吐哈—三塘湖盆地低煤阶煤层气成藏特征研究

正吐哈(吐鲁番—哈密)—三塘湖盆地低煤阶煤层气资源丰富,但低煤阶煤层气成藏规律认识不足。本文在分析吐哈—三塘湖低煤阶煤层气含气性和成因的基础上,从水文地质条件和构造条件等方面,探讨了研究区低煤阶煤层气成藏的重要条件,提出该区的成藏模式,明确低煤阶煤层气勘探方向,对研究区后续的煤层气勘探开发具有一定的借鉴作用。     

Organic compounds in produced waters from coalbed natural gas wells in the Powder River Basin,Wyoming, USA

The organic composition of produced water samples from coalbed natural gas (CBNG) wells in the Powder River Basin, WY, sampled in 2001 and 2002 are reported as part of a larger study of the potential health and environmental effects of organic compounds derived from coal. The quality of CBNG produced waters is a potential environmental concern and disposal problem for CBNG producers, and no previous studies of organic compounds in CBNG produced water have been published. Organic compounds identified in the produced water samples included: phenols, biphenyls, N-, O-, and S-containing heterocyclic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aromatic amines, various non-aromatic compounds, and phthalates. Many of the identified organic compounds (phenols, heterocyclic compounds, PAHs) are probably coal-derived. PAHs represented the group of organic compounds most commonly observed. Concentrations of total PAHs ranged up to 23 μg/L. Concentrations of individual compounds ranged from about 18 to <0.01 μg/L. Temporal variability of organic compound concentrations was documented, as two wells with relatively high organic compound contents in produced water in 2001 had much lower concentrations in 2002.     

Noble gas and isotope geochemistry in western Canadian Arctic watersheds: tracing groundwater recharge in permafrost terrain

In Canada’s western Arctic, perennial discharge from permafrost watersheds is the surface manifestation of active groundwater flow systems with features including the occurrence of year-round open water and the formation of icings, yet understanding the mechanisms of groundwater recharge and flow in periglacial environments remains enigmatic. Stable isotopes (δ¹⁸O, δD, δ¹³C_DIC), and noble gases have proved useful to study groundwater recharge and flow of groundwater which discharges along rivers in Canada’s western Arctic. In these studies of six catchments, groundwater recharge was determined to be a mix of snowmelt and precipitation. All systems investigated show that groundwater has recharged through organic soils with elevated P_CO2, which suggests that recharge occurs largely during summer when biological activity is high. Noble gas concentrations show that the recharge temperature was between 0 and 5 °C, which when considered in the context of discharge temperatures, suggests that there is no significant imbalance of energy flux into the subsurface. Groundwater circulation times were found to be up to 31 years for non-thermal waters using the ³?H-³He method.     

沁水盆地南部煤层气藏水文地质特征

水文地质条件对煤层气的高产富集起到重要的作用。沁水盆地南部有多个水文地质子单元,存在地下分水岭,造成煤层气井气水产能动态复杂化。研究区东部边界晋获断裂褶皱带的北段有明显的横向阻水作用,南段地下水径流条件极差,不导水。南部边界的中段具阻水性质,对晋城一带煤层气的保存与富集起到了重要作用。西部边界以安泽为界,北段阻水,南段由导水断层组成。本区内部存在着4条重要的水文地质边界。其中寺头断裂是一条封闭性的断裂,导水、导气能力极差。在沁水盆地的大宁-潘庄-樊庄地区,地下水以静水压力形式将煤层中的煤层气封闭起来。在寺头断裂西侧的郑庄及其附近地区,地下水径流强度可能较弱,较有利于煤层气保存。大宁-潘庄-樊庄一带为等势面"洼地"滞流型,煤层气富集条件好。      

Post-glacial landscape response to climate variability in the southeastern San Juan Mountains of Colorado, USA

Geomorphic mapping in the upper Conejos River Valley of the San Juan Mountains has shown that three distinct periods of aggradation have occurred since the end of the last glacial maximum (LGM). The first occurred during the Pleistocene–Holocene transition (~ 12.5–9.5 ka) and is interpreted as paraglacial landscape response to deglaciation after the LGM. Evidence of the second period of aggradation is limited but indicates a small pulse of sedimentation at ~ 5.5 ka. A third, more broadly identifiable period of sedimentation occurred in the late Holocene (~ 2.2–1 ka). The latest two periods of aggradation are concurrent with increases in the frequency of climate change in the region suggesting that Holocene alpine and sub-alpine landscapes respond more to rapid changes in climate than to large singular climatic swings. Soil development and radiocarbon dating indicate that hillslopes were stable during the Holocene even while aggradation was occurring in valley bottoms. Thus, we can conclude that erosion does not occur equally throughout the landscape but is focused upslope of headwater streams, along tributary channels, or on ridge tops. This is in contrast to some models which assume equal erosion in headwater basins.     

沁水盆地南部煤层气直井合层排采产气效果数值模拟

随着煤层气勘探开发的深入,多煤层合层排采受到广泛关注。合层排采管控工艺是确保煤层气合采井高产稳产的关键,而多煤层组合条件下复杂的地质条件增加了合层排采管控的难度。数值模拟技术是研究煤层气井合层排采管控工艺的有效手段,科学、可靠的模拟结果可为合采井排采管控提供依据。考虑温度效应、煤基质收缩效应、有效应力作用对煤层流体运移规律以及渗透率等煤层物性参数的影响,建立煤层气直井合层排采生产动态过程多物理场耦合数学模型,并进行有限元法的多物理场耦合求解。通过对沁水盆地南部郑庄区块煤层气合采井组的模拟,探讨不同排采速率下煤层气直井合层排采产气效果及渗透率等煤层物性参数动态演化特征,提出煤层气直井合层排采工程建议。模拟结果显示,郑庄区块3号、15号煤层整体含气量较高,煤层气合采井组具有较大增产潜力,提高排采速率对提高煤层气采收率的效果不显著;排采过程中,煤基质收缩效应对渗透率的影响强于有效应力作用,是提高煤层气井排采速率的保障,在确保排采速率不超过煤层渗流能力上限的基础上,适当提高排采速率可实现煤层气井增产。基于模拟结果,建议排采速率的调整以控制动液面或液柱压力为主;以3号、15号煤层气合采井增产为目标,产水阶段和憋压阶段,郑庄区块煤层气直井合层排采速率以液柱压力降幅0.12~0.20 MPa/d或动液面降幅12~20 m/d为宜,既可实现煤层气增产,又可避免储层伤害。      

Effects of igneous intrusions on coalbed methane potential, Gunnedah Basin, Australia

The Gunnedah Basin, NSW, Australia, contains more than 500 Gt of coal, and has been the subject of recent coalbed methane exploration. Large areas of the basin contain igneous intrusions and large areas of coal have been heat-affected as a consequence. A detailed study has been undertaken of coal seams intersected in a cored coalbed methane exploration drillhole in which two sill-form igneous intrusions are present. Comparisons are made between coals that are unaltered and coals that have been heat-affected, using petrographic and chemical data, coal seam gas desorption data, and gas chemical analysis data.Results demonstrate that the two igneous intrusions have had a very positive effect on coalbed methane development. The gas content in a number of heat-affected coal seams within thermal aureoles above and below the sills is substantially higher than in adjacent unaffected coal seams. In addition, the intrusions have had little effect on gas quality. The coals in the heat-affected zone were found to contain gas with approximately 95% methane. The coals in the thermal aureoles were found, under the microscope, to contain characteristic micropores and slits, which collectively may serve to enhance gas adsorption capacity, permeability, and gas desorption. Gas contents below each of the sills is substantially higher than above the sill, confirming earlier results that the sills appear to have acted as a reservoir seal, during and for some time after intrusion. The background coal rank in ACM Yannergee DDH 1 is in the high-volatile bituminous range. The igneous intrusions have resulted in an increase in rank such that large areas of coal have moved into the optimal thermogenic gas generation window. This rank increase has affected a major part of the coal-bearing sequence.     

广西栗木锡铌钽矿田成矿物质来源的惰性气体同位素示踪

文章利用黄铁矿流体包裹体惰性气体同位素,探讨了广西栗木锡铌钽矿田成矿流体的来源.黄铁矿流体包裹体的3He/4He比值为0.14～0.97 Ra,远远低于地幔流体的比值,接近饱和大气水的比值,并与地壳流体的比值处在相同的数量级上;40 Ar/36 Ar比值为555.98～ 855.11,平均705.55,显然偏离大气氩的同位素组成;40Ar*/4He比值为0.08～0.27,平均值为0.153,接近地壳值;20Ne/22 Ne=9.671～9.748和21Ne/22 Ne=0.0306～ 0.0330,具有饱和大气水的Ne同位素比值特征.结果表明,广西栗木锡铌钽矿田老虎头、牛栏岭和金竹源3个矿床的成矿流体是大气水和地壳流体的混合流体;水溪庙矿床的成矿流体也主要是大气水和地壳流体的混合流体,但可能有少量地幔流体的加入.     

Evaluation of coalbed gas potential of the Seelyville Coal Member, Indiana, USA

The Seelyville Coal Member of the Linton Formation in Indiana potentially contains 0.03 trillion m³ (1.1 TCF) of coalbed gas. The gas content determined by canister desorption technique ranges from 0.5 to 5.7 cm³/g on dry ash free basis (15.4 to 182.2 scf/ton). The controls on gas content distribution are complex, and cannot be explained by the coal rank alone. Ash content and the lithology of the overlying strata, among other factors, may influence this distribution.     

Contemporaneous Trachyandesitic and Calc-alkaline Volcanism of the Huerto Andesite, San Juan Volcanic Field, Colorado, USA

Locally, voluminous andesitic volcanism both preceded and followedlarge eruptions of silicic ash-flow tuff from many calderasin the San Juan volcanic field. The most voluminous post-collapselava suite of the central San Juan caldera cluster is the 28Ma Huerto Andesite, a diverse assemblage erupted from at least5–6 volcanic centres that were active around the southernmargins of the La Garita caldera shortly after eruption of theFish Canyon Tuff. These andesitic centres are inferred, in part,to represent eruptions of magma that ponded and differentiatedwithin the crust below the La Garita caldera, thereby providingthe thermal energy necessary for rejuvenation and remobilizationof the Fish Canyon magma body. The multiple Huerto eruptivecentres produced two magmatic series that differ in phenocrystmineralogy (hydrous vs anhydrous assemblages), whole-rock majorand trace element chemistry and isotopic compositions. Hornblende-bearinglavas from three volcanic centres located close to the southeasternmargin of the La Garita caldera (Eagle Mountain–FourmileCreek, West Fork of the San Juan River, Table Mountain) definea high-K calc-alkaline series (57–65 wt % SiO₂) that isoxidized, hydrous and sulphur rich. Trachyandesitic lavas fromwidely separated centres at Baldy Mountain–Red Lake (westernmargin), Sugarloaf Mountain (southern margin) and Ribbon Mesa(20 km east of the La Garita caldera) are mutually indistinguishable(55–61 wt % SiO₂); they are characterized by higher andmore variable concentrations of alkalis and many incompatibletrace elements (e.g. Zr, Nb, heavy rare earth elements), andthey contain anhydrous phenocryst assemblages (including olivine).These mildly alkaline magmas were less water rich and oxidizedthan the hornblende-bearing calc-alkaline suite. The same distinctionscharacterize the voluminous precaldera andesitic lavas of theConejos Formation, indicating that these contrasting suitesare long-term manifestations of San Juan volcanism. The favouredmodel for their origin involves contrasting ascent paths anddifferentiation histories through crustal columns with differentthermal and density gradients. Magmas ascending into the mainfocus of the La Garita caldera were impeded, and they evolvedat greater depths, retaining more of their primary volatileload. This model is supported by systematic differences in isotopiccompositions suggestive of crust–magma interactions withcontrasting lithologies. KEY WORDS: alkaline; calc-alkaline; petrogenesis; episodic magmatism; Fish Canyon system     

Lower and Middle Devonian Malvinokaffric ostracods from the Precordillera Basin of San Juan,Argentina

Ostracod from the upper Lower to Middle Devonian rocks of the Argentine Precordillera Basin (Talacasto and Punta Negra formations) are studied. One new genus Pircawayra nov. gen., and five species (including three new: Pircawayra gigantea nov. gen. and sp., Lapazites trinodis nov. sp. and Keslingiella? teresae nov. sp.) are defined. The recorded ostracod fauna closely resembles that coeval from Bolivia and South Africa, exhibiting a remarkable endemism, not only at the genus level, but also at the species level. In addition to its low-diversity, the Malvinokaffric ostracod association is also characterized by having large, thick, coarsely ornamented and swollen valves. The similar ostracod composition from the Andean and South African basins suggests faunal exchange between these two areas. Based on the ostracod faunas, the Malvinokaffric Realm is clearly recognizable at least up to the Middle Devonian.     

Surface water/groundwater interaction in the Piora Aquifer,Switzerland: evidence from dye tracing tests

Results of seven dye tracing tests done from 1993–1997 to investigate the extent to which lakes and surface water interact with the underlying Triassic Piora Aquifer, Switzerland, are reported here. Two of the dye tracing tests showed that groundwater flows in the Piora Aquifer from the Piora Valley to springs in the adjacent Santa Maria Valley, and even further east to the di Campo Valley considerably outside of the Piora Valley surface water divide. Lake Ritom located in the Piora Valley loses water only to the Canaria Valley outside of the lake's surface-water watershed at the lake's western margin when lake levels are above 1,835 m above sea level. Dye tracing tests show that a major sinkhole in the Piora Valley, Calderoni Sinkhole, is located precisely on the water divide where subsurface flow in the Piora Valley and surface water diverge and move in opposite directions. The dye tracing results also showed no hydraulic connection between surface water in the Piora Valley and the famous Pertusio Spring, located in the upper Santa Maria Valley. Only a small amount of dye from the two dye tracing tests done in 1993 and 1997 entered an exploratory gallery built to test the viability of the AlpTransit tunnel, being built in competent rock under the Triassic Piora Aquifer, effectively perched above. Electronic Publication     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界煤层气储层特征

鄂尔多斯盆地东部上古生界煤层气储层的孔隙类型以气孔和植物组织孔占优势,孔隙体积比中,大孔和微孔达80%~90%。煤层的有效孔隙度低,使裂隙成为煤层气的主要运移通道。主干裂隙走向受古应力场的控制,与主应力方向相一致;裂隙发育程度从北向南具有明显的分带性。综合分析认为,南部吴堡—柳林和乡宁—韩城一带煤层气储集条件有利,是煤层气勘探开发的有利地区。     

煤层气与页岩气吸附差异性分析

查明页岩气与煤层气的吸附差异对指导其勘探开发具有重要意义。通过测试不同成熟度和有机质(TOC)的煤与页岩的等温吸附曲线,结果表明:TOC含量是影响页岩吸附的主要因素,成熟度相当的煤与页岩相比,煤的吸附量远远大于页岩,主要是由于成藏特征、物质组成和孔隙结构不同造成的;页岩吸附过程中出现的异常吸附可能有其他的吸附理论支撑。     

混合气体驱替煤层气技术的可行性研究

气体驱替煤层气技术是近年来发展起来的具有温室气体减排和提高煤层气采收率双赢效果的新兴技术,相关研究受到世界主要发达国家的广泛重视。对于温室气体减排的压力,发达国家的研究主要着眼于该技术在高渗透、不可采煤层中的应用,注入气体主要为CO2,目的是尽可能多地封存CO2,同时提高煤层气采收率。目前,国内在这方面的研究刚刚起步。国内煤层具有渗透率普遍较低、不开采煤层与要开采煤层难以界定的特点,注CO2气体驱替煤层气在这种煤层中的可行性值得商榷。针对国内煤层特点和煤矿瓦斯抽采率低的现状,建议采用富N2混合气体驱替煤层气技术,以提高煤层气产采收率。通过理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验研究分析了实施混合气体驱替煤层气技术的可行性。研究结果表明,混合气体驱替煤层气技术适用于国内低渗透、可开采煤层,可以提高煤层气采收率和单产量。     

鄂尔多斯盆地乌审煤田煤层气地质特征与勘探开发前景

鄂尔多斯盆地乌审煤田是我国煤层气勘探的重要区块。为搞清该区煤层气藏富集规律, 通过气测录井和现场解吸等手段研究了该区煤层气地质特征;通过分析不同煤层气井的含气量、煤层顶底板岩性等资料, 认为影响勘查区煤层气富集的关键因素是上覆有效盖层的厚度;通过煤层气样的气体组分分析, 确定了甲烷风化带的大致影响范围。预测结果显示, 乌审煤田煤层气主要赋存于中、北部3-1煤层800 m以深地区, 顶底板封盖良好区域含气量可达到8 m³/t, 具有良好的勘探开发前景。     

Holocene landscape evolution and geoarcheology of low-order streams in the Rio Grande basin,San Juan Mountains,Colorado, USA

This geoarcheological study investigates soil stratigraphy and geochronology of alluvial deposits to determine Holocene landscape evolution within the Hot Creek, La Jara Creek, and Alamosa River drainage basins in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado. Geomorphic mapping and radiocarbon dating indicate synchronicity in patterns of erosion, deposition, and stability between drainage basins. In all three basins, the maximum age of mapped alluvial terraces and fans is ~ 3300 cal yr BP. A depositional period seen at both Hot Creek and the Alamosa River begins ~ 3300 to 3200 cal yr BP. Based on soil development, short periods of stability followed by alluvial fan aggradation occur in the Alamosa River basin ~ 2200 cal yr BP. A period of landscape stability at Hot Creek before ~ 1100 cal yr BP is followed by a period of rapid aggradation within all three drainages between ~ 1100 and 850 cal yr BP. A final aggradation event occurred between ~ 630 and 520 cal yr BP at La Jara Creek. These patterns of landscape evolution over the past ~ 3300 yr provide the framework for an archeological model that predicts the potential for buried and surficial cultural materials in the research area.     

Quaternary alluvial terraces in an active tectonic region: the San Juan River Valley,Andean Ranges,San Juan Province,Argentina

The San Juan River, located in San Juan Province (Argentina), crosses the Precordillera and other geologic units including the Ullum tectonic valley and the La Laja Zone between latitudes 31°S and 32°S. The San Juan River is antecedent as is suggested by its two perpendicular segments linked by an almost parallel segment to the main structural trend. Along the Precordillera, the San Juan River valley has many different alluvial fans at the river junctions with its tributaries. The Quaternary alluvial fans display surfaces cut in a series of steps which we consider to be alluvial terraces generated by aggradation and repeated incision episodes. The studied sector includes one area with recent major seismic activity (La Laja Zone), another without major seismic activity (Precordillera area), and a subsident area (Ullum area) where a large lake was formed 6500 yr BP. The old San Juan River was captured by the Quebrada de Ullum valley by means of a 25-m incision, which resulted in river-gradient headward erosion. The San Juan River gradient shows some irregularities that, although unrelated to the main structures, are associated with river dynamics, which emphasizes lithologic differences. The main river valley width, the geometry and gradient of each tributary, together with the basement rock lithologies and the size of each local source area are the major factors which control the alluvial terrace generation processes. In the La Laja Zone, where the uppermost terrace is capped by travertine, dating of travertine deposits suggests that the maximum incision rate is 0.9–1 mm/yr related to episodic activity on the La Laja Fault.     

沁水盆地南部煤层气田煤层气成藏条件分析

煤层气藏具有其自身的形成条件和气藏特征。本文从煤层气藏的形成和保存条件出发,以沁水盆地南部煤层气田为实例,从沉积、构造、煤岩演化程度、顶底板条件、水动力、地应力等方面论述了煤层气成藏特征及高产富集因素,对下一步勘探具有重要指导意义。