied by appropriate variations in surface wind stresses that were identified from microwave backscatter.For steady atmospheric conditions the same effects were observed on spatial scales of 100 km, demonstrating positive radar signal contrast of the Gulf Stream warm waters with respect to surrounding Sargasso sea and shelf water areas. A simplified model of the ABL, accounting for an effect of spatial inhomogeneity by introducing an internal boundary layer, is used to analyze field observations. The model is able to reproduce both sub-mesoscale and mesoscale ABL evolution.