基于改进GSI体系确定三峡地下厂房围岩等效变形模量及强度

基于地质强度指标GSI体系和Hoek-Brown强度准则, 研究岩体强度及变形模量时没有考虑到结构面产状对工程岩体参数的影响.结合三峡工程地下厂房, 根据围岩开挖面与结构面分布的空间位置关系, 确定了结构面分布对围岩结构等级SR的影响系数, 改进了GSI体系中围岩SR的统计方法, 确定了围岩的等效变形模量和强度参数.研究表明, 改进后的GSI体系求解的围岩弹性区等效弹性模量、扰动区等效变形模量和粘聚力分别减小了约15%、8%和28%的误差.      

裂隙岩体水力等效连续介质中物理量的讨论

基于力学基本原理和等效原则．总结了裂隙岩体水力等效连续介质中一些物理量的定义。其中，从力的运动效果和对应应力状态性质两方面讨论了渗透作用力，证明了水力等效连续介质中渗透作用力运动效果等效的必然性和对应应力状态性质的一致性。     

考虑表面形貌特征的岩体结构面蠕变特性

工程岩体开挖会遇到各种复杂应力条件,岩体在荷载作用下随时间会产生流变现象,这种“累进性破坏”导致工程岩体常出现滑坡、塌方、大变形和支护困难等问题.为解释天然岩体结构面的流变现象,以天然红砂岩结构面为研究对象,基于结构面三维形貌扫描试验、结构面分级加载剪切蠕变试验,对天然岩体结构面的剪切蠕变特性进行系统研究.研究发现,岩体结构面蠕变变形量与蠕变应力和结构面三维形貌特征指标正相关;岩体结构面蠕变曲线可分为3个阶段,即过渡蠕变、稳态蠕变和加速蠕变阶段,当法向应力一定时,结构面三维形貌特征指标越大,发生的蠕变破坏越剧烈;基于结构面剪切蠕变曲线与剪切蠕变速率曲线特征,建立了参数物理意义明确的岩体结构面剪切蠕变经验模型.     

工程岩体结构面间距空间分布的ARIMA模型及应用

结构面间距是反映结构面分布特征的重要指标之一,也是工程岩体质量级别划分的重要指标之一。与传统的结构面间距定义不同,本文认为只需按组测量结构面之间的间距同样可以分析结构面分布特征,并给出了结构面类型的4类划分法,依此建立结构面序列,利用时间序列的自回归滑动平均模型建立节理间距的AR IMA模型,提出了间距序列建模和模型检验方法,并以实例印证了AR IMA模型表示间距序列是合适的。     

基于改进遗传算法的岩体结构面幂函数模型参数辨识

沿结构面的剪切滑移是工程岩体主要的破坏模式之一,选择恰当的岩体结构面本构模型是分析岩体结构面破坏的重要一环。当前常用的结构面本构模型有指数型模型、曲线型模型和幂函数型模型,其模型参数都是根据工程实际经验或室内试验所得,不能很好的模拟实际变形情况。指数型模型得出的模拟值偏大,曲线型模型得出的模拟值偏小,幂函数型模型在较低的法向应力下能较好的模拟剪切变形过程,但在较高的法向应力下得出的模拟值偏小。为此,通过改进的遗传算法对岩体结构面幂函数模型参数进行辨识,得出由"等效参数"构成的幂函数模型。实例验证结果说明,通过改进的遗传算法辨识出的由"等效参数"构成的幂函数模型能够很好的模拟实际变形情况,能够很好的适应于不同的工程实际应用。      

基于3D雕刻技术的岩体结构面剪切各向异性研究

相同形貌结构面重复性剪切试验和各向异性剪切试验一直是岩体结构面剪切力学特性试验研究中的难点,而该问题对于工程岩体的开挖力学响应和稳定性分析、评价与控制至关重要,问题的关键在于同一种岩石的结构面形貌的再现。为此,基于3D扫描和3D雕刻技术,重复制备了3种不同粗糙度的大理岩结构面试样,开展了不同法向应力下相同形貌结构面的各向异性剪切试验。试验结果发现：（1）同一法向应力、不同剪切方向下,相同形貌结构面的剪切强度、剪胀和剪切破坏特征均呈现明显各向异性;（2）结构面粗糙度各向异性很大程度上决定了剪切强度的各向异性,两者具有较好的正相关性;（3）随着法向应力的升高,结构面剪切特征的各向异性有逐渐弱化的趋势。同时,研究还充分表明,3D雕刻技术是系统开展结构面剪切力学特征各向异性研究的可靠手段,可在将来研究中发挥更为重要的作用。     

裂隙岩体等效力学参数结构效应的计算机模拟试验研究

为研究裂隙岩体结构效应对其等效力学参数的影响,引入基于离散元的合成岩体技术,通过可控的改变三维岩体结构网络中的结构参数,制作相应的合成岩体试件,开展计算机模拟试验研究。结果表明：随岩体中裂隙体积密度增大,裂隙的变形参数和强度参数随裂隙密度增加而减少,其中等效弹性模量对结构面密度变化最为敏感;随岩体中裂隙倾角增加,岩体等效弹性模量随之单调增加,且等效弹性模量的离散程度（标准差）随倾角增加而减小,而各强度参数指标则先减少而后增加,形成一个U形变化规律;岩体等效力学参数均随结构面尺寸增加而减小,同时等效力学参数的离散程度（标准差）随结构面直径增加而增加,其中单轴抗压强度指标变化最为敏感;岩体等效力学参数对裂隙尺寸和产状的离散程度不敏感。该研究结论可为其他结构效应研究提供一种新思路。     

含单一贯通破裂面岩石注浆试验及加固机制分析

针对单一贯通结构面注浆加固影响围岩承载力的问题,提出了一种制作含单一贯通破裂面岩样的方法,并对此种岩样分别注入超细水泥和环氧树脂材料,进而借助RMT-150 C试验系统探究了固结体单/三轴压缩下强度及变形特征,最后,采用理论分析结合电镜扫描手段,揭示了结构面注浆微观固结机制。研究发现,三轴加−卸载条件下制备的破裂结构面更接近工程实际,符合试验要求;从应力−应变特征曲线来看,注超细水泥试件表现出阶段性,注环氧树脂试件曲线较为平滑;从强度特征来看,围压影响程度明显高于注浆材料的选择;注浆加固手段可提高岩体的残余强度,随着围压的提高,残余强度提高系数越不明显,固结体峰值强度愈发接近完整岩石峰值强度;从破坏特征来看,注超细水泥试件主破裂面沿原始破裂面剪切滑移,注环氧树脂试件主破裂面为新的贯通破裂面;最后,以摩尔−库仑准则为理论基础,建立了注浆材料黏结力与结构面强度提高系数关系式,发现结构面强度提高系数与浆液黏结力呈线性关系。与试验结果的对比表明,该公式较为合理,可为深部围岩支护优化提供参考。     

抗滑桩与周围岩土体间相互作用力的分布规律

基于岩土工程有限单元法研究了抗滑桩与周围岩土体间相互作用力的分布规律,研究结果表明,抗滑桩与围岩间相互作用力呈非线性分布.侧向膨胀力是由抗滑桩抑制围岩在重力作用下的侧向应变而产生,弹性模量对侧向膨胀力的非线性分布有重要影响.将抗滑桩锚固段某侧压应力对锚固段顶点的弯矩等效变成均匀分布力产生的弯矩,此均匀分布力为等效锚固力.等效锚固力与均布推力呈正比,比例系数随锚固比增大而减小.     

土结构性的动态特征与概念表达

随着国家重大工程的开发建设,大量的基础工程应运而生,部分结构物对地基土变形问题尤为敏感,需要专门研究以确保重大工程安全。然而,土体的天然的结构性与固结状态的差异,不仅会对土体的压缩特性和相关力学指标产生重要影响,也给变形的分析与沉降计算带来挑战。厘清土的结构性与固结状态的表现形式,探讨两者之间的辩证关系,将对工程实践有一定的实际意义。基于课题组多年研究成果,立足于土的侧限压缩特征,本文着重分析了土体反常“超固结”特征的成因机制,讨论了结构性的动态变化,并尝试给出了结构性的概念表达。初步得到以下几点认识:(1)土的结构性产生的实质包括颗粒排列和结构连结两方面要素。颗粒排列的紧密程度代表固相成分的空间分布特征,是包括固结压力在内的多种作用力的合并体现;结构连结是土颗粒间相互作用力的总和,其在侧限压缩条件下,主要表现为抵抗变形的结构强度。一般来说,所有土均有不同程度的结构性,包括原状土与重塑土;(2)土的颗粒排列和结构连结存在动态的耦合关系。土体与应力历史不符的“超固结”性质正是来自结构连结对土骨架的差异“强化”以及除自重荷载外其他作用力对土体的压密作用;(3)提出了考虑附加排列效应ΔP_a的结构屈服压力σ_k的概念表达形式,即σ_k=P_c+ΔP_a+q。P_c与ΔP_a共同反映颗粒排列特征,由q反映结构强度。相关成果可能为土体力学特性的评价与分析提供一些参考。     

Flow–stress coupled permeability tensor for fractured rock masses

In this paper a new analytical model is proposed to determine the permeability tensor for fractured rock masses based on the superposition principle of liquid dissipation energy. This model relies on the geometrical characteristics of rock fractures and the corresponding fracture network, and demonstrates the coupling effect between fluid flow and stress/deformation. This model empirically considers the effect of pre‐peak shear dilation and shear contraction on the hydraulic behavior of rock fractures and can be used to determine the applicability of the continuum approach to hydro‐mechanical coupling analysis. Results of numerical analysis presented in this paper show that the new model can effectively describe the permeability of fractured rock masses, and can be applied to the coupling analysis of seepage and stress fields. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

裂隙岩体中非饱和渗流与运移的概念模型及数值模拟

探讨了裂隙岩体中非饱和地下水渗流与溶质运移的几种概念模型的构造及数值模拟问题 ,如裂隙网络模型、连续体模型、等效连续体模型、双孔隙度 (单渗透率 )模型、双渗透率模型、多组份连续体模型等。在裂隙岩体中 ,非饱和地下水的渗流可能只局限于岩体中的岩石组份、或裂隙网络 ,也可能在裂隙和岩石中同时发生 ;对前一种情形只需考虑单一连续体中的流动 ,而后一种情况则需要包括地下水在岩石和裂隙之间的交换。岩体中的裂隙网络往往是溶质运移的主要通道 ;但当溶质在裂隙与岩石之间的渗透和扩散是重要的运移机制时 ,就需要考虑岩石与裂隙界面处的溶质交换。为了模拟岩石与裂隙之间地下水和溶质的交换 ,就需要了解岩石与裂隙之间相互作用的模式和范围 ,使得这类问题的概念模型较单一连续体模型多了一层不确定性、其数值模拟也变得更为困难。因为在实际问题中不易、甚至根本不能判别非饱和渗流的实际形态 ,具体采用哪种模型主要取决于分析的目的和对现场数据的掌握程度。不论哪种模型都会受到模型及参数不确定性的影响 ,因此必须考虑与其他辅助模型的比较.     

Influence of flow velocity on conservative solute transport in sets of parallel fractures with fracture skin

Analysis of contaminant transport through fractured crystalline rocks has received considerable attention, particularly with regard to subsurface nuclear waste repositories. Most of the studies have employed the dual continuum approach, with the fractures and the rock matrix as the two continuums, assuming that fractures control the overall conductivity of the rock and the porous matrix just provides storage. However, field observations of rock fractures have shown that the real situation can be very complex. Based on some recent investigations, it has been reported that the portion of the rock matrix adjacent to many open fractures is physically and chemically altered. These alterations, referred to as the fracture skin, can have different sorption and diffusion properties compared to those of the undisturbed rock matrix and this may influence the transport of solutes through such formations. In the present study, a numerical model is developed to simulate conservative solute transport in a fractured crystalline rock formation using the triple continuum approach ?? with the fracture, fracture skin and the rock matrix as the three continuums. The model is solved using a fully implicit finite difference scheme. Contaminant migration in the fractured formation with and without skin has been simulated. It is observed that contaminant penetration along the fracture is enhanced at large flow velocities. The effect of flow velocity on conservative solute transport is investigated for different fracture apertures and fracture skin thicknesses. The influence of flow velocity on contaminant transport is demonstrated to be more with change in fracture aperture than with change in skin thickness.     

Anisotropic dual-continuum representations for multiscale poroelastic materials: Development and numerical modelling

Dual-continuum (DC) models can be tractable alternatives to explicit approaches for the numerical modelling of multiscale materials with multiphysics behaviours. This work concerns the conceptual and numerical modelling of poroelastically coupled dual-scale materials such as naturally fractured rock. Apart from a few exceptions, previous poroelastic DC models have assumed isotropy of the constituents and the dual-material. Additionally, it is common to assume that only one continuum has intrinsic stiffness properties. Finally, little has been done into validating whether the DC paradigm can capture the global poroelastic behaviours of explicit numerical representations at the DC modelling scale. We address the aforementioned knowledge gaps in two steps. First, we utilise a homogenisation approach based on Levin's theorem to develop a previously derived anisotropic poroelastic constitutive model. Our development incorporates anisotropic intrinsic stiffness properties of both continua. This addition is in analogy to anisotropic fractured rock masses with stiff fractures. Second, we perform numerical modelling to test the DC model against fine-scale explicit equivalents. In doing, we present our hybrid numerical framework, as well as the conditions required for interpretation of the numerical results. The tests themselves progress from materials with isotropic to anisotropic mechanical and flow properties. The fine-scale simulations show that anisotropy can have noticeable effects on deformation and flow behaviour. However, our numerical experiments show that the DC approach can capture the global poroelastic behaviours of both isotropic and anisotropic fine-scale representations.     

岩体裂隙系统渗流场与应力场耦合模型

岩体系统具有复杂的结构。一般认为，岩体系统是非均质各向异性不连续的多相介质体系。当岩体以裂隙为主，且其分布较密集时，可将岩体系统看作等效连续多相介质体系。本文运用等效连续介质理论，提出了两种岩体裂隙系统渗流场与应力场耦合模型：一是以渗透水压力与隙变形关系、应力与渗透系统数关系为基础，建立渗透系数张量计算公式，进而建立等效效连续介质渗流为数学模型。以裂隙岩体应变张量分析为基础，建立裂隙岩体效应力张量     

Hybrid analytical and finite element numerical modeling of mass and heat transport in fractured rocks with matrix diffusion

Quantification of mass and heat transport in fractured porous rocks is important to areas such as contaminant transport, storage and release in fractured rock aquifers, the migration and sorption of radioactive nuclides from waste depositories, and the characterization of engineered heat exchangers in the context of enhanced geothermal systems. The large difference between flow and transport characteristics in fractures and in the surrounding matrix rock means models of such systems are forced to make a number of simplifications. Analytical approaches assume a homogeneous system, numerical approaches address the scale at which a process is operating, but may lose individual important processes due to averaging considerations. Numerical stability criteria limit the contrasts possible in defining material properties. Here, a hybrid analytical–numerical method for transport modeling in fractured media is presented. This method combines a numerical model for flow and transport in a heterogeneous fracture and an analytical solution for matrix diffusion. By linking the two types of model, the advantages of both methods can be combined. The methodology as well as the mathematical background are developed, verified for simple geometries, and applied to fractures representing experimental field conditions in the Grimsel rock laboratory.     

Mechanical and hydraulic properties of rocks related to induced seismicity

Witherspoon, P.A. and Gale, J.E., 1977. Mechanical and hydraulic properties of rocks related to induced seismicity. Eng. Geol., 11(1): 23–55.The mechanical and hydraulic properties of fractured rocks are considered with regard to the role they play in induced seismicity. In many cases, the mechanical properties of fractures determine the stability of a rock mass. The problems of sampling and testing these rock discontinuities and interpreting their non-linear behavior are reviewed. Stick slip has been proposed as the failure mechanism in earthquake events. Because of the complex interactions that are inherent in the mechanical behavior of fractured rocks, there seems to be no simple way to combine the deformation characteristics of several sets of fractures when there are significant perturbations of existing conditions. Thus, the more important fractures must be treated as individual components in the rock mass.In considering the hydraulic properties, it has been customary to treat a fracture as a parallel-plate conduit and a number of mathematical models of fracture systems have adopted this approach. Non-steady flow in fractured systems has usually been based on a two-porosity model, which assumes the primary (intergranular) porosity contributes only to storage and the secondary (fracture) porosity contributes only to the overall conductivity. Using such a model, it has been found that the time required to achieve quasi-steady state flow in a fractured reservoir is one or two orders of magnitude greater than it is in a homogeneous system. In essentially all of this work, the assumption has generally been made that the fractures are rigid.However, it is clear from a review of the mechanical and hydraulic properties that not only are fractures easily deformed but they constitute the main flow paths in many rock masses. This means that one must consider the interaction of mechanical and hydraulic effects. A considerable amount of laboratory and field data is now available that clearly demonstrates this stress-flow behavior. Two approaches have been used in attempting to numerically model such behavior: (1) continuum models, and (2) discrete models. The continuum approach only needs information as to average values of fracture spacing and material properties. But because of the inherent complexity of fractured rock masses and the corresponding decrease in symmetry, it is difficult to develop an equivalent continuum that will simulate the behavior of the entire system. The discrete approach, on the other hand, requires details of the fracture geometry and material properties of both fractures and rock matrix. The difficulty in obtaining such information has been considered a serious limitation of discrete models, but improved borehole techniques can enable one to obtain the necessary data, at least in shallow systems. The possibility of extending these methods to deeper fracture systems needs more investigation. Such data must be considered when deciding whether to use a continuum or discrete model to represent the interaction of rock and fluid forces in a fractured rock system, especially with regard to the problem of induced seismicity. When one is attempting to alter the pressure distribution in a fault zone by injection or withdrawal of fluids, the extent to which this can be achieved will be controlled in large measure by the behavior of the fractures that communicate with the borehole. Since this is essentially a point phenomenon, i.e., the changes will propagate from a relatively small region around the borehole, the use of a discrete model would appear to be preferable.     

离散裂隙渗流方法与裂隙化渗透介质建模

流体渗流模拟的连续介质方法通常适用于多孔地质体，并不一定适用于裂隙岩体，由于裂隙分布及其特征与孔隙差异较大。若流体渗流主要受裂隙的控制，对于一定尺寸的裂隙岩体，多孔介质假设则较难刻划裂隙岩体的渗流特征。离散裂隙渗流方法不但可直接用于模拟裂隙岩体非均质性和各向异性等渗流特征，而且可用其确定所研究的裂隙岩体典型单元体及其水力传导（渗透）张量大小。主要讨论了以下问题：（1）饱和裂隙介质中一般的离散流体渗流模拟；（2）裂隙岩体中的REV（典型单元体）及其水力传导（渗透）张量的确定；（3）利用离散裂隙网络流体渗流模型研究裂隙方向几何参数对水力传导系数和REV的影响；（4）在二维和三维离散裂隙流体渗流模型中对区域大裂隙和局部小裂隙的处理方法。调查结果显示离散裂隙流体渗流数学模型可用来评价不同尺度上的裂隙岩体的水力特征，以及裂隙方向对裂隙化岩体的水力特征有着不可忽视的影响。同时，局部小裂隙、区域大裂隙应当区别对待，以便据其所起的作用及水力特征，建立裂隙化岩体相应的流体渗流模型。     

基于离散裂隙网络模型的核素粒子迁移数值模拟研究

高放废物地质处置过程中涉及的核素在围岩裂隙地下水中的迁移问题已引起广泛关注,数值模拟是研究核素粒子运移的重要方法。目前裂隙介质中渗流模型主要是等效连续介质模型、双重介质模型和离散裂隙网络模型。对于岩体尺度裂隙地下水的流动,离散裂隙网络模型能充分表现裂隙介质的各向异性、不连续性等特征。因此,针对裂隙介质准确概化及核素迁移模拟等难点,文章结合Monte Carlo随机生成裂隙方法、裂隙渗流有限元算法和高放射性核素衰变方程等方法,依据花岗岩深钻孔裂隙统计数据,采用离散裂隙网络模型对内蒙古阿拉善高放废物地质处置预选区展开了核素粒子迁移数值模拟研究,并讨论了实例预测分析结果。结果显示:针对设定的地质模型,核素粒子从中心运移到边界的迁移路径长度平均为1293.35 m,粒子运移到边界耗费的时间平均为1.70E+11 d。     

考虑覆岩原生裂隙的导水裂隙带模拟

导水裂隙带高度的确定对松散承压含水层下煤矿安全开采和矿区生态环境保护具有重要意义。以往根据塑性区判断导水裂隙带范围的数值模拟方法不能完全反映覆岩的破断机制。为了更准确地预测导水裂隙带发育高度,应用断裂力学方法,将裂纹尖端K场区内的应力强度因子断裂判据与摩尔-库伦屈服准则结合,提出了原生裂隙存在时的岩石断裂准则。利用自仿射分形模型建立起原生裂隙场分布,并通过有限元分析软件COMSOL Multiphysics将原生裂隙场和岩石断裂准则应用到导水裂隙带发育的数值模拟中,对淮北煤田青东煤矿的839工作面开采进行了模拟计算。结果显示,考虑原生裂隙时,导水裂隙带在贯通后高度达到92.5 m。与传统数值模拟和经验公式法相比,考虑原生裂隙的模拟结果与现场测量结果更为接近。这说明,采用自仿射分形模型所生成的裂隙场可以较好地模拟岩体内复杂而无序的原生裂隙分布,且与传统数值模拟和经验公式法相比,考虑原生裂隙的模拟方法能够更好地反映导水裂隙带的发育规律。