基于往返式平漂探空的FY-3D卫星反演温度检验

往返式平漂探空观测（以下简称平漂探空）可实现对流层至平流层低层大气温度廓线垂直探测以及平流层低层内持续4 h的水平温度分布探测。该文介绍利用平漂探空试验数据对风云3号气象卫星D星（FY-3D）反演温度数据的检验评估算法,基于该算法和2021年3—9月长江中下游平漂探空试验数据完成对卫星反演大气温度数据的检验。结果显示:FY-3D卫星反演的温度数据准确度总体较高,与平漂探空上升段数据平均绝对偏差约为1.34℃,与下降段数据平均绝对偏差约为1.93℃;卫星反演的100 hPa以上和850 hPa以下温度误差分别偏大0.59℃和0.33℃;卫星反演平流层温度准确度低于温度廓线,平均绝对偏差约为3.92℃;与平漂探空数据相比,卫星大气温度廓线分辨率较低、趋势较平滑,无法显示大气温度垂直分布和平流层温度水平分布的细节特征。     

对流层平流层往返式平漂探空气球系统的动力热力过程理论分析与数值试验

往返式平漂探空观测是我国正在研究实施的一种新型探空观测方式,可有效提高观测效率和经济效益,对克服常规探空观测缺陷、改善数值预报质量具有重要的意义。本文针对平漂探空上升和平漂阶段的热力、动力过程特点及其主要影响因子,构建了平漂探空系统的热动力理论模型,并结合实际观测试验进一步分析验证了理论模型的可靠性。研究结果对往返平漂式探空系统的设计和完善具有重要的理论支撑和实用价值。     

Results on planetary boundary layer sounding by automatic rass

A radio acoustic sounding system (RASS), operating at an acoustic frequency ƒ 360 Hz, proved to be capable of measuring the vertical temperature profile in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) with an accuracy and vertical resolution comparable to those of traditional apparatus (radiothermosondes borne by tethered or disposable balloons, thermosondes borne by aircraft and so on, yet combined with the advantages typical of remote sensing techniques.Since summer 1983 the system has been running in a completely automatic way by means of a microprocessor and can provide the average thermal profile at preset time intervals (typically 0.5 h). (Previously, the acoustic sounding frequency affording the fundamental condition of Bragg resonance between acoustic and radio wavelengths had to be identified by an operator).The maximum range of measurement has been 1000 m in 50% of cases. Temperature measurements are reliable from an altitude of a few tens of meters.Results for different thermodynamic stability conditions, together with good performances achieved in adverse atmospheric conditions such as strong wind, snow, rain, etc., are presented here.Such results indicate the usefulness of the automatic RASS as a tool for meteorological purposes and for the application of air pollution control strategies.Maximum sounding range attained for different areas of the acoustic antenna is also analysed in order to evaluate the performance of an automatic mobile RASS.     

Application of sodar sounding to atmospheric dispersion—Mixing depth and concentration at the ground

It is the intent of this paper to illustrate how to apply acoustic radar data on the variation of mixing depth in the study of atmospheric dispersion. The box model, as an example of the routine usage of acoustic sounding, has been modified. A case of the development of the structure of mixed layer, resulting from some synoptic process is discussed and the results show that the ordinary model calculations regarding atmospheric dispersion will mislead the assessment of air quality if no remote techniques, such as the acoustic radar, are associated with.     

L波段秒级探空资料在GRAPES同化系统中的应用研究

我国探空站的探空系统升级为L波段探空系统后,可以获取全国120个站点连续自动测定的高空温、压、湿、风等高垂直分辨率秒级和分钟级探空廓线数据。为了分析高垂直分辨率探空秒级资料水平和垂直结构特征,并将其应用于区域GRAPES-3DVAR变分同化预报系统中,文章比较秒/分钟级探空与传统探空资料使用对资料同化预报带来的影响。试验中使用2011年6—7月资料进行分析,结果发现:秒级探空资料具有水平分布均匀,垂直结构非常密集的特点;在850、500 hPa等层次上高度分析比传统探空分析更接近NCEP分析,显示出对分析场的改进效果;同时风场在200 hPa以上的高层分析中改进显著,表现出高分辨率资料使用在高层分析中对系统模拟更加准确的特征。由于模式预报初值的改进,降水预报评分有所提高,预报偏差明显变小。因此高垂直分辨率秒级探空资料的使用对数值模式分析初值及预报的改进有着积极的意义,这为进一步开发利用秒级探空资料打下基础。     

The remote sensing of wind velocity in the lower troposphere using an acoustic sounder

Acoustic sounding is a remote sensing technique which may be employed not only for the study of the structure of the lower troposphere, but also for the measurement of wind velocity using turbulent scattering regions as tracers or natural targets. Principles involved in the use of both angle of arrival and Doppler techniques for such wind measurements are summarized. Experimental results, which are presented for thermal plumes, structure associated with airflow over hills and a turbulent region of the radiation inversion, illustrate the potential of the acoustic sounding technique for research into boundary-layer meteorology.     

TK-2GPS人影探空火箭与L波段探空数据差异性分析

开展TK-2GPS人影探空火箭探测数据的分析检验,对于了解试验仪器的适用性和数据可靠性及其在人影中的应用前景非常重要.利用TK-2GPS人影探空火箭和L波段探空资料,采用平均偏差、均方根误差和相关系数等分析方法,对两种探空的温度、相对湿度、风向及风速等要素的差异性和变化特征进行了对比分析,并对可能造成差异的原因进行了探...     

基于风廓线雷达的湖北梅雨期暴雨中小尺度特征

针对2016年湖北梅雨期3次(“6·19”、“7·5”和“7·19”)暴雨过程,首先对比了汉口站探空数据与汉口、咸宁两个风廓线雷达站水平风速、风向,发现“6·19”和“7·5”过程汉口风廓线雷达站3 km以下水平风速和探空数据较为接近,而3次过程中咸宁风廓线雷达站8 km以下水平风向、风速和汉口站探空数据基本吻合。在此基础上利用风廓线雷达资料并结合常规、加密自动气象站资料,对3次过程中水平风场、平均垂直速度及其变率、水平风速垂直切变、大气折射率结构常数(C■)等进行分析。结果表明：(1)降水开始前西南风速明显增大,中层干冷空气入侵和地面冷池形成的中尺度偏东气流是“6·19”过程50站出现大于等于17.2 m·s^-1大风的主要原因,“7·5”和“7·19”过程西南急流长时间维持及1 km以下的偏东气流则是短时强降水持续时间较长的诱因;(2)梅雨期暴雨期间风廓线雷达观测的水平风速垂直切变、平均垂直速度及其变率随高度变化较小,较强上升运动区域主要集中在4 km高度以下;(3)C■显示强降水发生前大气水汽含量有一增加过程,且整层水汽含量深厚,C■大值区的消失对应降水结束。     

河南省飞机人工增雨试验方案设计

借鉴国内外已有的探测和分析研究成果，结合国内人工增雨飞机的性能，着重介绍在催化作业和探测时，开展等半径盘旋上升（或下降）垂直观测，和在特定高度上进行水平观测的方案设计及其资料收集、处理、存档的流程。为开展人工增雨作业、观测提供科学依据。     

Long-range propagation and scattering of low-frequency sound pulses in the middle atmosphere

Summary A short historical review and an analysis of the current status of both theoretical and experimental studies of long-range sound propagation in the atmosphere are given. Basic results are given on the atmospheric fine-layered structure that significantly affects the infrasonic pulse propagation and scattering in the lower and middle atmosphere. The effect of time variations (seasonal changes, tides, and both planetary and internal gravity waves) in the effective acoustic speed profile on the characteristics of infrasonic signals from different pulsed sources is discussed. The results of the studies of partial reflection (scattering) of low-frequency acoustic pulses from the fine-layered inhomogeneities of the middle atmosphere are presented. The results of the corresponding theoretical studies are also given. The potentialities of the method of long-range acoustic sounding of large-scale anisotropic turbulence in the middle atmosphere are discussed. The problems of infrasonic monitoring of nuclear low-energy explosions are also considered.     

探空气球漂移及其对数值预报影响的研究

为了考察探空资料随高度的漂移对高分辨率数值预报模式的影响, 充分发掘探空资料的应用价值, 根据探空资料的探测原理, 设计定位方案, 计算出了各气压层上探空气球所处的实际位置。对位置订正前后的资料分别用3D-VAR系统进行同化, 将同化结果作为WRF模式的初始场进行数值预报并对预报效果进行对比分析。结果表明:探空气球在施放过程中的漂移距离远远超过目前数值模式可取的水平分辨率; 所设计的探空气球定位方案对水平分辨率为10 km ×10 km的数值预报模式基本是可用的; 总的来讲, 位置订正对分析增量场的改变与原分析增量场相比小一个量级。模式预报结果显示, 探空资料的定位使降水预报效果得到了改善。研究表明, 将各气压层上探空资料订正到实际位置对高分辨率数值预报模式的预报效果有一定程度的正面影响, 但仍需要更多的个例来验证。     

An assessment of radiosonde launch conditions affected by the surface wind

Carried out is an analysis of radiosonde launch conditions affected by the horizontal surface wind. Mathematically stated is a condition of successful launch agreed qualitatively with the known practical methods and upper-air sounding techniques. This condition is defined by several main factors taking account of the clamping force impact on the balloon, adaptation of the balloon speed to the wind speed, and approaching of the instrumental box of radiosonde to the surface immediately after the launch due to the deviation of the harness string from the vertical. The results obtained provide a theoretical basis for analyzing the launch parameters in order to increase the reliability of upper-air sounding and to develop the ways of its successful use under conditions of strong winds.     

基于西南涡加密探空资料同化的一次奇异路径耦合低涡大暴雨数值模拟研究

利用WRF模式及WRFDA同化系统,引入业务探空资料和西南涡加密探空资料,对一次四川盆地奇异路径低涡耦合大暴雨过程进行了数值试验,对比检验不同同化试验对本次过程降水和低涡移动路径的模拟能力,分析了加密探空资料同化对西南涡结构及其降水演变的影响。结果表明:在同化业务探空资料的基础上,引入西南涡加密探空资料能改善模式对本次降水和低涡移动路径的模拟,而仅同化业务探空资料对模拟结果的改善作用有限;引入西南涡加密探空资料,一方面能在初始风场上产生气旋式扰动,增加初始高原涡和西南涡的强度,另一方面通过调整初始四川盆地上空大气温、湿度结构,使模式在积分初期就能产生出实况量级的降水;西南涡加密探空资料的同化试验揭示了仅靠高层的高位涡不足以激发和维持700 hPa的西南涡,需要通过低层水平辐合引起正涡度增加并向上输送来增强700 hPa的气旋式环流,进而促进西南涡的移动和发展,而模拟初期降水的潜热释放也起重要作用,加深了对西南涡及其降水成因的认识。      

Evaluation of atmospheric boundary layer characteristics simulated by the regional model

Carried out is the comparison of the temporal courses of temperature and wind speed at different levels as well as of the wind and temperature profiles in the atmospheric boundary layer obtained from the WRF regional model forecasts and using the upper-air in situ and remote measurements in Moscow region. The errors in temperature and wind speed forecasts at different levels are computed as well as the statistical estimates of the forecast of temperature inversions, atmospheric stratification types, and monthly mean wind speed profiles on the basis of model forecasts and acoustic sounding.     

Temperature stratification of the lower atmosphere over Moscow

Features of diurnal and annual cycles and of seasonal changes of temperature stratification in the lower 800-m air layer over Moscow are discussed on the basis of analysis of long-term data of acoustic (sodar) observations at Moscow State University (MSU). Of about 34 000 separate hours of height-time sweep of echo signal during 1988–2003, refined estimates are presented of occurrence frequencies of surface and elevated inversions, unstable stratification, etc., in Moscow. On the basis of long series of hourly sodar data and surface weather observations at MSU, special features of temperature stratification are considered under extremely low and high values of air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity. A review is presented of existing data on temperature stratification in central Russia for the whole period of aerological observations; results of acoustic sounding are compared against the data obtained using other techniques.     

AMDAR资料的风温信息在机场终端区强对流天气分析中的应用

强对流天气引起风矢量和温度等气象要素突变,影响飞机正常起降和飞行。高时空分辨率的飞机气象资料中继AMDAR(Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay)是天气预报重要的资料源之一,可为机场终端区的强对流天气短临预报提供高时间密度的垂直探测信息。通过白云机场终端区的AMDAR资料,提取三维风矢和温度廓线,制作了风切变和湍流的预警分析图。以2011年4月17日一次广东省的强对流天气过程为例,将AMDAR资料结合雷达、卫星、探空等多源资料进行了分析。研究表明,在AMDAR资料的风矢-时间高度剖面上形成三维预警指示,对机场的强对流预报有指导意义;当1 km以下发生强风切变,对飞机起降威胁严重,AMDAR资料水平风的垂直分布印证了多普勒天气雷达强辐散区的回波特征;高时空分辨率的AMDAR风速和温度扰动,可揭示大气中的风切变及湍流运动。AMDAR资料为保障飞机的安全起降提供了一种实时、密集的垂直观测信息,有助于研发临近预报预警产品,弥补探空资料的不足。     

积云团对大气层结影响的模拟研究

文中设计了一个二维完全弹性的积云团数值模式 .模式中考虑了水平均一和时间定常的大尺度抬升速度的影响 .大度抬升速度只对热力学方程和水汽守恒方程有影响 .积云团的启动方式采用冷池和随机扰动相结合的方法 .文中对一个给定温湿层结和大尺度抬升速度情况下 ,就不同扰动结构、水平环境切变、模式区域大小和冷池强度等进行了 1 1个模拟试验 .结果表明 ,在不同扰动结构、是否有水平环境风切变、模式区域不同以及不同云型谱时 ,给定温湿层结和大尺度抬升速度下的积云团活动使得温湿层结向着同一温湿层结调整 .这说明大气由于积云团活动达到准平衡状态 ,这个准平衡状态主要依赖于初始温湿层结和大尺度抬升速度 .这与 Betts积云参数化方案的假设相一致 .     

风廓线雷达资料在暴雨天气过程特征分析中的应用

为了研究风廓线雷达在暴雨天气过程预报中的作用,对2008年6月1日至6月2日云南大理发生的一次暴雨过程进行研究。结果表明,降水前三维风的脉动变化较大,水平风在垂直方向上存在风速切变,最大探测高度明显升高;降水期间可以对降水性质进行判断;降水期间功率谱密度出现双峰谱,能测出垂直气流速度及下降粒子速度,通过这样的分析,便于开展更深层次的降水物理过程研究。     

三维静力适应过程中声重力波的特性和能量转换研究

为了研究三维静力适应过程的机理,推导三维静力适应方程组并导出声重力波的频散特征、解析解和能量转换关系以及位涡方程。结果表明,三维静力适应过程实际上就是三维声重力波和重力内波的频散过程,声重力波和重力内波的频率在水平方向上可以区分开来。声重力波的频率随着水平波数和垂直波数的增大而增大。取近轴近似,其解析解在空间上呈螺旋曲面,为大气中热通量和动量从一个区域向另一个区域的输送提供了一种机制,从而为研究大气提供了新的视角。垂直速度在动能与有效势能的转换、有效势能与有效弹性势能的转换中发挥着重要的作用,并且只发生在垂直方向上。在静力适应过程中总能量和位涡是守恒的。适应终态中有效势能比有效弹性势能大一个数量级。      

一次深冬冰雹天气过程的成因分析

2002年12月18～19日,厦门市出现了1次连续性冰雹过程,在历史上实属罕见.以厦门探空资料分析为主,结合形势分析,对其成因进行了初步探讨.结果发现,此次冰雹天气过程发生的主要外部条件,是大尺度的温度、气压、流场的水平结构与垂直配置所形成的湿斜压不稳定形势;主要的内在条件,是雹区上空气层有“上干冷、下温湿“的不稳定层结和强盛的风速垂直切变的形成与维持.