南海夏季风持续异常的特征及其对全球环流的影响Ⅰ.诊断分析

用1980－1996年OLR资料及NCEP／NCAR再分析资料研究了南海夏季风持续异常的基本特征及其与全球环流的关系。对比分析结果指出，强弱南海夏季风期大尺度环流（副热带高压、局地Hadley环流及Walker环流等）变化基本相反。在南海地区出现强弱持续异常的季风活动时，该地区的对流活动不仅与大尺度热带和副热带流场有关，而且还反映出北半球西风带环流的调整。北半球中高纬大气环流对南海夏季风持续异常是有响应的，南海地区季风的强弱，特别是出现持续异常时，强弱季风所对应的动能差异是全球性的，其相应的大气热状态也截然不同。南海夏季风强烈而持续的对流活动明显通过改变大气热源的分布和大尺度垂直环流的影响，影响到更大范围地区的环流状况。     

南海夏季风活动指标的定义及应用

为了分析南海夏季风活动不同阶段的大气环流特征,引入南海区域(105~120°E,5~20°N)平均高(200 hPa)低(850 hPa)层风场和向外长波辐射(OLR)作为南海夏季风指数。分析结果表明这些指数的组合可以较好地反映南海夏季风季节内以下时间尺度的活动情况。当南海地区低层平均为西南风、高层为东北风且OLR异常(OLRa)小于零时,南海夏季风处于活跃期,此时副高远离南海,南海区域对流强盛,有明显的季风槽;当南海地区低层为西南风,高层为东北风,但是OLRa大于零时,南海夏季风处于不活跃阶段,此时副高远离南海,虽然南海地区对流不活跃,但是季风环流依然存在且向北扩展,使得华南-江南对流活跃;当南海地区风场为其他情况时,此时不论对流强弱,南海夏季风处于中断期,南海或者受副高控制,或者受热带气旋影响,季风环流在南海地区中断。利用定义的南海夏季风活动指标对2011年和2012年南海夏季风活动进行分析,结果指出这两年南海夏季风活跃期较长,季节内对流北传事件一般发生在南海夏季风活跃期或活跃期向非活跃期的转换期,而中断期即使有强对流发生,也不会向北传播。分析了这两年中断和不活跃情况下的大气环流分布,进一步验证了定义的南海夏季风活动指标的实用性。     

1998年南海季风爆发时期中尺度对流系统 的研究：Ⅱ中尺度对流系统对大尺度场的作用

通过对1998年南海季风爆发过程中大尺度风场、温度场、厚度场、地面气压场以及视热源与视水汽汇的演变分析研究了对流活动对大尺度场的作用,结果表明:大尺度环流与中尺度对流活动之间可能存在着一种正反馈机制。在季风爆发早期,大尺度背景与中尺度对流活动的关系主要表现为前者为季风爆发以及中尺度对流活动的发生提供有利的天气和动力条件;季风爆发后期持续的大范围中尺度对流活动反过来会对大尺度环流存在明显的反馈作用。由对流活动强烈发展产生的凝结潜热释放在南海北部造成了显著的大气加热,使对流层中上层出现一明显的加热中心,这导致:(1)南海上空经向温度梯度由高层向低层发生反向,形成北高南低的温度梯度,从而使大尺度环流发生季节性改变;(2)相应南海北部地面气压不断加深,形成宽广的季风槽和明显的减压区,促使副热带高压从南海地区最后撤离;(3)随着中低层低压环流的不断发展,对流系统和降水区进一步加强并向南扩展,有利于南海季风在南海中、南部地区爆发和维持;(4)季风槽的加深使其南侧的季风气流与水汽输送进一步加强,促使季风爆发过程达到盛期。     

孟加拉湾季风爆发对南海季风爆发的影响Ⅰ:个例分析

利用南海季风试验分析场和NCAR向外长波辐射通量(OLR)资料研究了1998年孟加拉湾季风和南海季风爆发期间副热带环流的大尺度和天气尺度特征,探讨了孟加拉湾季风爆发与南海季风爆发之间的物理联系及孟加拉湾季风气旋的对流凝结潜热释放对副热带高压“撤出”南海的影响。结果表明,1998年5月爆发的东亚季风展现出典型的从孟加拉湾地区东传发展到南海地区的过程。随着孟加拉湾季风爆发和对流活动增强、北移,南海北部出现了低层西风和对流活动,领先于副热带高压在南海地区减弱和撤退。结果还显示南海北部地区的对流凝结加热有助于该地区经向温度梯度的反转,在热成风关系的制约下南海上空副热带高压脊面的垂直倾斜由冬季型转向夏季型,季风爆发。     

南海夏季风持续异常的特征及其对全球环流的影响Ⅱ.数值试验

利用T42L9全球大气环流谱模式进行数值试验,以揭示南海夏季风强度异常的特征及其影响.控制试验结果表明,该模式不仅能够很好地模拟出气候平均的西风带槽脊和高低空气流分布以及它们的季节性变化,而且对于与亚洲季风有关的各个主要系统,如南亚高压、副高进退及越赤道气流等都有较强的模拟能力.在亚洲季风区及热带太平洋这一大范围区域的大气内部热源异常强迫下,模式显示出了南海夏季风持续异常的特征、北半球热带外环流的响应以及亚洲季风区降水异常分布.南海夏季风长时间强度异常所引起的大气内部热源异常,一方面通过三维垂直环流的异常联结着南海夏季风对北半球热带内外环流的影响,另一方面它又通过持续异常期的波列传播,即能量的传播,不仅影响我国长江流域降水,还会逐渐影响到北半球中高纬环流结构.这样西风带环流形势将会发生相应的变化和调整,南海夏季风持续异常影响到了北半球大气环流和天气气候的变化.     

东亚副热带季风特征及其指数的建立

基于大气对流活动和非绝热加热的分析,给出东亚夏季风区域变化特征,客观地确定东亚副热带季风及热带季风对流强度,并由此建立其与大尺度季风环流的内在联系,提出分别用所对应区域经向风垂直切变来构造季风指数.对比分析显示,上述季风指数在反映夏季环流和降水等方面效果显著,能很好地刻划东亚夏季风强度.同时指出,东亚副热带季风指数与西太平洋副热带高压及长江中下游降水密切相关,在空间场上表现出东亚/太平洋型(EAP型)遥相关特征.高指数年副高偏南,长江中下游为涝;低指数年则相反.     

南海夏季风爆发与热带海洋海温和大气环流异常变化关系的研究

用合成和相关分析方法及SVD技术研究了南海夏季风爆发早、晚年份4～6月季风建立时期季风环流的异常及其与热带太平洋-印度洋海温的关系。结果表明,南海夏季风爆发与热带大气环流和海温变异密切相关。（1）当热带中、东太平洋—印度洋（主要在西南部）及南海海温低（高）,西太平洋—澳洲邻近海域海温高（低）时,南海夏季风爆发早（晚）。不同区域海温对季风的影响有明显的季节差异,印度洋主要为晚春至初夏（4～6月）,南海为5～6月,而热带太平洋从前冬一直持续到夏季。（2）不同的海温异常产生不同的季风环流型,南海夏季风爆发早、晚年大气环流的异常变化基本相反。南海夏季风的活动主要受印度季风环流变化的影响,与前期冬春季西太副高的强弱及位置变化密切相关。西太副高弱时,南海夏季风爆发早;反之,爆发晚。（3）热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常引起季风环流和Walker环流的异常变化可能是影响南海夏季风爆发早、晚的物理过程。     

季风与ENSO的选择性相互作用:年循环和春季预报障碍的影响

本文主要基于对Webster and Yang（1992）一文的回顾,讨论了年循环在季风和ENSO相互作用中的作用、春季预报障碍（SPB）、Webster-Yang指数（WYI）、以及亚洲夏季风的前期讯号等内容。亚洲季风和ENSO作为全球天气和气候变率的主要来源,它们之间的相互作用存在明显的年变化和季节“锁相”特征:在北半球秋冬季,亚洲季风对流活动最弱,此时ENSO的信号最强;但是到了北半球春季,亚洲季风对流快速爆发,而此时的ENSO信号却迅速衰减。亚洲季风和ENSO位相的错位变化使得热带海—气系统的不稳定性在北半球春季达到最大,此时任意一个微小的扰动都容易快速增长,最终导致基于ENSO的预报技巧减小。亚洲夏季风环流本质上可以看成是大气对副热带地区潜热加热的低频罗斯贝波响应,它具有很强的垂直风切变,这是WYI定义的物理基础。WYI数值越大,代表垂直东风切变越大,即亚洲季风环流增强,反之亦然。利用WYI与前期大气环流场、欧亚雪盖、土壤湿度等物理量进行回归分析,结果表明:当亚洲夏季风增强时,前期冬季和春季,在北印度洋和亚洲副热带地区上空出现东风异常,同时在更高纬度地区伴随出现西风的异常;此外,副热带地区如印度次大陆、中南半岛和东亚的土壤湿度增大;中纬度地区尤其是青藏高原中西部的积雪密度明显减小。这些前期讯号的发现有助于我们构建动力统计模型,进而提高对亚洲夏季风的季节预报水平。     

2011年南海夏季风爆发过程及其与长江中下游梅雨的联系

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、FY2E-TBB及台站降水资料,对2011年南海夏季风爆发前后的环流特征进行分析。结果表明:2011年强对流活动由孟加拉湾扩展到南海地区,同时伴随着南亚高压移至中南半岛北部,西太平洋副热带高压向东撤出南海地区,南海夏季风于5月第4候(第28候)爆发;季风爆发后,印度-孟加拉湾季风槽形成,南海地区低空开始盛行西南气流,并伴有对流降水的发展和温、湿等要素的突变。随着季风活动的推进,我国雨带北抬,长江中下游一带进入梅雨期,出现降水大值区。通过分析发现长江中下游梅雨与南海夏季风均受副热带高压影响,且两者的强度为显著的负相关关系,梅雨开始时间与南海夏季风爆发时间呈显著的正相关关系。2011年南海夏季风偏弱,爆发时间偏早,长江中下游梅雨强度偏强,入梅时间异常偏早。     

南海夏季风持续异常的特征及其对全球环流的影响II.数值试验

利用T42L9全球大气环流谱模式进行数值试验 ,以揭示南海夏季风强度异常的特征及其影响。控制试验结果表明 ,该模式不仅能够很好地模拟出气候平均的西风带槽脊和高低空气流分布以及它们的季节性变化 ,而且对于与亚洲季风有关的各个主要系统 ,如南亚高压、副高进退及越赤道气流等都有较强的模拟能力。在亚洲季风区及热带太平洋这一大范围区域的大气内部热源异常强迫下 ,模式显示出了南海夏季风持续异常的特征、北半球热带外环流的响应以及亚洲季风区降水异常分布。南海夏季风长时间强度异常所引起的大气内部热源异常 ,一方面通过三维垂直环流的异常联结着南海夏季风对北半球热带内外环流的影响 ,另一方面它又通过持续异常期的波列传播 ,即能量的传播 ,不仅影响我国长江流域降水 ,还会逐渐影响到北半球中高纬环流结构。这样西风带环流形势将会发生相应的变化和调整 ,南海夏季风持续异常影响到了北半球大气环流和天气气候的变化。     

Impact of the thermal state of the tropical western Pacific on onset date and process of the South China Sea summer monsoon

Since the early or late onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon （SCSM） has a large impact on summer monsoon rainfall in East Asia, the mechanism and process of early or late onset of the SCSM are an worthy issue to study. In this paper, the results analyzed by using the observed data show that the onset date and process of the SCSM are closely associated with the thermal state of the tropical western Pacific in spring. When the tropical western Pacific is in a warming state in spring, the western Pacific subtropical high shifts eastward, and twin cyclones are early caused over the Bay of Bengal and Sumatra before the SCSM onset. In this case, the cyclonic circulation located over the Bay of Bengal can be early intensified and become into a strong trough. Thus, the westerly flow and convective activity can be intensified over Sumatra, the Indo-China Peninsula and the South China Sea （SCS） in mid-May. This leads to early onset of the SCSM. In contrast, when the tropical western Pacific is in a cooling state, the western Pacific subtropical high anomalously shifts westward, the twin cyclones located over the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean and Sumatra are weakened, and the twin anomaly anticyclones appear over these regions from late April to mid-May. Thus, the westerly flow and convective activity cannot be early intensified over the Indo-China Peninsula and the SCS. Only when the western Pacific subtropical high moves eastward, the weak trough located over the Bay of Bengal can be intensified and become into a strong trough, the strong southwesterly wind and convective activity can be intensified over the Indo-China Peninsula and the SCS in late May. Thus, this leads to late onset of the SCSM. Moreover, in this paper, the influencing mechanism of the thermal state of the tropical western Pacific on the SCSM onset is discussed further from the Walker circulation anomalies in the different thermal states of the tropical western Pacific.     

“短期气候预测专刊”

A premonitory sign of an anomalous SST over the eastern equatorial Pacific shows up in the North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water (STMW) 18 months earlier,and the air-sea relationship between the STMW and the anomalous SST over the eastern equatorial Pacific is shown.This premonitory connection involves an air-sea coupling between the longtime persistent mid-latitude sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) induced by the remote re-emergence of the STMW and the following spring subtropical atmospheric circulation anomalies.An examination of the air-sea interaction reveals that the following spring subtropical atmospheric circulation,which responds to the longtime persistent SSTA,is dominated by the anomalous negative (positive) geopotential height downstream of the negative (positive) SSTA in the strong (weak) STMW case.Thus,the tropics adjust to these anomalies through coupled dynamics,producing positive (negative) SST anomalies over the eastern equatorial Pacific.A cold water event that occurred over the eastern equatorial Pacific during winter 2008-09 was successfully forecasted by the weak summer STMW index in 2007.The evolution of this process for the air-sea interactions from the autumn of 2007 to December 2008 is presented.     

东亚夏季风强弱年大气环流和热源异常对比分析

根据黄刚等定义的东亚夏季风指数, 对强、弱东亚夏季风年大气环流、大气热源和外强迫源SST的差异进行分析, 结果表明:强 (弱) 东亚夏季风年前期冬季到夏季, 太平洋SSTA为La Ni?a (El Ni?o) 型分布, 西太平洋暖池SST暖 (冷), 使得暖池附近对流活动较强 (较弱)。与此同时, 南亚大陆从印度半岛、青藏高原南部、中南半岛至华南大气异常加热 (变冷), 并且海陆热力对比加强 (减弱), 有利于出现强 (弱) 的东亚夏季风。此外, 由于暖池附近对流活动强 (弱), 该地区上升气流较强 (弱), Walker环流增强 (减弱), 当强 (弱) 的东亚夏季风向北推进时, 副热带西风急流北撤位置偏北 (南), 副热带高压位置也偏北 (南), 7月至8月华北 (江淮流域) 位于副热带西风急流南侧, 降水偏多, 江淮流域 (华北) 降水偏少。并给出与东亚夏季风年际变异有关的大气环流和SST异常的物理图像。     

Characterizing the winter concurrent variation patterns of the subtropical and polar-front jets over East Asia

In this study, the concurrent variation relationships between the East Asian subtropical jet (EASJ) and polar-front jet (PFJ) over the East Asian land mass in the winter season on different timescales are identified and the impacts of the jet concurrent variation patterns on the atmospheric circulation in mid–high latitude regions and climate anomalies in China are examined, using NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data and observational data. The major variability modes of the winter upper-level wind field on interannual timescales are characterized by the meridional shift of the PFJ and out-of-phase variation in the intensity of the subtropical jet and PFJ. On subseasonal and synoptic timescales, the concurrent variation relationships can be categorized into four configuration patterns: a strong (weak) subtropical jet accompanied by a weak (strong) PFJ, or a strong (weak) subtropical jet with a strong (weak) PFJ. The out-ofphase variation [i.e., a stronger (weaker) EASJ and weaker (stronger) PFJ] is found to be more common than the inphase variation [i.e., a stronger (weaker) EASJ and stronger (weaker) PFJ]. These concurrent variation relationships represent the integral structure and variation features of the atmospheric general circulation over East Asia, and have significant impacts on the weather and climate. The strong subtropical jet/weak PFJ (weak subtropical jet/strong PFJ) pattern leads to anomalous negative (positive) geopotential height in midlatitude regions and favors cold (warm) conditions, and positive (negative) rainfall anomalies in southern China. For both strong jet configurations, the geopotential height anomaly in the mid–high latitudes shows a northwest–southeast tilted dipole pattern, resulting in northern warm–southern cold temperature anomalies, and positive rainfall anomalies in southern China. For both weak jet situations, positive geopotential height anomalies dominate the East Asian area, and warm conditions occur over most areas in China, corresponding to less negative rainfall anomalies in southern China. The complicated rainfall and temperature anomaly patterns in China can be explained by the concurrent variation relationships between the two jets. A close relationship may exist between the synoptic-scale transient eddy activity (STEA) and the intensity of jet streams, especially for the PFJ. Significantly reduced (strengthened) STEA over the polar-front area is intimately associated with a decreased (increased) intensity of the PFJ.     

孟加拉湾热源对亚洲夏季风环流系统的影响

利用 1951—2000年NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日及月平均资料和我国 160个测站 1951—2000年月降水量资料,计算了夏季大气热源气候分布,分析了夏季孟加拉湾地区热源年际异常及亚洲季风环流系统的响应,以及夏季孟加拉湾地区热源与中国夏季降水的年际关系。结果表明:夏季亚洲季风区最强的热源中心位于孟加拉湾东北部一带。当孟加拉湾热源异常强 (弱 )时,南亚高压偏西 (东 ),西太平洋副热带高压位置偏东(西);印度夏季风偏强 (弱),东亚热带季风偏弱 (强 )。孟加拉湾热源异常对南亚高压、南亚季风、副热带高压的影响显著,对东亚热带季风的影响不显著。夏季孟加拉湾热源与同期长江以南、华南东部部分地区降水呈明显负相关,而与西南到华南西部地区降水呈明显正相关。     

Influence of the intraseasonal variability on heat waves in subtropical South America

The influence of the intraseasonal variability on heat wave development over subtropical South America during austral summer is analyzed. The role of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ) on this development is documented. Results show that intraseasonal variability can explain on average at least 32% of summer temperature variance. Moreover, 73% of the heat waves in subtropical South America develop in association with an active SACZ. The analysis of pentad maps shows that warm conditions in the region under study develop in association with the strengthening of an anticyclonic anomaly, which is discernible over the subtropical regions at least 15?days before temperature peak occurrence. That circulation anomaly is embedded in a large-scale Rossby wave train extending along the South Pacific Ocean that is linked to convection anomalies at the equatorial western and central Pacific Ocean. In addition, the development of the anticyclonic circulation over subtropical South America appears to be strengthened by the subsidence conditions promoted by the active SACZ, which result in temperature rise in the subtropical region under relatively dry conditions. On the other hand, during the last 2?days of evolution, SACZ activity weakens and the progressive temperature rise in the region is dominated by warmer and moister air being anomalously advected from the north. Results confirm the important role that SACZ activity on intraseasonal time scales has in inducing persistent circulation anomalies at the subtropical regions that can result in the development of persistent heat waves, and very extreme daily temperature.     

Sea surface temperature associations with the late Indian summer monsoon

Recent gridded and historical data are used in order to assess the relationships between interannual variability of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) and sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly patterns over the Indian and Pacific oceans. Interannual variability of ISM rainfall and dynamical indices for the traditional summer monsoon season (June–September) are strongly influenced by rainfall and circulation anomalies observed during August and September, or the late Indian summer monsoon (LISM). Anomalous monsoons are linked to well-defined LISM rainfall and large-scale circulation anomalies. The east-west Walker and local Hadley circulations fluctuate during the LISM of anomalous ISM years. LISM circulation is weakened and shifted eastward during weak ISM years. Therefore, we focus on the predictability of the LISM. Strong (weak) (L)ISMs are preceded by significant positive (negative) SST anomalies in the southeastern subtropical Indian Ocean, off Australia, during boreal winter. These SST anomalies are mainly linked to south Indian Ocean dipole events, studied by Besera and Yamagata (2001) and to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. These SST anomalies are highly persistent and affect the northwestward translation of the Mascarene High from austral to boreal summer. The southeastward (northwestward) shift of this subtropical high associated with cold (warm) SST anomalies off Australia causes a weakening (strengthening) of the whole monsoon circulation through a modulation of the local Hadley cell during the LISM. Furthermore, it is suggested that the Mascarene High interacts with the underlying SST anomalies through a positive dynamical feedback mechanism, maintaining its anomalous position during the LISM. Our results also explain why a strong ISM is preceded by a transition in boreal spring from an El Niño to a La Niña state in the Pacific and vice versa. An El Niño event and the associated warm SST anomalies over the southeastern Indian Ocean during boreal winter may play a key role in the development of a strong ISM by strengthening the local Hadley circulation during the LISM. On the other hand, a developing La Niña event in boreal spring and summer may also enhance the east–west Walker circulation and the monsoon as demonstrated in many previous studies.     

Impact of the anomalous thawing in the Tibetan Plateau on summer precipitation in China and its mechanism

The impact of the anomalous thawing of frozen soil in the late spring on the summer precipitation in China and its possible mechanism are analyzed in the context of the frozen soil thawing date data of the 50 meteorological stations in the Tibetan Plateau, and the NCEP/NCAR monthly average reanalysis data.Results show that the thawing dates of the Tibetan Plateau gradually become earlier from 1980 to 1999,which is consistent with the trend of global warming in the 20th century. Because differences in the thermal capacity and conductivity between frozen and unfrozen soils are larger, changes in the freezing/thawing process of soil may change the physical properties of the underlying surface, thus affecting exchanges of sensible and latent heat between the ground surface and air. The thermal state change of the plateau ground surface must lead to the thermal anomalies of the atmosphere over and around the plateau, and then further to the anomalies of the general atmospheric circulation. A possible mechanism for the impact of the thawing of the plateau on summer (July) precipitation may be as follows. When the frozen soil thaws early (late) in the plateau, the thermal capacity of the ground surface is large (small), and the thermal conductivity is small (large), therefore, the thermal exchanges between the ground surface and the air are weak (strong). The small (large) ground surface sensible and latent heat fluxes lead to a weak (strong) South Asian high, a weak (strong) West Pacific subtropical high and a little to south (north) of its normal position. Correspondingly, the ascending motion is strengthened (weakened) and precipitationin creases (decreases) in South China, while in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River, the ascending motion and precipitation show the opposite trend.     

春季中国东海黑潮区大气热源异常对中国东部降水的影响

采用ERA-interim逐日再分析数据集与中国东部389个站逐日降水资料,通过相关和合成分析讨论了不同时间尺度上,春季中国东海黑潮区上空大气热源异常对东亚大气环流和中国东部降水的影响。观测分析表明,春季中国东海黑潮区上空为一显著的大气热源,大气对该热源的响应在不同时间尺度上表现出不同的形式。在较长时间的季节和年际尺度上,春季中国东海黑潮区大气热源增强时,可在大气对流层低层强迫出偏南气流,同期春季及后期夏季西太平洋副热带高压增强并西伸,相比于热源低值年西北太平洋副热带地区为一反气旋式异常环流所控制,中国长江中下游以南地区降水增多;反之亦然。与年际和季节时间尺度不同,在较短的天气时间尺度上,中国东海黑潮区上空大气热源增强可在其下方强迫出气旋式异常环流。大气热源的增强与中国东部对流层低层气旋式异常环流的东移有关,相应地在中国东部地区出现了显著的降水增多。