高海拔地区水库松散质坝基淤堵渗透数理模拟实验研究

水库松散质坝基淤堵渗透治理是筑建牢固安全的大型高原水利工程的关键性技术之一。依据所收集的新疆高山宽谷流区水库松散质坝基淤堵渗透文献资料,采用CGFS模型,运用GENERATE技术,构建渗透淤堵三维颗粒流数理模型,探究渗透形变机理,分析渗透形变过程中松散质颗粒的移动规律,通过数理模拟,从细观和宏观角度探究了渗透淤堵发生发展的整个过程。模拟实验可为高海拔地区水库松散质坝基淤堵渗透治理的工程技术应用提供研究参考。     

粗粒土渗透损伤特性试验研究

为深入认识渗透变形对粗粒土渗透性及压缩性的影响,利用自主研发的加载式大型渗透变形仪对不同级配的粗粒土试样进行渗透变形全过程试验及侧限压缩对比试验,获得了不同试件产生渗透变形的临界水力梯度、渗透系数演化规律及损伤变化特性。研究成果表明：渗透变形过程中渗流路径中下游部位产生了渗透挤密效应,引起局部渗透性降低;在后期增加的水头作用下,先前产生渗透挤密部位的渗透性逐渐增大。试样产生渗透变形后,压缩模量减小;颗粒级配不同,渗透破坏引起的压缩损伤程度亦不相同。试件产生渗透变形后,在重力和渗透力作用下,试件结构将产生重构现象。     

坝基二维渗流场的大尺寸物理模型试验

利用大尺寸砂槽试验模型模拟了坝基二维渗流全过程,并着重分析了坝基二维渗流场的变化情况。模型槽内土样渗透变形破坏后,取不同区域土样进行颗粒分析试验。根据渗透变形试验所获得的参数,运用GeoStudio 2007软件对坝基渗流场进行数值分析,所得渗流场分布与物理模型试验结果基本吻合,说明该二维渗流场的物理模型试验结果较为合理。结果表明,渗透破坏主要发生在坝体下渗透路径较短的区域内,而坝基上下游基本未产生渗透变形;产生渗透破坏后,渗流路径发生较大改变,导致渗透破坏区域渗流量大幅增加,加速坝基破坏进程。     

间断级配砂砾石土的渗透变形试验研究

渗透变形是颗粒材料中细颗粒在渗流作用下发生重分布且导致土体的内部结构、水力及力学特性发生变化的现象,是导致砂砾石土地基及堤防结构破坏的主要原因之一。利用自主研发的刚性壁渗透仪对不同级配及细颗粒含量的间断级配砂砾石土在恒定水头渗流作用下进行渗透变形全过程试验,监测了渗流过程中的局部水力梯度空间分布以及竖向位移变化,分析了渗透试验结束后土体的颗粒级配空间分布变化。研究结果表明：土粒中细颗粒所处的欠填、满填及过填3种堆积状态决定了粗、细颗粒间不同的接触方式,影响其渗透性。渗透试验结束后细颗粒流失量沿试样高度的空间分布可以划分为3个区域,即顶部流失区、中部均匀区及底部流失区。局部水力梯度的快速下降伴随着竖向位移的突变,意味着渗透变形的开始;渗透变形启动时的局部水力梯度大于全局水力梯度,证实了采用大尺寸试验执行渗透试验的必要性。细颗粒处于过填状态的试样依然会发生渗透变形且导致强烈的沉降变形,值得进一步的研究。     

渗透变形过程中临空面表层土体渗透特性变化试验研究

在堤基管涌发展机制的研究中,需考虑管涌通道四周破坏扰动松散层的影响。目前针对松散层渗透特性变化的定量试验数据较少。基于此,通过一维垂直向上渗流作用下均匀砂的渗透试验来研究临空面表层土体的松散过程和渗透特性变化情况。砂样垂向渗透变形发展过程中伴随着临空面表层土体松散破坏和松散层逐渐向深部扩展的过程。通过分析砂样沿程水头分布的调整变化情况得知,松散表层土体的渗透系数分布呈突变形式,即临空面松散薄层的渗透系数远大于其下松散砂层的渗透系数。由此类推,管涌通道边壁四周松散薄层的渗透系数远大于砂样整体渗透系数,松散层的存在使得管涌通道尖端坡降并不会达到很大值。这一点认识对管涌发展机制的研究至关重要。     

堰塞坝体材料渗透特性及其稳定性研究

堰塞坝是由于崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等形成的天然坝体,不同于人工土石坝,堰塞坝坝体结构松散,颗粒级配不均匀,在较高水头作用下坝体可能发生渗透破坏而导致溃坝,严重威胁下游人民群众的生命及财产安全。由于堰塞坝存在较大粒径颗粒,常规的渗透试验装置难以满足要求,本文研制了直径为60cm的大直径渗透试验仪,进行了不同堰塞坝级配材料的渗透破坏试验,并探讨了堰塞坝体材料渗透特性的主要影响因素。研究发现:（1）堰塞坝材料的渗透破坏形式取决于材料级配,粗颗粒含量较多时为管涌破坏,细颗粒含量较多或粒径缺失时为流土破坏;（2）堰塞坝渗透系数随干密度的增大而减小,主要取决于细料填充粗料孔隙的程度,单独使用不均匀系数或曲率系数不适用于评价渗透系数的变化;（3）基于试验数据提出了用于堰塞坝渗流破坏形式的判别公式,并推导出堰塞坝管涌破坏的临界水力坡降计算公式。     

不同渗透力的类充填体力学特性及损伤软化本构模型研究

通过离心试验产生的渗透压力对试样进行模拟,开展单轴压缩力学试验来研究渗透力对充填体力学特性的影响,且对充填体试样的变形特性随渗透压力变化的规律进行讨论。研究结果表明,随着渗透力增大,试样应力-应变曲线压密阶段的区间先减小后增大,弹性阶段的区间缩小,屈服阶段不明显。试验过程从低渗透压力到高渗透压力,试样的破坏模式依次表现为拉伸破坏、剪切破坏,且产生的裂纹数目增多,形态趋于复杂。在力学试验的基础上,考虑到试样压密阶段的应力-应变关系,建立不同渗透力的充填体试样损伤软化本构模型。验证结果显示,理论曲线和试验曲线高度吻合,该本构模型适用于分析不同渗透力的充填体单轴压缩力学问题。该研究为超重力离心模拟和地下渗流试验开展提供参考。     

高黏性新近吹填淤泥真空预压试验颗粒流宏微观分析

为了从宏观和微观角度探讨颗粒组成对淤堵层形成机理和加固效果的影响规律,依托天津某新近吹填造陆工程,先进行直排式真空预压法室内模型试验,然后基于颗粒流理论和PFC2D程序,在解决模拟过程中颗粒级配和孔隙比的二维转换、排水边界的等效模拟、真空渗流场的施加等问题后,对模型进行有效的模拟计算,进而将结果推广,开展了不同颗粒组成吹填土真空预压试验的颗粒流模拟,总结了排水速率变化及颗粒运移规律。结果表明:对吹填土真空预压过程进行二维颗粒流数值模拟是有效可行的;真空预压过程中细颗粒沿渗透路径迁移,在沿途滞留,导致渗透路径变短变窄,从而形成淤堵层;对于高黏性新近吹填淤泥,在相同真空荷载作用下,黏粒质量分数越大,初期排水速率增长越快,并且随着土体不均匀系数的提高,淤堵层变得易于形成且致密,排水速率衰减越快;粉粒质量分数越大,土体孔隙率变化越均匀,尤其当粉粒质量分数大于黏粒质量分数时,真空预压加固效果有明显改善。     

岩体软弱夹层渗透变形试验及三维有限元数值模拟

渗透变形或渗透破坏是由潜蚀强烈发展而出现的一种特有的不良地质作用,本文结合某大型水电工程坝基存在的软弱夹层,在现场取样试验,研究了这些软弱夹层在渗透水流作用下发生渗透变形的方式和程度,并以试验成果为基础,根据水工建筑物的布置以及上下游水头差等条件,采用数值模拟的方法模拟软弱夹层的水力梯度分布情况以及软弱夹层与上下两盘基岩中的水力梯度分布,为坝基防渗设计提供依据。     

破碎煤体渗透特性的试验研究

破碎煤体的渗透特性是影响煤矿瓦斯抽放和地下采空区突水灾害预防的重要因素之一。利用一种专用的破碎岩体压实渗透试验装置,在MTS815.02岩石力学伺服试验系统上完成了破碎煤体压实过程中的渗透特性测定,得到了破碎煤体轴向应力、渗透压差、水头梯度与渗流速度的关系,并分析了各种粒径破碎煤体在不同渗透速度下轴向应力对渗透系数的影响。研究表明,(1) 不同粒径破碎煤体的渗透特性与其压实状态密切相关,轴压从5～15 MPa变化时,渗透压差的最大值增加了3.28～166.47倍,渗透系数都相应降低了1个量级以上;(2) 在恒定的渗流速度下渗透压差随轴压变化的规律近似呈指数函数关系;(3) 渗透系数随轴压变化的规律近似呈对数函数关系;(4) 恒定的轴压下水头梯度随渗流速度变化的规律近似呈指数函数关系。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.