均质土坝管涌发展过程的渗流场空间性状研究

堤坝发生管涌破坏时,渗流场具有强烈的空间特性,管涌发展过程的数值模拟对于堤坝工程管涌预防与治理都具有重要的参考价值。提出以一维通道嵌入三维块体的方法,克服了在三维问题有限元模拟方法上存在的困难。在探讨均质土坝管涌发展过程模拟方法的基础上,使用数值方法分析了土坝管涌发展过程的渗流场时空分布特性;揭示了管涌发展过程中渗流力集中状况及其变化规律。研究表明,改善渗流场的形态是防治堤坝工程管涌的关键措施。     

考虑发育薄弱区对管涌发展影响的数学模型研究

为了揭示发育薄弱区对管涌发展的影响机制,进行了管涌砂槽模型试验和颗粒流数值模拟,建立了3组模型,以研究孔隙通道的空间发育对颗粒运移过程的影响,分析了土体内部细颗粒运移引起管涌破坏的动态过程。根据数值模拟结果,分析了管涌发展过程中试样细观及流体的变化规律,并与砂槽模型试验结果进行了比较,模拟与模型试验结果较吻合。结果表明,薄弱区越发育,压力分布调整的趋势越强,颗粒运移的趋势相应增加,达到破坏需要的时间越短。数值模拟获得的临界水力梯度与室内试验以及理论分析结果均比较接近,证明了采用颗粒流程序研究管涌问题是合理的,对研究存在薄弱区的砂土管涌现象具有明显的优势和广阔的应用前景。所揭示的结果有益于管涌机制的更深入研究。     

基坑防渗体局部失效渗流场变化特征

采用三维有限元方法分析了基坑开挖工程在防渗体出现局部失效情况下，引起渗流在失效部位的集中及渗流场空间状况。提出了以一维通道嵌入三维块体的方法模拟管涌发展过程及渗流场变化特征。讨论了管涌通道渗透性对基坑管涌发展规律的影响。     

无黏性土管涌出砂及流量研究

管涌对堤防工程的危害极为严重,人类对管涌的认识也逐渐加深。目前,对管涌破坏开始的条件及其破坏后通道贯通的后果了解较多,然而,因其破坏及发展机制的复杂性,对于管涌发生后涌砂及流量的研究并不深入。通过自行设计的室内模型,改变上覆黏土的厚度对3组土性相同的无黏性土试样进行试验。对测压管水头、通道范围、涌砂量和流量等进行对比分析,研究孔隙率、渗透系数以及流量的变化规律,发现涌砂随时间变化满足非线性关系--Boltzmann模型。最后,利用渗透系数与孔隙率以及孔隙率与累计涌砂量的关系,推导并验证了流量随时间变化的理论公式。这对于认识管涌和有效控制管涌发展以及减灾避难有着非常重要的意义。     

三相耦合渗流侵蚀管涌机制研究及有限元模拟

管涌的发生、发展过程是土骨架相在渗流作用下侵蚀为可动细颗粒相,并随水相在孔隙通道中运移流失的过程。在该过程中,渗流与侵蚀相互耦合,相互促进,水相、土相、可动细颗粒相互作用,因此,管涌过程是一个多场、多相耦合的高度非线性的动态过程。现有的管涌试验结果表明,只有当水力梯度大于起始水力梯度时,细颗粒相才会随水相从土体中运移流失,土体才会发生管涌侵蚀,且管涌稳定后土体的孔隙率（稳定孔隙率）和水力梯度之间存在对应关系,根据该结果,提出管涌稳定孔隙率的概念,修正传统的渗流侵蚀本构方程,建立多孔介质中三相耦合的修正的渗流侵蚀管涌控制方程。最后,针对特定应力状态下的土体建立稳定孔隙率和水力梯度之间的对应关系。基于Galerkin有限元法编制有限元程序,在轴对称情况下对该土体的管涌过程进行数值模拟。结果表明,修正后的管涌控制方程能更全面地描述管涌发生、发展直至稳定状态的特性。     

基于渗流和管流耦合的管涌数值模拟

堤坝地基的渗透变形过程实际上是“土中水”转变为“水中土”的过程。在渗透变形发生的集中管涌通道区域,采用常规渗流分析理论,单纯增大管涌通道渗透系数的方法是不太合适的。在未发生渗透变形的区域,用常规渗流理论计算;在管涌通道区域,用管流理论,公共边界上两者之间水头相等、流量大小相等且方向相反,能够较好符合渗透变形的发展规律。为了适应计算过程中内部边界条件不断变化的特点,采用无网格法伽辽金法（element free Galerkin method,EFG）对渗流场进行计算。算例计算表明,这种渗流-管流耦合的方法能够模拟管涌通道绕过防渗墙等复杂的发展过程。     

Laplace方程若干问题的解及其在渗透破坏中的应用

利用Laplace方程可以得到一类边界条件下圆柱形域内竖向分层土的水头分布问题的解,并用这些解对渗透破坏现象进行了数学描述,这些解也可应用于热传导问题。对于管涌、流土、热传导等工程问题具有一定的意义。     

管涌与滤层的研究:管涌部分

对管涌和滤层两个相关联问题的研究发展过程进行了综述和评论,并将过去的研究成果与之比较。管涌问题是土体渗透变形的一个重要现象,关系到地基的渗流破坏。首先探讨了管涌的内在涵义,评述了当今管涌的研究现状及其发展方向,然后介绍了一些过去的试验资料、研究成果和计算公式,包括管涌土与非管涌土的判别方法,垂直向上渗流和水平渗流时的管涌临界坡降,并引用目前文献中的试验资料验证其公式是可靠的,最后说明了建立在土颗粒级配曲线上的管涌研究方法是当前的研究趋势,因而对这些过去的研究成果进行比较、讨论是有益的。     

渗透变形过程中临空面表层土体渗透特性变化试验研究

在堤基管涌发展机制的研究中,需考虑管涌通道四周破坏扰动松散层的影响。目前针对松散层渗透特性变化的定量试验数据较少。基于此,通过一维垂直向上渗流作用下均匀砂的渗透试验来研究临空面表层土体的松散过程和渗透特性变化情况。砂样垂向渗透变形发展过程中伴随着临空面表层土体松散破坏和松散层逐渐向深部扩展的过程。通过分析砂样沿程水头分布的调整变化情况得知,松散表层土体的渗透系数分布呈突变形式,即临空面松散薄层的渗透系数远大于其下松散砂层的渗透系数。由此类推,管涌通道边壁四周松散薄层的渗透系数远大于砂样整体渗透系数,松散层的存在使得管涌通道尖端坡降并不会达到很大值。这一点认识对管涌发展机制的研究至关重要。     

缺级粗粒土管涌类型的判别方法

利用大型渗透变形仪,对不同最大粒径和细粒含量的缺级粗粒土的渗透破坏特性进行了系统的试验研究。研究结果表明,缺级粗粒土在细料含量小于30 %的情况下都发生管涌型渗透破坏,基本符合前人提出的判别流土和管涌的准则。管涌破坏的类型可划分为发展性管涌和非发展性管涌两种,采用刘杰和康德拉且夫对发展性和非发展性管涌的判别方法都不能区分本次试验的管涌破坏类型。在康德拉且夫提出的判别粗粒土管涌类型的方法的基础上,考虑细料对粗料孔隙的填充程度及试样中缺级颗粒百分含量的影响,建立了缺级粗粒土管涌类型的判别式,为缺级粗粒土管涌类型的判别提供了新的思路和方法。     

Comparative analysis of some geomechanics problems using finite and infinite element methods

Four classical geomechanics problems involving semi-infinite linear elastic media have been solved numerically using recently developed mapped infinite elements coupled to finite elements.The effect of the remoteness of the truncated boundary and the location of infinite element coupling on solution accuracy has been studied. The results of conventional analyses using finite elements over a relatively large but restricted region are compared to the coupled analyses. Comparison of the results shows that for the same number of degrees of freedom the performance of the coupled solutions is superior to the conventional approach with respect to accuracy of solution and computational efficiency. Finally, some general guidelines are proposed for the efficient numerical solution of these types of problems using the coupled finite/infinite element approach.     

复杂条件下3D电磁场有限元计算方法

从电磁场的Maxwell方程出发, 根据电磁场的边值问题及变分公式建立了有限元方程组.采用可以模拟较为复杂的空间地质构造和地形起伏的四面体单元离散计算区域; 单元中的插值函数选择了精度较高的十点双二次多项式; 并采用连续的双二次多项式插值函数来模拟计算区域内单元中电导率σ的空间变化.推导出了地下变电导率σ条件下计算三维电磁场的有限元单元方程的解析表达式; 采用伽辽金方法推导出了散度效正有限元方程组.根据所推导的公式, 编制了三维有限元的计算程序.数值计算结果表明, 上述公式推导正确, 为三维电磁场的数值计算提供了一条有效的新途径.      

渗透破坏若干问题的解析解及机理分析

讨论了柱坐标下不同介质有限区域内用分离变量法求解Laplace 方程的问题。通过一系列计算试验,给出了柱坐标下Laplace 方程在不同介质有限区域内用分离变量方法求的解,并用该解对渗透破坏现象进行了讨论和实例验证。认为渗透系数分布不均匀是发生渗透破坏的根本原因,渗透破坏朝着渗透系数差异较大的方向发展,并对管涌的复杂机理进行了引申阐述。该工作对于流土、管涌机理的更深入研究具有重要的意义。     

Verification for numerical modelling of jointed rock mass using thin layer elements

Thin layer finite elements are employed to model the response of rock joints in finite element analyses of rock mechanics problems. The case of a circular opening embedded in a rock mass is investigated. Results are obtained for both solid and jointed rock masses, and the effects of the presence of joints on the stress and strain field are investigated. Results from the finite element analysis are verified with respect to measurements from physical modelling. It is shown that the comparison between measured and computed results is satisfactory and that the presence of joints has a pronounced effect on the stress and strain field as compared to that realized in the absence of any rock joints. This study provides valuable data which contribute to the verification of thin layer finite elements for modelling the response of rock joints.     

用改进的时间差分有限分析法模拟地下水非稳定井流方程

提出了一种改进的时间差分有限分析算法,它能够避免在求解水头剧烈变化时用一般有限分析法计算精度较差的缺陷.算法的稳定性好.     

Effect of stone column yield on settlement of rigid foundations in stabilized clay

In this paper the settlement of a rigid foundation supported by a layer of clay which has been stabilized with stone columns is considered. The results of an analytic solution for the settlement, assuming no yield occurs in the clay or columns, have been presented in a previous publication. This solution is now used to develop an interaction analysis which takes account of yielding within the stone columns. This interaction analysis is based on a number of plausible assumptions regarding the behaviour of the clay and columns. In order to check the validity of these assumptions elasto-plastic finite element analyses have been performed and the agreement between the two methods is very good. However, the computational effort required for the finite element analyses is many orders of magnitude greater than that for the interaction analysis. This analysis has been used to generate a number of parametric solutions which provide a basis for estimating the reduction in settlement of the foundation due to the stabilization of the clay.     

A Comparison of Methods for Calculating the Matrix Block Source Term in a Double Porosity Model for Contaminant Transport

Contaminant transport in a fractured porous medium can be modeled, under appropriate conditions, with a double porosity model. Such a model consists of a parabolic equation with a coupling term describing contaminant exchange between the fractures, which have high permeability, and the matrix block, which has low permeability. A locally conservative method based on mixed finite elements is used to solve the parabolic problem, and the calculation of the coupling term, which involves the solution of diffusion equations in the matrix blocks, is based on an analytic expression. Numerical experiments show that this semi-analytic method for the coupling term is accurate and faster than several other methods but at a small expense of computer memory.     

激光探针稳定同位素分析技术的现状及发展前景

微区分析是同位素测试发展的重要方向。激光探针微区稳定同位素分析方法是同位素微区分析的重要手段。激光探针微区稳定同位素研究始于 2 0世纪 80年代 ,开始时主要集中于轻元素的稳定同位素研究。目前它已广泛用于碳酸盐碳、氧同位素 ,硫化物硫同位素 ,硅酸盐氧、硅同位素和氮同位素研究。近年来 ,多接收等离子质谱分析技术在重金属元素 (如铁、铜、锌、钼等 )的同位素分析方面取得迅速发展。因而 ,重金属元素的微区稳定同位素研究又成为当前的热点。文中对轻元素和重元素的激光探针微区稳定同位素分析的制样装置与设备 ,各种相关分析技术 ,以及在矿物、岩石与矿石研究中的应用现状进行了介绍。对激光探针微区稳定同位素分析技术的发展前景做了讨论。     

Nonlinear dynamic finite element simulation of Alibey earth dam

In this study, dynamic behavior and earthquake resistance of Alibey earth dam was investigated. The dam was modeled with four node plane-strain finite elements (FE) and displacement-pore pressure coupled FE analyses were performed. Nonlinear material models such as pressure dependent and independent multi yield materials were implemented during the analyses. Transient dynamic FE analyses were performed with Newmark method. The Newton-Raphson solution scheme was adopted to solve the equations. Liquefaction and/or cyclic mobility effects were considered during the analysis. For the FE analyses, OpenSees (Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation) framework was adopted.     

Numerical well model for non-Darcy flow through isotropic porous media[*]This work was supported in part by the EPA under grant # R 825207-01-1, by the State of Texas under ARP/ATP grant # 010366-168 and by a gift grant from Mobil Oil Corp.

Numerical simulation of fluid flow in a hydrocarbon reservoir has to account for the presence of wells. The pressure of a grid cell containing a well is different from the average pressure in that cell and different from the bottom-hole pressure for the well [17]. This paper presents a study of grid pressures obtained from the simulation of single phase flow through an isotropic porous medium using different numerical methods. Well equations are proposed for Darcy flow with Galerkin finite elements and mixed finite elements. Furthermore, high velocity (non-Darcy) flow well equations are developed for cell-centered finite difference, Galerkin finite element and mixed finite element techniques.