The tectonic settings and seismogenic tectonics of the M5.7 Jiujiang earthquake in 2005,Jiangxi Province,China

The M5.7 Jiujiang earthquake in 2005 was a mid-strong one, stronger than expected to occur in the region. This paper discusses the neo-tectonic settings of this earthquake, and it is thought that the earthquake region is located in the transitional belt, a potential area inducing weak to moderately strong earthquakes, between two large different tectonic units. The results of the reconnaissance work and on-the-spot investigation after earthquake indicate that the occurrence of the M5.7 Jiujiang earth- quake is closely related with the NE-trending fault on the western margin of Ruichang Basin. From its controlling to the landforms and Quaternary depositions, geological profiles, ESR dating, etc., the ac- tivity of the Dingjiashan-Langjunshan fault bounding the basin is discussed. It suggests that this fault displays an active one in Middle Pleistocene by the outcrop. Based on the activity of the fault, and the direction and location of the ground fissures, the isoseismal lines and the nodal plane of the focal mechanism solution, it is inferred that the Dingjiashan-Langjunshan fault is the seismogenic tectonics of the M5.7 Jiujiang earthquake, and the intersection point between this fault and the active NW ones is the possible origin of location of this earthquake. Our study shows that this earthquake is not an event exceeding expectation, and that the active and invisible characteristics of the causative fault are typical in the eastern area of China.     

Numerical simulation of dynamic process of the Tangshan earthquake

In this paper, the new LDDA (Lagrangian Discontinuous Deformation Analysis) method is used in modeling the dynamic process of the MS=7.8 Tangshan earthquake on July 28, 1976 and obtain directly the dynamic and quasi-static dislocations, shear stress drops, fracture velocities of the Tangshan earthquake fault. The simulation shows that the slip history at each point of the fault is different. The displacement vectors at the concave side of the fault is greater than that of the convex side of the fault. The "over shoot" of the fault slip is greatest at the middle part of the fault and attenuates to its ends. The rupture velocities of the fault from the epicenter towards south-west and towards north-east are 3.08 m/s and 1.18 m/s, respectively, the average one is 2.13 m/s. The maximum dynamic and quasi-static dislocations are 7.1 m and 6.2 m respectively, the average quasi-static one on the fault is 4.5 m. The maximum dynamic and quasi-static shear stress drops are 8.1 MPa and 5.4 MPa, respectively, the average quasi-static shear stress drop is 3.9 MPa.We found that the rupture velocities and shear stress are related to the initial stress states of the fault.     

Slip rate of the seismogenic fault of the 2021 Maduo earthquake in western China inferred from GPS observations

Seismic and field observations indicate that the M_w7.4 Maduo earthquake ruptured the Jiangcuo fault,which is a secondary fault~85 km south of the northern boundary of the Bayan Hor block in western China.The kinematic characteristics of the Jiangcuo fault can shed lights on the seismogenic mechanism of this earthquake.Slip rate is one of the key parameters to describe the kinematic features of a fault,which can also provide quantitative evidences for regional seismic hazard assessments.However,due to lack of effective observations,the slip rate of the Jiangcuo fault has not been studied quantitatively.In this study,we consider the interaction between the Jiangcuo fault and the eastern Kunlun fault,and estimate the slip rates of the two faults using the interseismic GPS observations across the seismogenic region.The inferred results show that the slip rates of the Jiangcuo fault and the Tuosuo Lake segment of the Kunlun fault are 1.2±0.8 and 5.4±0.3 mm a~(–1),respectively.Combining the slip rate with the average slip inferred from the coseismic slip model,the earthquake recurrence interval of the Jiangcuo fault is estimated to be 1800_(700)~(+3700)years (1100–5500 years).Based on the results derived from previous studies,as well as calculations in this study,we infer that the slip rate of the Kunlun fault may decrease gradually from the Tuosuo Lake segment to the eastern tip.The Jiangcuo fault and its adjacent parallel secondary faults may have absorbed the relative motion of blocks together with the Kunlun fault.     

SEISMOTECTONIC BACKGROUND AND RECURRENCE INTERVAL OF GREAT EARTHQUAKES IN 1679 SANHE- PINGGU M = 8 EARTHQUAKE AREA

Basined on comprehensive prospecting and investigation, the authors have ascertained that the 1679 San-he-Pinggu M = 8 earthquake occurred in the intersection region of active faults having deep-seated structural background. The NE-trending New Xiadian Fault, which was characterized by dextrall tensile-shear dislocation, was the seismogenic fault of the 1679 M = 8 earthquake. It is suggested that the macroscopic epicenter of the earthquake should be located in Pangezhuang area, where the vertical displacement of seismic faul' was up to 3.16m. According to the average seismic slip rate in this area, and the displacement value of earthequake with a certain magnitude, the recurrence interval of M = 7.5, M=7.0 and M = 8.5 earthquakes in the magistoseismic area of 1679 M = 8 earthquake on Xiadian Fault Zone have been estimated to be 3800,1750, and 800 years (the lower limit), respectively     

Seismogenic Structure of the 1411 Southern Damxung (Damdoi) Earthquake with M=8 in Tibet

The seismogenic structure of the 1411 southern Damxung(Damdoi)earthquake with M=8 in Tibet is discussed in detail in this paper.It is pointed out that the Nyainqentanglha southern pediment fault is the seismogenic one of the 1411 southern Damxung(Damdoi)earthquake with M=8,and the macroepicenter is located at the intersection of the extensional shear fault within Nasego-Garbogo pull-apart basin and the secondary strike-slipping fault with larger amplitude of neotectonic activity at the southwestern side of the basin.Besides,there is obvious anomaly of the geophysical fields in the seismic area,indicating that occurrence of 1411 southern Damxung(Damdoi)earthquake with M=8 was not only controlled by the superstructure but also the background of deep-seated structure.     

South Segment of Minjiang Fault and Diexi Earthquake in 1933

Diexi earthquake(M7.5)in 1933 is a great event that occurred at the east border of Qinghai- Xizang Plateau in the 20th century.There are obviously different opinions about the shape ofisoseismal lines and the genetic fault of this earthquke.Based on the study of the newlyfound north-south trending active fault and ground fissures of Diexi earthquake,this papertends to hold that,as the southward extension of Miujiang fault,this north-south trendingactive fault might be the genetic fault of this event.     

东昆仑活动带断裂库赛湖段破裂行为及影响因素的初步研究

On November 14, 2001, an extraordinarily large earthquake (MS8.1) occurred on the Hoh Sai Hu segment of the Eastern Kunlun Fault, in the northern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The seismogenic fault, the Hoh Sai Hu segment, is a left-lateral fault with a high slip rate in geological history, with the average slip rate reaching(14.8±2.8)mm/a since the late Pleistocene. Different slip rates of the Hoh Sai Hu segment can affect fault motion in the future. Therefore, this paper analyzes the effect of different slip rates and different initial friction coefficients on the fault plane of the Hoh Sai Hu segment of the eastern Kunlun Fault on the rupture behaviors of the fault. In this research, we apply the single degree of spring block model controlled by the rateand state-dependent frictional constitutive laws. Using the fault dislocation model and based on ancient earthquake research, historical earthquakes data and the achievements of previous researchers, we obtained the parameters of this model. Through numerical simulation of the rupturing motion of the Hoh Sai Hu segment in the next 6500 years under different slip rates, we find that a faster annual slip rate will shorten the recurrence interval of the earthquake. For example, the earthquake recurrence interval is 2100a at a slip rate of 0.014m/a, which agrees with previous research, but, the recurrence interval will be 1000~1500a and 2100～2500a, corresponding to the slip rates of 0.018m/a and 0.008m/a, respectively. The fault slip rate has no regular effect on the coseismic slip rate and fault displacement in an earthquake. The initial friction coefficient on the fault surface has an effect on the earthquake recurrence interval. A smaller initial friction coefficient will lengthen the earthquake recurrence interval. At the same time, the smaller initial friction coefficient will lead to larger slip rates and fault displacement when earthquakes occur.     

A discussion on Corioli force effect and aflershock activity tendency of the M=8.1 Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake on Nov.14, 2001

Following the theory and definition of the Corioli force in physics, the Corioli force at the site of the M=8.1 Kunlun Mountain Pass earthquake on November 14, 2001, is examined in this paper on the basis of a statistical research on relationship between the Corioli force effect and the maximum attershock magnitude of 20 earth-quakes with M≥7.5 in Chinese mainland, and then the variation tendency of attershock activity of the M=8.1 earthquake is discussed. The result shows: a) Analyzing the Corioli force effect is an effective method to predict maximum attershock magnitude of large earthquakes in Chinese mainland. For the sinistral slip fault and the reverse fault with its hanging wall moving toward the right side oftbe cross-focus meridian plane, their Corioli force pulls the two fault walls apart, decreasing frictional resistance on fault plane during the fault movement and releasing elastic energy of the mainshock fully, so the maximum magnitude of aftershocks would be low. For the dextral slip fault, its Corioli force presses the two walls against each other and increases the frictional resistance on fault plane, prohibiting energy release of the mainshock, so the maximum magnitude of attershocks would be high.b) The fault of the M--8. l Kunlun Mountain earthquake on Nov. 14, 2001 is essentially a sinistral strike-slip fault,and the Corioli force pulled the two fault walls apart. Magnitude of the induced stress is about 0.06 MPa. Alter a comparison analysis, we suggest that the attershock activity level will not be high in the late period of this earth-quake sequence, and the maximum magnitude of the whole aftershocks sequence is estimated to be about 6.0.     

Characteristics of InSAR Coseismic Deformation and Slip Distribution of the Akto MS6.7 Earthquake,Xinjiang

The Akto M_S6. 7 earthquake occurred near the western end of the Muji fault basin in the top of the Pamir syntaxis. The main shock of this earthquake is complicated and the focal mechanism solutions based on the seismic wave inversions are different. Based on the Sentinel-1 SAR data,the coseismal deformation field of the earthquake is obtained by In SAR technique. Based on the elastic half-space dislocation model,the geometrical parameters and the slip distribution model are determined by nonlinear and linear inversion algorithms. The results show that the distributed slip model can well explain the coseismic deformation field. The earthquake includes at least two rupture events,which are located at 7 km(74. 11°E,39. 25°N)and 33 km(74. 49°E,39. 16°N)east from the epicenter according to the CENC. The deformation field caused by the earthquake shows a symmetry distribution,with the maximum LOS deformation of 20 cm. The main seismic slip is concentrated in the 0-20 km depth,and the maximum slip is 0. 84 m. The seismic fault is the Muji fault,and this earthquake indicates that the northeastward push of the Indian plate is enhanced.     

The May 23 and 24, 1994 Taiwan earthquakes: comparison of source process between the two events

Inversion for the seismic fault rupture history is an important way to study the nature of the earthquake source. In this paper, we have selected two Taiwan earthquakes that occurred closely in time and located in the same region, inversed the distribution of the slip amplitudes, rakes, risetimes and the rupture times on the fault planes by using GDSN broad-band and long-period records and the adaptive hybrid global search algorithm, and compared the two events. The slip rate of every subfault calculated provides information about the distribution of tectonic stress and fault strength. To the former event (MS=6.0), the maximum slip amplitude 2.4 m and the minimum risetime 1.2 s are both located at the hypocentre. The latter earthquake (MS=6.6) consisted of two subevents and the second source has 4 s delay. The maximum slip amplitude 0.9 m located near hypocentre is corresponding to the minimum risetime 1.4 s, and the corresponding maximum slip rate 0.7 m.s-1 is similar to the peak value of other large slip rate areas. We consider that the latter event has more complicated temporal-spatial distribution than the former.     

Incremental growth of normal faults: Insights from a laser-equipped analog experiment

We conducted a laser-equipped analog experiment aimed at quasi-continuously monitoring the growth of a dense population of normal faults in homogeneous conditions. To further understand the way geological faults progressively gain in slip and length as they accumulate more strain, we measured with great precision the incremental slip and length changes that the analog faults sustain as they grow. These measurements show that the analog faults share common features with the natural ones. In particular, during their growth, the faults develop and maintain cumulative slip profiles that are generally triangular and asymmetric. The growth takes place through two distinct phases: an initial, short period of rapid lateral lengthening, followed by a longer phase of slip accumulation with little or no lengthening. The incremental slip is found to be highly variable in both space (along the faults) and time, resulting in variable slip rates. In particular, ‘short- and long-term’ slip rates are markedly different. We also find that slip measurements at local points on fault traces do not contain clear information on the slip increment repeat mode. Finally, while the fault growth process is highly heterogeneous when considered at the scale of a few slip events, it appears homogeneous and self-similar at longer time scales which integrate many slip increments. This is likely to be the result of a feedback between stress heterogeneities and slip development. The long-term scale homogeneity also implies that the long-term faulting process is primarily insensitive to the short-term heterogeneities that are rapidly smoothed or redistributed. We propose a new conceptual scenario of fault growth that integrates the above observations and we suggest that faults grow in a bimodal way as a result of a self-driven and self-sustaining process.     

利用滑动速率、古地震资料估算走滑断裂的粘滑及蠕滑量的方法

断层走滑包括粘滑和蠕滑,前者是伴有强震发生的快速运动,后者则是一种缓慢的无震稳滑运动。这２ 种运动常随时间交替出现,共同构成了断层的基本运动方式。在利用断层滑动速率讨论大震重复率的问题中,人们最关心的问题则是如何从总滑动量中分辨和划分出其中所包含的粘滑和蠕滑量,特别是对蠕滑量的划分,因为它直接影响着大震重复率的正确性。笔者在野外考察的基础上,对昌马活动断裂的位移量进行了分级,确定出昌马断裂带全新世以来的水平滑动量大致可划分为５个级别：３１～４１ ｍ ;２５～３１ ｍ ; １５～２２ ｍ ; ８～１３ ｍ ;１～５．５ ｍ ,同时依据古地震学方法并结合１４Ｃ断代法及断层崖形成年代的数学模拟计算,求得全新世以来在昌马断裂带上共发生５ 次古地震事件。在上述２ 项资料确定的基础上,进一步对昌马断裂带的粘滑及蠕滑量进行了划分,并给出了它们随时间的变化情况     

THE LATE QUATERNARY ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STRIKE-SLIP FAULTS IN THE TIANSHAN OROGENIC BELT: A CASE STUDY OF THE KAIDUHE FAULT

As the most active intracontinental orogenic belt in the world, the Tianshan orogenic belt has complex and diverse internal structural deformation patterns, and among them, the particularly striking is the linear straight U-type valley landscapes which cut inside the mountains by multiple NW-SE and ENE-WSW strike-slip faults. Many of the modern strong earthquakes in Tianshan orogenic belt are closely related to these strike-slip faults. Therefore, it is important to elaborate the activity characteristics of these faults to understand the deformation process inside the Tianshan Mountains belt. This paper focuses on one of the NW-SE right-lateral strike-slip fault (the Kaiduhe Fault), which lies inside the southeastern Tianshan. Typical offset landforms and scarp lineaments on the western segment of the Kaiduhe Fault can be used to study the activity characteristics and strike-slip rate. In particular, the fault cuts through the late Quaternary alluvial fans and a series of river gullies were right-laterally faulted, producing dextral offsets ranging from 3 to 248m. A digital elevation model (DEM)with resolution of 0.25m was established by using multi-angle photogrammetry technique to stripe about 12km linear tectonic landforms along the Kaiduhe Fault. Geological and geomorphic mapping in DEM with 22 high-resolution dextral offset measurements reveals that the dextral offsets can be divide into four groups of 3.5m, 7.0m, 11.8m and 14.5m. It is presumed from the approximately uniformly-spaced offsets that the coseismic offset was 3~4m. In addition, the exposure age of an older alluvial fan surface was about 235.7ka by in situ ¹⁰Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide method. Combining the exposure ages and the maximum dextral offset of 248m, we found that the strike-slip rate of the Kaiduhe Fault is about 1mm/a. It is found by this study that the Kaiduhe Fault plays an important role in regulating SN compression deformation within Tianshan Mountains, and it should also be the main stress-strain accumulation area which has the risk of occurrence of strong earthquake.     

Coseismic slip in the 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake: A new geodetic inversion

The 1964 Prince William Sound earthquake (March 28, 1964;M _w =9.2) caused crustal deformation over an area of approximately 140,000 km² in south central Alaska. In this study geodetic and geologic measurements of this surface deformation were inverted for the slip distribution on the 1964 rupture surface. Previous seismologic, geologic, and geodetic studies of this region were used to constrain the geometry of the fault surface. In the Kodiak Island region, 28 rectangular planes (50 by 50 km each) oriented 218°N, with a dip varying from 8^o nearest the Aleutian trench to 9^o below Kodiak Island, define the rupture surface. In the Prince William Sound region 39 planes with variable dimensions (40 by 50 km near the trench, 64 by 50 km inland) and orientation (218°N in the west and 270°N in the east) were used to approximate the complex faulting. Prior information was introduced to constrain offshore dip-slip values, the strike-slip component, and slip variation between adjacent planes. Our results suggest a variable dip-slip component with local slip maximums occurring near Montague Island (up to 30 m), further to the east near Kayak Island (up to 14 m), and trenchward of the northeast segment of Kodiak Island (up to 17m). A single fault plane dipping 30°NW, corresponding to the Patton Bay fault, with a slip value of 8 m modeled the localized but large uplift on Montague Island. The moment calculated on the basis of our geodetically derived slip model of 5.0×10²⁹ dyne cm is 30% less than the seismic moment of 7.5×10²⁹ dyne cm calculated from long-period surface waves (Kanamori, 1970) but is close to the seismic moment of 5.9×10²⁹ dyne cm obtained byKikuchi andFukao (1987).     

流体对石灰岩断层摩擦滑动影响的实验研究

在气体介质三轴高温岩石力学实验仪器上,采用意大利Scaglia Bianca石灰岩,在温度50～300℃、围压150MPa,含50MPa孔隙压、无孔隙压含饱和水和完全干燥三种条件下,开展摩擦滑动实验.实验力学数据和显微结构表明,完全干燥样品在120℃时出现慢滑移,实验样品中没有出现溶解与沉淀.无孔隙压含饱和水条件下,100℃、120℃、150℃条件下出现典型的慢滑移,实验样品中含有微弱的溶解与沉淀;300℃条件下出现黏滑,实验样品中出现沉淀.在含50MPa孔隙压条件下,50℃时的实验表现为典型的稳滑,实验样品中以溶解为主;在100～150℃时,出现慢滑移,实验样品中以溶解为主,沉淀为辅;在200～300℃时,出现典型黏滑,实验样品中以沉淀为主.实验结果表明,石灰岩断层泥摩擦滑动稳定性随温度变化,受流体中碳酸钙的溶解和沉淀作用控制,因此,流体中矿物质的饱和度这一化学性质对断层带的摩擦强度和摩擦滑动稳定性具有显著影响.     

土体中的第四纪断层结构面特征及其地震和岩土工程意义

将土体中的第四纪断层作为一种土体结构面，已成为岩土工程新的研究领域，通过对土体断层面上物质特征的研究，发现当断层面上土颗粒的定向度大于80％，且有次生矿物生成时与蠕滑有关；当定向度小于80％，无次生矿物生成时与粘滑有关。     

2001年昆仑山口西MS8.1地震地表同震位移分布特征

沿长约 4 2 6km的 2 0 0 1年昆仑山口西MS8 1地震地表破裂带共获得 2 91个点的地表同震水平左旋位移数据 ,并在其中 1 1 1个点获得了垂直位移数据。该地震总体以左旋水平位移为主 ,兼具一定的垂直位移。最大地表左旋水平位移值可达 6 4m ,平均水平位移约为 2 7m ,绝大多数测点的垂直位移均 <1m。地表水平位移沿主破裂带走向位移梯度变化于 1 0 - 1～ 1 0 - 4之间 ,这一起伏变化可能起因于野外测量误差、沿主破裂带岩性或松散沉积物厚度的变化、地表破裂带几何结构的不均匀性、地表破裂走向的变化、不同破裂段在昆仑山口西 8 1级地震之前的地震中滑动量的起伏变化 ,以及大量非脆性变形、次级破裂的存在等。水平位移沿主破裂带的长波长 (数十公里至数百公里 )起伏变化较有规律 ,在布喀达坂峰以东表现为分别以 5个水平位移峰值为中心而有规律地起伏变化。这5个位移峰值分别对应于不同的次级地震地表破裂段。各破裂段水平位移峰值均向阶区或拐点逐渐衰减 ,不同地表破裂段位移峰值向两侧衰减的速率是不同的 ,这种位移梯度的不对称分布可能指示了地震破裂的扩展方向。上述位移分布特征真实地反映了地表可见脆     

阿尔金断裂带东段距今20ka以来的滑动速率

阿尔金断裂带作为青藏高原北部边界 ,其走滑量和走滑速率一直为地学界所关注 ,对这样一条大陆内部巨型走滑断裂带的滑动速率进行研究 ,对于了解阿尔金断裂带左旋走滑和青藏高原北部隆升之间的耦合关系 ,具有重要意义。在阿尔金断裂带东段的疏勒河口以西 ,阿尔金断裂错断了几条规模相近的河流阶地和洪积扇 ,形成典型的走滑断层断错地貌。通过对这些典型断错地貌点的地貌观测和年代学研究 ,得到阿尔金断裂带东段石堡城以东疏勒河以西自 2 0kaBP以来的滑动速率约为 4～ 5mm/a。自 50kaBP以来 ,阿尔金断裂带东段断层平均滑动速率具有较高的时间、空间一致性 ,约为 4～ 6mm/a ,表明利用河流阶地和洪积扇位错作为断层走滑位移标志计算断层滑动速率 ,具有较高的可信度     

断裂微观滑移方式标志在地震安全性评价中的应用

将笔者近年来总结归纳出的活动断裂滑动特性民引入重大工程场地地震安全性评价工作中，结合样品的产出环境及宏观和超微观滑移特性标志分析，对样品所反映的最新活动方式进行鉴定，并在实践中补充和完善识别标志，从而为工程场地地震环境分析提供微观依据。     

鲜水河—安宁河断裂带磨西—冕宁段的滑动速率与强震位错

航片解译及野外地震地质考察结果表明，鲜水河－安宁河断裂带磨西－冕宁段存在明显的晚第四纪活动性，其以左旋走滑运动为主，并伴有显著的垂直滑动分量。晚第四纪以来的平均水平滑动速率在鲜水河断裂磨西以南段为6．0－9．9mm/a，安宁河断裂冕宁以北段为4．7－5．3mm/a。同震位错及地震地表破裂研究表明，A．D．1786年康定－泸定磨西73／4级地震的地表破裂可能南延至田湾以南；安宁河断裂冕宁以北段则具有蕴育71／2级左右地震的构造背景，最晚一次强震的地质记录极有可能是史料记载不全的A．D．1327年一次6级或6级以上地震的证据。