新疆西准噶尔地区阿尔卑斯型超基性岩的成因及其演化

本地区阿尔卑斯型超基性岩在温度约800—1200℃、压力约0.9—1.68GPa、差异应力0.2—0.35GPa和比较干的条件下发生了塑性变形作用,形成一套以残碎斑结构为主并有糜棱结构的超基性岩质糜棱岩。在残碎斑状矿物和造矿的铬尖晶石中的原生全结晶化硅酸盐熔体包裹体和熔流体包裹体的发现和研究,证明该类岩石是在温度约1200—1300℃、压力约1.1-1.38 GPa,大致相当40-50 km深处,庄物理化学条件相对恒定的环境中,经硅酸盐熔浆液态分异形成的岩浆岩。在重结晶次生橄榄石和辉石中未发现任何包裹体,说明超基性岩塑性变形作用是在岩浆成岩之后。     

金川含铜镍超基性岩体的岩浆包裹体特征及其地质意义

作者首次于金川含铜镍超基性岩体中发现了岩浆包裹体。本文系统研究了岩浆包裹体特征,阐述了包裹体中橄榄石、斜方辉石、单斜辉石、铬尖晶石等晶相子矿物的化学成分以及F_2、Cl_2,CH_4、H_2S、H_2O、SO_2、CO_2等气相挥发组份。测温结果表明,原生岩浆包裹体的均一化温度介于950—1100℃。各造岩矿物中原生岩浆包裹体的发现,证明金川岩体为岩浆成因。包裹体中不混熔现象的发现,证明各类岩石和矿体是铁质超基性含矿熔浆在液态就地分熔成不同成分的熔体,并在不同的物理化学条件下结晶而成。这些研究对认识成岩成矿的物化条件和成因具有重要意义。     

绢石与顽火辉石光性方位的关系

超基性岩的主要造岩矿物橄榄石及顽火辉石新鲜者极少,大多数分别蚀变为蛇纹石及绢石,这对超基性岩原生构造与组构的研究带来很大困难。几年来,我们在工作中注意了绢石与顽火辉石光性方位的研究。顽火辉石属于斜方晶系,二轴晶正光性,2V=60-80°,a//Nm、b//Np、c//Ng,即[100]//Nm、[010]//Np、[001]//Ng,光轴面//(100)。绢石是顽火辉石的蚀变矿物,已为许多研究者所公认,     

塔里木板块东北部笔架山东基性-超基性岩体地球化学特征与岩石成因

笔架山东基性—超基性岩体位于塔里木板块东北部的新疆北山地区,是笔架山岩带中最东边的一个岩体,岩体形态为椭圆状,出露面积约5 km2.由含长单辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉长岩、含橄辉长岩、辉长岩以及辉绿岩组成.含橄榄石较多的岩石属拉斑玄武岩系列,而辉长岩属钙碱性系列.岩相学、岩石化学和微量元素地球化学特征表明岩浆演化过程中经历了橄榄石、辉石、斜长石的分离结晶作用.Nd、Sr、Pb同位素组成和岩石地球化学特征反映出岩浆与围岩之间存在物质交换.笔架山东岩体的岩浆源区为OIB型地幔源区,原生岩浆为高镁拉斑玄武岩浆[w(MgO)=11.2％],这些性质与塔里木板块东北部其他基性-超基性岩体的特征相似,表明塔里木板块东北部二叠纪基性—超基性岩体的源区主要为OIB型地幔,可能与地幔柱有关.     

关于冀东太古宙蛇绿岩的几个问题

最近美国学者Kusky博士和北京大学李江海教授在各种国际会议和Science等报章杂志上,报道他们在冀东发现了世界上最古老的25亿年的东湾子蛇绿岩以及遵化和辽西地区的蛇绿混杂岩和豆荚状铬铁矿。冀东是否存在蛇绿岩存在争论。我们的研究表明,所谓的太古宙东湾子蛇绿岩尚难成立。原因是他们所报道的蛇绿岩的所有组成岩石均多多少少存在问题:(1)东湾子蛇绿岩是否存在地幔橄榄岩还不能确定,Kusky和李江海等所说的地幔橄榄岩或方辉橄榄构造岩(harzburgite tectonite),经研究主要由富铁质的辉石岩和角闪石岩组成,且与辉长岩单元之间未直接接触,因此,上述超基性岩是否是太古宙的也不能肯定。(2)辉长岩的矿物组合中有少量原生黑云母出现,是蛇绿岩组合中罕见的。(3)席状岩墙群不成立,既无对称的冷凝边,也无不对称的冷凝边;所谓的岩墙群主要由辉石岩和角闪石岩组成,并非基性岩浆:辉石岩和角闪石岩的地球化学特征暗示其可能来自板块内部构造环境,也非蛇绿岩的特点。(4)与超基性岩伴生的铬铁矿富Fe和Cr,类似于产于古老地块的、与富铁质超基性岩有关的铬铁矿的特征,而非蛇绿岩的豆荚状铬铁矿。(5)缺少能够支持东湾子为蛇绿岩的详细和系统的地球化学资料。因此,根据目前的认识,冀东太古宙是否存在蛇绿岩仍然是一个不确?     

西北几个超基性岩体中主要矿物的分离方法

我所自建所以来,开展了超基性岩及铬矿研究工作,相应地也开展了有关矿物的分离提纯工作。1972年由于开展超基性岩岩石特征的研究,开始摸索进行有关橄榄石、斜方辉石及单斜辉石的分离提纯工作。截至目前,已对八个岩体中的主要造岩矿物进行了分离提纯,一般纯度皆可达98％以上,基本上满足了研究工作的需要。现将主要的分离方法总结于下:     

我国西北某些阿尔卑斯型超基性岩体的岩浆结晶演化特征初探

在我国西北的大道尔吉超基性岩体中,岩石的矿物共生组合及成分随岩体部位而变,中部为 Chry En Alu 组合;下部为 Fe-Chr Fo En 组合。相比之下,玉石沟、白泉和萨尔托海岩体各部位的矿物共生组合虽与之略有差异,但岩体自上而下,橄榄石,斜方辉石和铬尖晶石的成分均遵循相似的变化规律,当两种岩石中橄榄石和斜方辉石牌号相同时,铬尖晶石因成分的不同与斜方辉石的结晶顺序不同,各部位共生矿物橄榄石 Fo 下。与斜方辉石之 En 数值接近。这均说明了阿尔卑斯型超基性岩的岩浆结晶演化过程,并为探索阿尔卑斯型超基性岩的成因、岩体产状以及超基性岩 M/F 值与橄榄石和斜方辉石牌号间的关系提供了依据     

无长石超基性岩化学成分换算定量矿物的三角图解

一、图解的目的及其应用范围本图解是通过超基性岩(包括由它变成的蛇纹岩)的主要化学成分求出其主要造岩矿物的含量,井以此确定岩石类型。其应用范围只适用于由橄榄石和辉石等组成的无长石超基性岩类及由它们变成的蛇纹岩。该图解只考虑了超基性岩的主要化学成分:MgO、《FeO》、CaO及SiO_2,而没有考虑碱性组分,因此,只适用于含少量碱性组分的无长石超基     

关于橄榄石研究的一些情况

橄榄石是构成超基性岩的主要造岩矿物,同时也见于其它岩浆岩、变质岩、陨石以及月岩中。长期以来,对橄榄石、含橄榄石岩石以及含橄榄石体系进行过较多的野外和实验研究。近年来,在橄榄石研究中又提出了一些新问题和新看法,现就其中的某些问题作一介绍,供参考。     

橄榄石的X射线岩组分析两例

铬铁矿是基性、超基性岩浆分异的产物,而流动分异则是岩浆分异(结晶、重力、流动分异、熔离作用等)的一个重要方面,研究岩浆物质的流动分异对探讨超基性岩的成因,铬铁矿的形成与分布规律都有重要的意义。岩组分析是研究超基性岩原生流动构造的一个重要手段,特别是当超基性岩原生矿物成分单一,铬尖晶石含量稀少,岩石风化强烈,宏观流动构造现象不清楚时更是唯一的手段。     

Structure and formation mechanism of the Nizhny Tagil dunite-clinopyroxenite massif,Central Urals

The results of the structural study of the Nizhny Tagil platiniferous massif in the Central Urals are presented. This is a classic massif of the Ural-Alaskan-type zonal dunite-clinopyroxenite complexes. The massif is characterized by a nearly concentric vertical planar internal structure conformable to petrographic zoning (layering). The primary ultramafic rocks are distinguished by adcumulative protogranular structure with relict euhedral olivine protocrysts and distinct linear orientation of minerals, which was formed as a result of magmatic flow. The deformational linear and planar structures conformable to the early structural elements were formed in the process of subsequent coaxal high-temperature ductile flow. At this stage, dynamometamorphic zoning is formed, expressed in the change of the protogranular microstructure typical of the inner portion of the massif by porphyroclastic and mosaic microstructures in its marginal part. The country rocks underwent conjugate high-temperature metamorphism with the formation of hornfels and kytlymite. The structure of the massif is considered to be a result of dynamic differentiation in the course of magmatic flow followed by high-temperature coaxal flow during intrusive and diapiric ascent of rocks to the crustal level.     

Geochemistry of the volcanoplutonic association of the Shaw massif (East Antarctica): Composition,genesis, and geodynamic interpretation

This paper reports the first petrological and geochemical evidence for the Meso-Neoproterozoic metamorphic and metaintrusive rocks of the Shaw Mountain massif (Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica). It was shown that the orthogneisses (plagiogneisses) and metabasites of the massif were formed as constituents of a volcanoplutonic complex, which included a variety of igneous rocks of normal and subalkaline groups, from ultrabasic to silicic and was assigned to the volcanic tholeiite basalt-andesite-rhyolite, plutonic peridotite-gabbro, and late (?) calc-alkaline gabbro-diorite-plagiogranite associations. The distribution of major and compatible trace elements indicates the fractionation of the primary melts that produced the volcanoplutonic association of the Shaw massif. With respect to the distribution of REE and trace elements and some trace element ratios, the metabasic rocks of the Shaw massif correspond mainly to enriched and normal basalts of mid-ocean ridges, continental rifts, and ocean islands, which suggests a contribution from a plume mantle source. It was found that the region of the Shaw massif is a high-grade metamorphosed margin of the Fisher volcanoplutonic complex, a Mesoproterozoic structure of single geodynamic nature. This is supported by the spatial proximity of the Shaw and Fisher regions, the similar behaviors of most major elements and distribution patterns of trace elements and REE in comparable magmatic associations, and the similar ages of some plutonic associations. Based on the petrological and geochemical data, an alternative geotectonic model was proposed for this region. According to this model, the Fisher complex was formed in a setting of continental rifting coupled with the processes of mantle diapirism, which was subsequently changed by the compression stage. During rifting, the structure could experience significant opening accompanied by ultrabasic-basic tholeiitic magmatism with a significant contribution of mantle material. A subsequent inversion resulted in that the rift structure underwent considerable horizontal compression accompanied by calc-alkaline magmatism and the formation of narrow intracratonic fold zones. The cyclic character of rifting processes and superposition of young rift systems on older ones was also established in the Phanerozoic geotectonic history of the region of the Prince Charles Mountains.     

略论破裂构造的形成机制

“破裂”一词比之“断裂”有着更为广泛的涵义,其论述必然牵涉到破裂构造的许多问题。本文试图在前人工作基础上,通过实验观察,着重讨论剪切破裂的形成机制和模式。 岩石破裂是由于本身存在着弹性应变能的缘故。本世纪六十年代初,罗贝尔思(J.C. Roberts)等人,已将其原理应用到节理裂隙力学机制的分析上。     

贺兰构造带北段-桌子山中-新生代构造变形特征

贺兰山构造带位于鄂尔多斯盆地与阿拉善地块之间,经历了元古代以来长期的构造演化过程。贺兰构造带北段的桌子山具有复杂的构造样式,该构造样式记录了鄂尔多斯块体、阿拉善块体以及古亚洲洋构造演化的丰富信息。详细的野外构造解析揭示,贺兰构造带北段桌子山地区自中生代以来主要经历了多期挤压构造变形。第一期构造变形以三叠系及其以下地层中的NWW向宽缓褶皱为代表,指示了晚三叠纪NNE向的挤压作用;第二期以侏罗系及其以下地层中的NE走向构造为代表,指示了晚侏罗世NW向的挤压作用;第三期构造变形以黄河断裂发生右旋走滑及其两侧早期变形构造线走向及古应力场方向之间30°夹角差异为代表。黄河断裂以东白垩系及其以上地层结构稳定,结合前人古地磁研究结果,认为第三期构造变形为桌子山沿黄河断裂发生近30°逆时针旋转,变形时间为新生代。     

Mineralogical,geochemical, and age characteristics of the rocks of the Inagli dunite-clinopyroxenite-shonkinite massif with platinum-chromite and Cr-diopside mineralization (Aldan Shield)

We consider the mineralogical and geochemical features of the rocks of the Inagli dunite-clinopyroxenite-shonkinite massif with platinum-chromite and unique jewelry Cr-diopside mineralization, which is a reference object of concentric zonal complexes. The massif rocks, from dunites to pulaskites, including peridotites, clinopyroxenites, shonkinites, and melanocratic alkali syenites, form a single continuous comagmatic series. This is confirmed by a clear dependence of the compositions of olivine, pyroxene, phlogopites, and Cr-spinels on the MgO content of the rocks and on the behavior of trace elements in them. The similar compositions of pyroxenes and trace-element patterns of clinopyroxenite rocks and Cr-diopsidite veins indicate a genetic similarity of these rocks. The age and mineralogical and geochemical compositions of the rocks and the geologic and morphological features of the intrusion prove that the Inagli massif formed from high-K picritoid melts, which underwent gradual decompression solidification during the ascent and formed a cylindrical diapir-like body at the subsurface level in the Early Cretaceous. The new portions of differentiates supplied from the lower horizons of the magma column determined the complex composition of the massif: It has a concentric zonal structure cut by numerous radial-circular vein bodies of pegmatites and pure anchimonomineral rocks (Cr-diopsidites), in places, of jewelry quality.     

大陆碰撞环境沉积岩或变质岩容矿Pb—Zn矿床的发育特点和成矿机制

笔者等通过对不同类型大陆碰撞造山带环境下铅锌矿床进行归纳总结,并进行对比分析,认为在陆陆碰撞的主碰撞阶段,由于板块的汇聚挤压,在碰撞造山带两侧或一侧形成的前陆盆地中发育碳酸盐岩台地,碳酸盐岩未变形或弱变形,来自盆地的卤水在造山带隆升造成的重力势的驱动下,向盆地边缘汇聚,萃取盆地中的成矿元素,在碳酸盐岩的岩溶或断裂中形成MVT型铅锌矿床。在晚碰撞走滑转换阶段,盆地卤水和地层水萃取盆地地层或基底内的成矿物质形成成矿流体,陆陆碰撞持续挤压力使盆地强烈变形,同时在盆地内发育一系列逆冲推覆系统,并驱动成矿流体发生侧向迁移;在挤压后的短暂松弛阶段,成矿流体灌入逆冲断裂及其伴生的次级走滑断裂或张裂隙中形成独具特色的沉积岩容矿铅锌多金属矿床。大陆碰撞造山带挤压至伸展这一应力转换阶段,成矿流体灌入张性构造中,形成类似秦岭碰撞造山带环境产出的脉状铅锌矿床。     

朝鲜半岛古生代中期-中生代早期构造格局

古生代中期─中生代早期朝鲜半岛发生了两次主要构造事件, 即古生代中期朝鲜半岛中部临津江构造带的活动和古生代晚期-中生代早期朝鲜半岛北部豆满江造山带(咸北地块) 的碰撞拼接事件。临津江带的地层、化石和构造等特征研究表明临津江带形成于志留纪末-泥盆纪初, 结束于中生代三叠纪松林期; 根据咸北地块沉积地层的岩浆岩岩石学、年代学资料, 认为豆满江造山带的碰撞拼接时期可能是二叠纪-三叠纪。黄海地球物理、地震研究, 朝鲜半岛大地构造和沉积盖层研究结果表明苏2鲁高压变质带没有延伸到临津江带, 而是被近南北向纵贯朝鲜西海的断裂右行错移到了济洲岛以南; 咸北地块和输城川断裂带的地质特征研究表明, 咸北地块可能与佳木斯地块相连接, 输城川断裂带可能与牡丹江断裂带相连接。     

Deep structure and metallogeny of the Kirovograd polymetallic ore district,the Ukrainian Shield: Correlation of geological and seismic data

The study of deep structure of the Kirovograd ore district proceeds from a broad treatment of its geological boundaries and combination of metasomatic uranium, pegmatitic lithium, and hydrothermal gold deposits, as well as lodes of magmatic titanium ore within these boundaries. The spatial juxtaposition of the Novoukrainsk-Kirovograd granitoid massif and the Korsun-Novomirgorod rapakivi granite-anorthosite massif is a distinguishing feature of the Kirovograd ore district. The former massif along with stratified metamorphic rocks forms an intrusive-ultrametamorphic basement, whereas the latter massif is autonomous with respect to the basement. Taken together, both massifs make up the Novoukrainsk-Korsun-Novomirgorod composite pluton, which determines the architecture of the Kirovograd ore district not only at the present-day erosion surface but also at deeper levels of the lithosphere. The uranium, lithium, and gold deposits are localized in the intrusive-ultrametamorphic basement and controlled by various combinations of intrinsic and superposed structures; the vertical extent of mineralization is also controlled by their combinations. Some combinations are unique. Primarily, these are triple junctions of superposed faults, which host the largest metasomatic uranium orebodies. At the same time, the deposits are spatially related to the local mediumscale trough in topography of the Moho discontinuity. This mantle trench is discordant relative to the Novoukrainsk-Korsun-Novomirgorod pluton. These and other data discussed in the paper allow us to consider the Kirovograd polymetallic ore district as a Paleoproterozoic center of crustal-mantle magmatic activity and ore formation. This center was formed 2.1-1.7 Ga ago in the course of juxtaposition of three development stages differing in associations of intrusive rocks, style of deformation and metamorphism of rocks, origin and localization of ore deposits.     

The main reasons for the compositional evolution of the Early Paleozoic granitoids of the Eastern Sayan: Evidence from the Munku-Sardyk massif

This paper addresses the reasons for the evolution and genesis of the Early Paleozoic granitoids of the Munku-Sardyk Range, Eastern Sayan. It was established that the massif consists of three phases representing derivatives of mantle and crustal magmas. The major part of the massif is made up of mantle-derived granitoids, which are chemically similar to the exotic NEB-adakite association.The crustal granitoids of pluton were formed under the influence of the thermal field of primary magmas. The protoliths of these granitoids were presumably the metamorphic rocks of the Slyudyanka Group. In terms of geochemistry, they are ascribed to calc-alkaline rocks but bear some signatures of anorogenic granitoids.It was shown that the compositional variations of the granitoids were controlled by many factors, the most important of which are the compositions of primary magmas and their contaminant. The geochemical characteristics and mineral compositions of the granitoids distinctly reflect interaction with the host metamorphic sequences. Carbonate rocks played an important role in this process, causing an increase in the alkalinity and basicity of granitoid magmas. The abundance of carbonate rocks in the region was probably the main reason for the broad variations of alkalinity in coeval granitoids.Using the obtained data, a genetic model was proposed to explain all stages of the formation of the massif and compositional evolution of its rocks.     

The Tafuinsky granite massif,southern Primorye region: The structures and geodynamics of longitudinal compression

Detailed observations and mass angular measurements in relicts of the host protoskeleton, their foliation, the shadow banding, the contacts between granite and aplite varieties, and taxitic texture served as the basis for the graphical and statistical analyses of the structural patterns in the Ordovician Tafuinsky granite intrusion. They revealed pre- and syn-granite types of structural patterns that were formed under the external longitudinal compression. The first of them is characteristic of the trajectories of structural elements constituting the protoskeleton hosting the massif and the shadow banding in the granites oriented transversely to the compression. The second type corresponds to the two main phases of the massif formation: the granite and the aplite. It is formed by combinations of conjugate counter-dipping thrusts and shears that control the distribution of the granite and aplite substances. In addition, these combinations frequently produce pseudofolded structures distinctly reflected in the control over the aplite bodies. Such a structural style of syngranite deformations suggests that, by their formation dynamics, they are similar to their pregranite counterparts. Both the pre- and syn-granite structural patterns demonstrate that the activation of the external compression was of different-order and pulsed mode with a certain periodicity. Moreover, the long compression pulses distinctly correspond to the stages and phases in the massif formation, when the compression twice changed its orientation at their transitions in the clockwise manner with an angular step of 10°. The geodynamics of the main longitudinal compression and its structural derivatives are regarded as a principal factor that determined the position and architecture of the massif.