亚热带森林非甲烷碳氢化合物的研究

对我国亚热带森林地区的非甲烷碳氢化合物(NMHC)、一氧化碳、氮氧化物等进行了两个月的连续采样,并利用气相色谱仪对NMHC进行了分析,得到大量NMHC的实测资料,并对它们的日变化规律和相互之间的关系做了详细研究.分析表明,温度对各种树木异戊二烯的排放来说是一个重要因子,而且各种植物排放的异戊二烯对温度的依赖关系基本上比较一致.对于我国亚热带森林主要树种异戊二烯的排放速率进行了初步测定.     

亚热带森林非甲烷碳氢化合物的研究 I.季节变化(钢瓶采样)

对中国亚热带森林地区的非甲烷碳氢化合物(NMHC)进行了一年多的钢瓶采样,并利用气相色谱仪对空气样品进行了分析,得到了大量NMHC的实测资料以及它们的季节变化规律和相互之间的关系.研究表明,NMHC的主要来源是当地植物的排放.对异戊二烯及其影响因子进行了详细研究.     

森林排放非甲烷碳氢化合物的初步研究

1995年6月至1996年4月,在广东肇庆鼎湖山自然保护区每两周采样一次,利用0.8 L不锈钢采样钢瓶采样和气相色谱法分析、研究森林排放的非甲烷碳氢化合物的浓度。结果表明,森林排放的异戊二烯有明显的季节变化,其浓度与温度有明显的正相关关系。     

结合气象模式与GloBEIS模式研究气象条件对BVOCs排放的影响

BVOCs对全球碳收支、对流层化学反应及臭氧的形成和气候变化都有很大的影响.选取森林覆盖率高且BVOCs排放尚未有研究报道的中国东北地区作为研究区域,利用美国NCAR中心提供的1°×1°的6 h NCEP再分析资料,运行MM5模式,得到模拟结果,从中提取GloBEIS模型所需要的近地面层的温度、湿度、风速和云量的格点气象数据,实现了将MM5模式与GloBEIS相结合对BVOCs进行研究.研究中需要的植被种类及分布数据来自于最新的"植被信息系统"数据库,选取温度较高,太阳辐射较强,植被生长茂盛的2006年7月和2010年7月作为模拟时段,运行GloBEIS模型,对研究区域内的BVOCs的排放情况进行了估算.模拟结果与温度和云量等气象要素的分析结果表明,异戊二烯的排放速率受温度和PAR(光合有效辐射通量)的共同影响,日变化趋势显著,随着温度升高,PAR增强,异戊二烯的排放速率增大,在午后14:00左右达到最大值,之后降低.由于云量与PAR成反比,因此云量越少,异戊二烯的排放量就越高,反之,则越低;与异戊二烯不同,温度是单萜烯和其他VOC的排放的主导因素,受PAR和云量的影响较小,温度越高,排放量越大,反之,则越小.     

临安秋季近地层非甲烷碳氢化合物特征

应用浙江临安1999年秋季非甲烷碳氢化合物(NMHC)观测数据,分析了NMHC特征,并估计其对该地O3的影响.该地NMHC芳香烃含量最高为47.9%,其次为:烷烃29.1%,烯烃12.7%,炔烃8.2%,生物排放的烃2.1%.从各NMHC成份相关分析发现,NMHC主要排放源是该地生物物质(柴草、秸秆、农业废弃物)焚烧,存在未知芳香烃人为源的可能.丙烯等量浓度分析表明,芳香烃、CO、生物源烃和烯烃对该地O3均有重要贡献.观测和模式分析显示本次观测的O3处于NMHC控制区.     

亚热带森林非甲烷碳氢化合物的研究——Ⅰ.季节变化(钢瓶采样)

对中国亚热带森林地区的非甲烷碳氢化合物（ＮＭＨＣ）进行了一年多的钢瓶采样，并利用气相色谱仪对空气样品进行了分析，得到了大量ＮＭＨＣ的实测资料以及它们的季节变化规律和相互之间的关系。研究表明，ＮＭＨＣ的主要来源是当地植物的排放。对异戊二烯及其影响因子进行了详细研究。     

不同类型草地挥发性有机物排放特征的研究

2003年9月,对内蒙古草原不同类型草地挥发性有机物(VOC)的排放、太阳辐射、气象参数等进行观测,结果表明,固定和新的羊草样地、封育样地、不同程度放牧样地异戊二烯、α蒎烯、β蒎烯、柠檬烯、蒈烯的排放均有明显的日变化规律,并与可见光辐射以及温度有较好的一致性.羊草样地、封育样地、过度放牧、适度放牧样地异戊二烯排放的最大值分别为139.5、25.9、132.3、107.1(单位:μg·m-2·h-1,以碳计).多数情况下,异戊二烯排放通量的测定结果为羊草样地高于封育样地、过度放牧样地高于适度放牧样地.不同程度放牧样地α蒎烯、β蒎烯、柠檬烯、蒈烯等的排放具有明显差别,一般是过度放牧草地高于适度放牧草地.剪草增大了绝大部分VOC组分的排放、以及过度和适度放牧草地VOC的排放,剪草可以造成过度和适度放牧草地异戊二烯排放在中午前后的增加.剪草后,过度放牧草地异戊二烯、α蒎烯、β蒎烯、柠檬烯、蒈烯等的排放通量均远大于适度放牧草地的相应值.土壤异戊二烯、α蒎烯、β蒎烯等的排放很小,分别占相近可见光辐射和温度条件下固定羊草样地排放的0.2%、0、3.0%.     

光化学烟雾的控制试验

利用MM5与RADM的耦合模式,设计了3个削减源排放的试验,用以探讨控制光化学污染的有效途径。试验结果表明,在NMHC/NOx比值很大的前提条件下,NOx地面源排放的削减对降低大气中O3含量的作用最显著,而削减NMHC对降低大气中PAN含量的作用明显,同时削减NMHC和NOx是降低大气光化学污染强度的最佳途径。     

草地异戊二烯排放通量影响因子的研究

2002年夏季对中国内蒙古草原挥发性有机物的排放通量进行的首次测量结果表明,其主要成分异戊二烯的排放有明显的日变化和季节变化.采样箱对太阳辐射有非常明显的衰减作用,其衰减率为17%～35%.为准确估算异戊二烯的排放通量,建立其排放模式是非常必要的.基于可见光辐射传输与守恒的观点,在观测数据的基础上建立了异戊二烯排放通量的经验模式.结果表明,对日变化、季节变化和日总量的模拟值与测量值比较一致.在使用箱方法时,应该考虑箱内外辐射、温湿度、水汽含量之差引起的排放通量的差别,特别是箱内外辐射之差所引起排放通量的差别.同时也说明,可见光辐射是影响异戊二烯排放的最主要因子.利用异戊二烯排放通量的日总量与11:00通量之比和可见光辐射日总量与11:00时累计值之比的定量关系,可以由某日11:00的排放通量来推算该日的日总量,其平均相对偏差小于14%.     

Biogenic isoprene emissions over China: sensitivity to the CO2 inhibition effect

陆地植被排放的异戊二烯是对流层臭氧及二次有机气溶胶的形成重要前体物之一。已有研究表明,当CO_2浓度超过一定水平时可能使得叶片气孔关闭,对叶片释放异戊二烯产生直接的抑制作用。而这一影响机制在目前大多数异戊二烯排放估算时并没有考虑在内,对其排放的估算仍存在很大的不确定性。本文基于GEOS-Chem及其耦合的MEGAN模式模拟了2006–2011年中国异戊二烯的排放变化。通过引入三种不同CO_2抑制作用参数化因子的模拟试验,定量评估了CO_2抑制作用对异戊二烯排放的影响及不确定性。结果表明:考虑CO_2抑制参数因子后,中国年平均异戊二烯的排放量平均减少了5.6%±2.3%。不同参数化方案对排放的抑制程度存在差异。CO_2对异戊二烯排放的影响将会改变其对气象条件变化的敏感性,从而影响空气质量。     

Quantification of ecosystem carbon exchange characteristics in a dominant subtropical evergreen forest ecosystem

CO₂ fluxes were measured continuously for three years (2003?C2005) using the eddy covariance technique for the canopy layer with a height of 27 m above the ground in a dominant subtropical evergreen forest in Dinghushan, South China. By applying gapfilling methods, we quantified the different components of the carbon fluxes (net ecosystem exchange (NEE)), gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R_eco) in order to assess the effects of meteorological variables on these fluxes and the atmospherecanopy interactions on the forest carbon cycle. Our results showed that monthly average daily maximum net CO₂ exchange of the whole ecosystem varied from ?3.79 to ?14.24 ??mol m^?2 s^?1 and was linearly related to photosynthetic active radiation. The Dinghushan forest acted as a net carbon sink of ?488 g C m^?2 y^?1, with a GPP of 1448 g Cm^?2 y^?1, and a R_eco of 961 g C m^?2 y^?1. Using a carboxylase-based model, we compared the predicted fluxes of CO₂ with measurements. GPP was modelled as 1443 g C m^?2 y^?1, and the model inversion results helped to explain ca. 90% of temporal variability of the measured ecosystem fluxes. Contribution of CO₂ fluxes in the subtropical forest in the dry season (October-March) was 62.2% of the annual total from the whole forest ecosystem. On average, 43.3% of the net annual carbon sink occurred between October and December, indicating that this time period is an important stage for uptake of CO₂ by the forest ecosystem from the atmosphere. Carbon uptake in the evergreen forest ecosystem is an indicator of the interaction of between the atmosphere and the canopy, especially in terms of driving climate factors such as temperature and rainfall events. We found that the Dinghushan evergreen forest is acting as a carbon sink almost year-round. The study can improve the evaluation of the net carbon uptake of tropical monsoon evergreen forest ecosystem in south China region under climate change conditions.     

Ambient biogenic hydrocarbons and isoprene emissions from a mixed deciduous forest

Experiments were conducted during the growing season of 1993 at a mixed deciduous forest in southern Ontario, Canada to investigate the atmospheric abundance of hydrocarbons from phytogenic origins, and to measure emission rates from foliage of deciduous trees. The most abundant phytogenic chemical species found in the ambient air were isoprene and the monoterpenes -pinene and -pinene. Prior to leaf-bud break during spring, ambient hydrocarbon mixing ratios above the forest remained barely above instrument detection limit (20 parts per trillion), but they became abundant during the latter part of the growing season. Peak isoprene mixing ratios reached nearly 10 parts per billion (ppbv) during mid-growing season while maximum monoterpene mixing ratios were close to 2 ppbv. Both isoprene and monoterpene mixing ratios exhibited marked diurnal variations. Typical isoprene mixing ratios were highest during mid-afternoon and were lowest during nighttime. Peak isoprene mixing ratios coincided with maximum canopy temperature. The diurnal pattern of ambient isoprene mixing ratio was closely linked to the local emissions from foliage. Isoprene emission rates from foliage were measured by enclosing branches of trees inside environment-controlled cuvette systems and measuring the gas mixing ratio difference between cuvette inlet and outlet airstream. Isoprene emissions depended on tree species, foliage ontogeny, and environmental factors such as foliage temperature and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). For instance, young (<1 month old) aspen leaves released approximately 80 times less isoprene than mature (>3 months old) leaves. During the latter part of the growing season the amount of carbon released back to the atmosphere as isoprene by big-tooth and trembling aspen leaves accounted for approximately 2% of the photosynthetically fixed carbon. Significant isoprene mixing ratio gradients existed between the forest crown and at twice canopy height above the ground. The gradient diffusion approach coupled with similarity theory was used to estimate canopy isoprene flux densities. These canopy fluxes compared favorably with values obtained from a multilayered canopy model that utilized locally measured plant microclimate, biomass distribution and leaf isoprene emission rate data. Modeled isoprene fluxes were approximately 30% higher compared to measured fluxes. Further comparisons between measured and modeled canopy biogenic hydrocarbon flux densities are required to assess uncertainties in modeling systems that provide inventories of biogenic hydrocarbons.     

Biogenic volatile compound emissions from a temperate forest,China: model simulation

Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) were measured using a relaxed eddy accumulation (REA) technique on an above-canopy tower in a temperate forest (Changbai Mountain, Jilin province, China) during the 2010 and 2011 summer seasons. Solar global radiation and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were also measured. Based on PAR energy dynamic balance, an empirical BVOC emission and PAR transfer model was developed that includes the processes of BVOC emissions and PAR transfer above the canopy level, including PAR absorption and consumption, and scattering by gases, liquids, and particles (GLPs). Simulated emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes were in agreement with observations. The averages of the relative estimator biases for the flux were 39.3 % for isoprene, and 27.1 % for monoterpenes in the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons, with NMSE (normalized mean square error) values of 0.133 and 0.101, respectively. The observed and simulated mean diurnal variations of isoprene and monoterpenes in the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons were evaluated for the validation of the empirical model. Under observed atmospheric conditions, the sensitivity analysis showed that emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes were more sensitive to changes in PAR than to water vapor content or to the magnitude of the scattering factor. The emissions of isoprene and monoterpenes in the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons (from June to September) were estimated using this empirical model along with hourly observational data, with mean hourly emissions of 1.71 and 1.55 mg m^?2 h^?1 for isoprene, and 0.48 and 0.47 mg m^?2 h^?1 for monoterpenes in 2010 and 2011, respectively. As formaldehyde (HCHO) is considered as the main oxidation product of isoprene and monoterpenes, it is necessary to investigate the link between HCHO and BVOC emissions. GOME-2 HCHO vertical column densities (VCDs) can be used to estimate BVOC emission fluxes in the Changbai Mountain temperate forest.     

Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): An Overview on Emission, Physiology and Ecology

This overview compiles the actual knowledge of the biogenic emissions of some volatile organic compounds (VOCs), i.e., isoprene, terpenes, alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, esters, carbonyls, and acids. We discuss VOC biosynthesis, emission inventories, relations between emission and plant physiology as well as temperature and radiation, and ecophysiological functions. For isoprene and monoterpenes, an extended summary of standard emission factors, with data related to the plant genus and species, is included. The data compilation shows that we have quite a substantial knowledge of the emission of isoprene and monoterpenes, including emission rates, emission regulation, and biosynthesis. The situation is worse in the case of numerous other compounds (other VOCs or OVOCs) being emitted by the biosphere. This is reflected in the insufficient knowledge of emission rates and biological functions. Except for the terpenoids, only a limited number of studies of OVOCs are available; data are summarized for alkanes, alkenes, carbonyls, alcohols, acids, and esters. In addition to closing these gaps of knowledge, one of the major objectives for future VOC research is improving our knowledge of the fate of organic carbon in the atmosphere, ending up in oxidation products and/or as aerosol particles.     

珠海凤凰山陆气相互作用与碳通量观测塔的基本观测及晴天主要观测量的日变化特征

珠海凤凰山地处北回归线以南,森林植被覆盖率达90%,植被类型为南亚热带常绿阔叶林群落,是岭南地区典型的城市或村庄周边的再生森林,我们选择在凤凰山麓森林冠层较为平缓的低矮坡地建立了陆-气相互作用和碳通量的观测铁塔塔站。本文详细介绍了观测塔的地理环境、初步的仪器布设和基本观测,并利用已获得的资料分析了旱季典型晴天主要观测量的日变化特征。太阳总辐射及其分光辐射和反射辐射的日变化都是比较常规的中午最高的对称结构;冠层接收到的长波辐射比向上长波辐射低;气温日变化的峰值比太阳辐射滞后,白天达到最高值前的气温是低层高于高层,达到最高值后到落日前气温陡然下降,夜晚的气温是低层低于高层。相对湿度凌晨最大,下午最小,夜晚是低层相对偏湿,白天正好相反;11月份,珠海地区盛行旱季的偏北季风,有明显的海陆风的作用,白天的海风较强,夜晚的陆风较弱;森林冠层向大气释放的感热和潜热的量值基本相当,潜热基本为正;感热白天为正,夜晚基本为负;森林冠层吸收的二氧化碳的最高值出现在午后,此时空气中水汽浓度达到最低,向大气释放的二氧化碳在日出后的清晨最大,此时空气中的二氧化碳浓度达到最大,同时空气密度也最大;由于森林冠层高、密度大,土壤湿度基本没有日变化;表层土壤温度日变化的振幅随土壤深度加深而变小,土壤热流的变化是下午高,清晨低。本文还发现了一些值得深入探讨的现象,需要以后根据充沛的资料分析论证。     

Isoprene emissions from vegetation and hydrocarbon emissions from bushfires in tropical Australia

Information from a variety of sources, including an airborne field expedition in November 1985, is used to produce estimates of the annual emissions of some hydrocarbons from bushfires, and isoprene from trees, in tropical Australia. For the continent north of 23° S the annual bushfires (biomass burning) input was estimated, in units of Tg carbon, to be 2 TgC (uncertainty range 0.8–5 TgC), emitted predominantly during the May to October dryseason. Isoprene emissions during this period were estimated also to be 2 TgC (uncertainty range 0.5–8 TgC), but were estimated to be an order of magnitude higher during the November to April wet season, at a level of 23 TgC (uncertainty range 6–100 TgC).The large annual emission of isoprene over the tropical part of the Australian continent yields ppbv levels of isoprene measured at the surface in summertime. Isoprene reactivity with hydroxyl radical is such that at these concentrations isoprene must be a dominant factor in controlling the concentration of OH radical in the convective boundary layer. Simple arguments based on the convective velocity scale suggest that the shape of the isoprene vertical profile in November 1985 would be consistent with available data on the OH-isoprene reaction rate if OH concentration in the boundary layer averaged about 2.5×10⁶ cm^-3 over the middle part of the day.Temporarily at the International Meteorological Institute, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.     

Emission of Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds: An Overview of Field, Laboratory and Modelling Studies Performed during the `Tropospheric Research Program' (TFS) 1997–2000

The present paper summarises results on the emission of biogenicvolatile organic compounds (BVOC) achieved within the frame of thenational `German Tropospheric Research Programme' (TFS) between 1997 and2000. Field measurements were carried out at the meteorologicalmonitoring station `Hartheimer Wald' located in the vicinity of Freiburg(upper Rhine valley), Germany, within a pine plantation dominated byScots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The measured BVOC emissionrates were used to determine the daily and seasonal variation of BVOCemission and its dependence on important meteorological and plantphysiological parameters. In parallel, laboratory experiments usingyoung trees of pine (P. sylvestris), poplar (Populustremula ×P. alba) and pedunculate oak (Quercusrobur L.) were performed, and the influence of abiotic (e.g.,light, temperature, seasonality, flooding) factors on the biosynthesisand emission of BVOC was quantified. Based on these data, emissionalgorithms were evaluated and a process-oriented numerical model for thesimulation of the isoprene emission by plants was developed. Inaddition, newly calculated land use and tree species distributions wereused for the calculation of an actual BVOC emission inventory ofGermany.