对“论‘太湖冲击坑溅射物’”一文的答复

      本期刊登了黄志诚和刘冠邦有关太湖“溅射物”的讨论文章。该文从沉积学观点,对太湖某些沉积物及结核开展了 研究工作,确定了沉积成因菱铁矿结核的存在, 并据此对我们在2009 年提出的太湖“溅射物”冲击成因观点提出质疑。这 些非溅射物结核的新资料,为进一步深入对比研究溅射物提供了某些参考。本文根据溅射物的外形、内部特征以及同位素 资料,与非溅射物结核进行了初步对比,结果显示对太湖“溅射物”的不同结论可能与研究样品差异有关, 相关研究工作 还值得进一步深入下去。     

太湖现代沉积物中铁质结核特征:对太湖形成机制的探讨

太湖现代沉积物中发育大量各种形态的菱铁矿结核和褐铁矿结核。前者的矿物组成以菱铁矿为主,后者以针铁矿及纤铁矿为主,结核中混有陆源碎屑、黏土和大量各种水生植物碎片、细胞、花粉、植物蛋白石、少量动物介壳碎片以及大量细菌,表明铁质结核的形成与生物有关。菱铁矿结核形成于太湖现代沉积泥层较下部的封闭还原环境中,不同形状的菱铁矿结核的14C测年证明其形成于不同年代。褐铁矿结核形成于沉积泥层上部的氧化环境中,细菌起了关键作用。二者均为沉积成岩作用的产物。
  太湖的形成机制一直存在广泛争议,其中“陨石撞击说”最受关注。王鹤年等（2009）把前述的菱铁矿结核、褐铁矿结核、甚至黄土层中的钙结核当成“冲击坑溅射物”,并将之作为太湖形成于陨石撞击的确凿证据。陨石撞击地球是一种近乎瞬间的冲击变质作用,其相应的特征产物有:柯石英、斯石英,矿物中的变形页理和撞击玻璃（撞击岩）。迄今为止,在太湖及周边地区还没有发现石英的高压矿物相。观察到的石英砂岩中的石英变形纹是较低应力作用的产物,在沉积岩中常见,与冲击变质作用无关。太湖湖底平坦,水深不超过3 m,沉积层仅厚2 m,与陨石撞击造成的陨石坑地形特征不符。从沉积学的角度来看太湖形成的“洪水淹没说”更有说服力,不仅符合沉积物特征和沉积物年龄,也有考古学遗迹和史料的佐证。     

太湖冲击坑溅射物的发现及其意义

太湖冲击成因说由来已久,但始终未成定论。近几年在太湖及周边湖泊的淤泥层中发现了许多形态各异的奇石,经多种方法测试研究,确定为太湖冲击坑的溅射物。根据成份,溅射物分为两大类。一类富铁质,以菱铁矿及其胶结的碎屑为主,包括微小球粒、棍状及各种形态的块状和片状体 ;另一类贫铁质,以方解石及其胶结的长英质碎屑为主,碎屑为锐角状的石英晶屑及少量粘土和长英质岩屑。溅射物的大小从厘米级块体到毫米级球粒,再至微米级尘粉都有。溅射物外形多具有旋转扭曲形态及熔壳特征,显示了熔融、塑性- 半塑性特征。这些特征显示其成因经历了冲击震碎、熔融、挖掘抛射、空中飞行,最后溅落在冲击坑及其周围。溅射物的成分反映了太湖靶岩基岩岩性特征。太湖冲击坑溅射物的发现是继太湖诸岛石英砂岩中石英晶体的冲击变质微结构发现之后,又一重大突破。综合其它特征,可以确定太湖为一冲击坑。     

苏州西山震裂锥:太湖冲击坑又一新证据

震裂锥已被公认为陨石冲击地球表面遗留的标志。研究及统计资料表明,震裂锥与陨石冲击形成的中、大型冲击坑 有关。太湖西山震裂锥呈圆锥形,锥体表面有自锥顶向下辐射的锥纹,锥纹具有分叉的特征,这些特征与震裂锥的国际公 认的定义和标准相符。此外,西山震裂锥还具有其特有的其他特征：碎裂岩化显著;气化-熔融现象发育;锥体表面具网 状构造及波纹状、蜂窝状等多种气印。岩相学研究显示,震裂锥及含锥岩石中冲击变质现象明显,微页理（PDFs）、微裂 隙（PFs） 以及靶岩熔融现象发育。以上这些冲击变质的标志,可证明西山震裂锥是冲击成因,而非地表水风化淋溶石灰岩 的喀斯特或风蚀成因的凤稜石。西山震裂锥的发现、太湖湖底冲击击变角砾岩“太湖石”的确定,为太湖冲击坑的研究增 添了新的诊断性证据;加上早期研究确定的、冲击回落至太湖湖底淤泥层中的冲击溅射物,这些众多证据为确定“太湖冲 击坑”或“太湖冲击事件”展示了美好前景。但是,要确定太湖冲击坑的具体位置、大小及构造模式等,尚需更多的深入 研究。     

黔西上二叠统含煤层气系统特征及其沉积控制

基于黔西地区晚二叠世含煤地层钻井岩芯观察及样品分析测试结果,指出沉积环境对“多层叠置独立含煤层气系统”
的发育具显著的控制作用。研究结果表明,含煤岩系中低渗透岩层的分布对“多层叠置独立含煤层气系统”的形成具有分
划性的阻隔作用,这种分划性隔水阻气的发育受控于沉积环境,从三角洲平原相区至三角洲前缘相区含煤地层中具低孔渗
透条件的隔水阻气层渐趋发育,导致垂向含煤层气系统渐趋复杂。三角洲平原相区偏于氧化环境,不利于准同生成岩-早
成岩作用阶段菱铁矿和黄铁矿的形成,层序内最大海侵面附近泥岩的封堵性能相对减弱,使得原本相对孤立的含气组合彼
此连通构成相对统一的含气系统,垂向含煤层气系统相对简单;而三角洲前缘相区含煤地层中具低孔渗透条件的隔水阻气
层相对发育,垂向含煤层气系统较为复杂。     

太湖湖盆冲击成因假说的演变及研究进展

本文的主要目的是回顾太湖湖盆成因假说,并重点介绍太湖湖盆冲击成因假说的研究历史,首先对各类太湖湖盆非冲击类成因假说做简单的介绍和评述,这些假说包括潟湖说、构造说、堰塞说、火山爆喷说及综合成因说,然后重点回顾太湖湖盆冲击成因假说的演变过程.太湖湖盆冲击成因假说的第一阶段在20 世纪 90 年代初,根据太湖地区砂岩中存在大量石英变形纹现象提出冲击假说,因认知不足,渐渐势微;第二阶段是 21 世纪初,太湖湖底淤泥层赋存大量奇特富铁质结核的新发现再次复兴了冲击假说,但太湖冲击坑确定的结论并不成熟,证据并不充分,遭到质疑;第三阶段自2012 年开始,认识到工作中的失误和冲击假说的难点,再次聚焦富铁质结核的矿物学成因及所处淤泥层位的沉积学特征研究,以此为基础提出了太湖空爆冲击成因假说.最新研究结果显示太湖存在一层含富铁质结核的泥质层;富铁质结核的形态和内部特征有可能提供太湖湖盆成因的相关信息.富铁质结核可能是湖盆形成初期时大水面下淤泥空隙沉积结核物,也可能是空爆气柱合成产物和回落物.太湖湖盆空爆成因假说研究具有非常重要的科学意义,值得深入研究.     

一种特殊瘤状灰岩的成因研究

关于瘤状灰岩的成因主要有三种观点,其中一种认为与碳酸盐结核有关,另一种则认为是差异压实所为,再一种则认为是同沉积作用形成。然而,广西德保县都安下泥盆统达莲塘组发育的一种特殊的瘤状灰岩却因其产状貌似通常意义的砾状灰岩而使得人们将其误认为砾状灰岩。作者通过对这套“砾状灰岩”的沉积岩石学、生物化石、古构造等特征的研究,发现该“砾状灰岩”既不是沉积作用形成,也非同沉积构造作用形成,而是首先在闭塞的台内洼槽环境中形成同生和成岩碳酸盐结核,然后差异压实作用导致地层表面强烈地凹凸不平或地层整体的不均匀性 (致使强度降低 ),最后在印支期的穹隆形成过程中由于翼部的剪切、弯滑、弯流作用,致使结核发生转动、移动而形成今天所见的“砾状灰岩”。因此都安“砾状灰岩”实为瘤状灰岩,它代表的是闭塞、贫氧的 (台内洼槽 )沉积-成岩环境,是沉积成岩和构造等多种因素共同作用的产物。     

一种深水沉积标志-“瘤状结核”及其成因

“瘤状结核”是由富灰硅质结核和富粘土质“外壳”组成.从结构和成因可划分瘤状结核(不连续)、连续,瘤状结核和压扁瘤状结核(或压扁构造).据研究“瘤状结核”是在海水较深的外陆棚至盆地环境中形成的.“瘤状结核”有三种不同的成因,即(1)瘤状结核是在底流和洋流作用下,促使沉积作用中断,于沉积物-水界面附近,由海底早期成岩胶结作用形成;(2)连续瘤状结核是在较长的沉积作用中断和成岩作用相结合,致使结核体发育和生长以及互相连结,由岩化作用形成和(3)压扁瘤状结核是一种次生沉淀成因,它是由晚期埋藏和溶解、压实联合作用下形成的.     

金湖凹陷金南-腰滩地区戴南组一段高分辨率层序构型与砂体展布特征

应用高分辨率层序地层学理论、技术方法,综合地震、钻井岩芯及测井资料对金湖凹陷金南-腰滩地区戴南组一段
进行了高分辨率层序地层研究,识别出层序界面和洪泛面两类转换面,并进一步划分出1 个长期、2~3 个中期及4~7个短期
旋回层序,短期、中期旋回层序以向上“变深”型和向上“变深”复“变浅”型为主,向上“变浅”型不发育,长期旋回
层序则以向上“变深”复“变浅”为主。在此基础上,依据旋回等时对比法则,建立了研究区戴南组一段层序地层格架,
对各中期旋回层序砂体进行了等时追踪对比,发现MSC3 时期金南地区吕庄构造带及腰滩石港断裂上升盘沉积缺失,砂体
主要沿金南工区西部及石港断裂下降盘呈条件状展布,地层超覆特征明显,此类砂体是隐蔽油藏勘探的有利目标。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南缘铜川地区三叠系延长组油页岩中“钙质结核”的成因初探

在鄂尔多斯盆地南缘铜川地区野外露头三叠系延长组长7段油页岩中发现了一些“钙质结核”,野外露头中呈层状发育于长7段油页岩中,形态为“透镜状”、“椭球状”、“飞碟状”,直径大小约为10～70 cm。为探明其岩石类型和主要岩石组分,运用显微镜薄片鉴定、电子探针实验、能谱分析等方法,对结核体进行岩石学特征分析。在此基础上,对其成因进行初步探讨。岩石学特征显示,霸王庄和宜君套滩剖面的“钙质结核”主要成分为重结晶方解石和晶粒方解石,具“球粒状”结构,岩石类型为灰岩;瑶曲聂家河剖面结核体主要岩石类型为泥-粉晶白云岩。分析认为这些“钙质结核”其野外产状和岩石成分,符合热水沉积碳酸盐岩和受热液活动影响的特征,并且铜川地区在长7期具备热液活动的条件。初步认为这些“钙质结核”为湖底热液活动成因的湖相碳酸盐岩。     

太湖地区砂岩中石英变形特征：太湖冲击假说探讨

       太湖冲击成因假说作为众多太湖成因说之一,于20 多年前被提出至2009 年的再次复兴,颇受争议。本文从冲击的关 键证据之一石英变形特征入手,以新的实证研究重新审视前人的工作,并对太湖冲击假说展开探讨。主要通过光学显微镜 观察太湖地区泥盆系砂岩中石英受应力而致的不均匀消光、碎裂、变形纹等变形特征;利用费氏台测量石英变形纹的定向 特征,研究薄片中大量的人字形微裂隙现象;同时对比分析了九江地区同类砂岩及太湖地区菱铁矿结核体中石英碎屑的变 形特征。研究显示太湖地区砂岩中发育的石英变形纹并非典型的击变页理纹（PDF）, 石英变形特征主要为较低应力下的变 形特征,其成因具有多解性。因此太湖冲击成因假说以及太湖的形成机制值得多角度进一步研究。     

太湖地区早全新世沉积物中富铁质棍状结核体成因研究

文章主要介绍太湖地区富铁质棍状结核体的原始直立产状、分布特征、外形特征,内部胶体结构及其矿物学组合特征,进而讨论棍状结核体的成因模式.棍状结核体横向上广泛分布于太湖及其周边地区,产于一层标志性泥质层中;纵向上,棍状结核体在不同高度,从湖底到山边的田地,山麓下的沟槽里都有发现.原始层位可见新鲜棍状结核体,外表颜色为钢灰色...     

Rinded iron‐oxide concretions: hallmarks of altered siderite masses of both early and late diagenetic origin

Iron‐bearing concretions are valuable records of oxidation states of subsurface waters, but the first concretions to form can be altered drastically during later diagenetic events. Distinctive concretions composed of heavy rinds of iron oxide that surround iron‐poor, mud‐rich cores are common along bases of fluvial cross‐bed sets of the Cretaceous Dakota Formation, Nebraska, USA. Concretion rinds thicken inward and cores contain 46 to 89% void space. Millimetre‐scale spherosiderites are abundant in palaeosols that developed in floodplain facies. Evolution of rinded concretions began when intraformational clasts were eroded from sideritic soils, transported, abraded and deposited in river channels. Alteration of siderite and formation of rinds occurred much later, perhaps in the Quaternary when sandstone pore waters became oxic. Dakota concretions are analogous to ‘rattlestones’ in Pleistocene fluvial channels of The Netherlands, and their rinded structure is analogous to that of iron‐rich concretions in the aeolian Navajo Sandstone of Utah. In all three deposits, rinded concretions formed when pre‐existing, siderite‐cemented concretions were oxidized within a sand matrix. Unlike fluvial examples, siderite in the Navajo Sandstone was autochthonous and of late diagenetic origin, having precipitated from carbon dioxide and methane‐enriched waters moving through folded and jointed strata. Iron‐rich rinds formed in all these strata because concretion interiors remained anaerobic, even as oxygen accumulated in the pore waters of their surrounding, permeable matrix. Iron oxide first precipitated at redox boundaries at concretion perimeters and formed an inward‐thickening rind. Acid generated by the oxidation reaction drove siderite dissolution to completion, creating the iron‐poor core. Iron‐oxide rinds are indicators of the former presence of siderite, a mineral that forms only under reducing conditions, during either early or late diagenesis. Siderite is vulnerable to complete oxidation upon exposure, so the distinctive rinded concretions are valuable clues that aid in deciphering diagenetic histories and for recognizing methanic floodplain palaeoenvironments and wet palaeoclimate.     

Deep‐burial alteration of early‐diagenetic carbonate concretions formed in Palaeozoic deep‐marine greywackes and mudstones (Bardo Unit,Sudetes Mountains,Poland)

Carbonate concretions formed in bathyal and deeper settings have been studied less frequently than those formed in shallow‐marine deposits. Similarly, concretions affected by catagenetic conditions have rarely been reported. Calcite concretions in deep‐marine mudstones and greywackes of the Bardo Unit (Sudetes Mountains, Poland) formed during early diagenesis and were buried to significant depths. Petrographic and geochemical (elemental and stable C and O isotopic) analyses document their formation close to the sediment–water interface, prior to mechanical compaction within the sulphate reduction zone and their later burial below the oil window. Although the concretions were fully formed during early diagenesis, the effects of increased temperature and interaction with late‐diagenetic interstitial fluids can be discerned. During maximum burial, the concretions underwent thorough recrystallization that caused alteration of fabric and elemental and O isotope composition. The initial finely crystalline cement was replaced by more coarsely crystalline, sheaf‐like, poikilotopic calcite in the concretions. These large calcite crystals engulf and partially replace unstable detrital constituents. The extremely low δ¹⁸O values (down to ?21·2‰ Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite) in the concretions are the result of the increased temperature in combination with alteration of volcanic glass, both causing a significant ¹⁸O‐depletion of bicarbonate dissolved in the interstitial fluids. Recrystallization led to uniform O isotope ratios in the concretions, but did not affect the C isotope signature. The δ¹³C values of the late‐diagenetic cements precipitated in the greywacke and in cracks cutting through concretions imply crystallization in the catagenetic zone and decarboxylation as a source of the bicarbonate. These late‐diagenetic processes took place in a supposedly overpressured setting, as suggested by clastic dykes and hydrofractures that cut through both concretions and host rock. All of these features show how the effects of early and late diagenesis can be distinguished in such rocks.     

台湾国姓地区中新世海相菱铁矿的成因

菱铁矿很好地记录了过去地质流体的信息,能够用于示踪生物地球化学反应相关的成岩作用带。台湾国姓地区中新世海相泥页岩中发育自生的菱铁矿结核,其成因尚未厘清。野外观察发现菱铁矿以不连续透镜体平行散布于泥页岩中,主要由自生碳酸盐菱铁矿（78.63%）等矿物组成。菱铁矿的稀土元素配分模式为轻稀土亏损、中稀土富集,无Ce异常,指示菱铁矿形成于弱氧化的沉积环境,弱氧化的环境促进了菱铁矿在次氧化带的沉淀。菱铁矿的δ13C_VPDB和δ18O_VPDB值分别为-3.69‰~+0.08‰和-1.09‰~+0.25‰,指示菱铁矿形成于次氧化带,碳源很可能是海水和有机质降解混合产生。研究表明自生菱铁矿能够被用于识别沉积物中的生物地球化学过程和指示成岩作用带。     

Root‐related rhodochrosite and concretionary siderite formation in oxygen‐deficient conditions induced by a ground‐water table rise

Sedimentological, mineralogical, stable carbon and oxygen isotope determinations and biomarker analyses were performed on siderite concretions occurring in terrestrial silts to understand their formation and to characterize the sedimentary and diagenetic conditions favouring their growth. High δ¹³C values (6·4‰ on average) indicate that siderite precipitated in an anoxic environment where bacterial methanogenesis operated. The development of anoxic conditions during shallow burial was induced by a change in sedimentary environment from flood plain to swamp, related to a rise of the ground‐water table. Large amounts of decaying plant debris led to efficient oxygen consumption within the pore‐water in the peat. Oxygen depletion, in combination with a decrease in sedimentation rate, promoted anoxic diagenetic conditions under the swamp and favoured abundant siderite precipitation. This shows how a change in sedimentary conditions can have a profound impact on the early‐diagenetic environment and carbonate authigenesis. The concretions contain numerous rhizoliths; they are cemented with calcium‐rhodochrosite, a feature which has not been reported before. The rhodochrosite cement has negative δ¹³C values (?16·5‰ on average) and precipitated in suboxic conditions due to microbial degradation of roots coupled to manganese reduction. The exceptional preservation of the epidermis/exodermis and xylem vessels of former root tissues indicates that the rhodochrosite formed shortly after the death of a root in water‐logged sediments. Rhodochrosite precipitated during the initial stages of concretionary growth in suboxic microenvironments within roots, while siderite cementation occurred simultaneously around them in anoxic conditions. These suboxic microenvironments developed because oxygen was transported from the overlying oxygenated soil into sediments saturated with anoxic water via roots acting as permeable conduits. This model explains how separate generations of carbonate cements having different mineralogy and isotopic compositions, which would conventionally be regarded as cements precipitated sequentially in different diagenetic zones during gradual burial, can form simultaneously in shallow burial settings where strong redox gradients exist around vertically oriented permeable root structures.