三峡库区马家沟滑坡滑体粗粒土蠕变试验研究

为进行滑坡建模和数值模拟的需要,针对三峡库区马家沟滑坡滑体粗粒土开展了三轴蠕变试验,研究了不同围压、不同应力水平下滑体土的蠕变变形规律。试验表明,滑体粗粒土具有明显的非线性蠕变特征,蠕变过程可分为减速蠕变和匀速蠕变2个阶段;围压和应力水平对蠕变速率和蠕变阶段划分有重要影响。采用应力-应变关系为指数函数,应变-时间为幂函数的Singh-Mitchell（简称S-M）蠕变模型描述粗粒土的蠕变特性,与试验数据对比表明,S-M蠕变模型与试验结果具有较好的一致性,能很好地描述该粗粒土的蠕变特性。     

基于非线性损伤理论的改进CVISC模型及其在FLAC3D中实现

滑坡形成是一个典型的岩土变形破坏时效过程,低速滑坡时效过程尤为显著。基于流变理论,建立反映滑坡变形破坏发展过程的本构模型、预测滑坡活动趋势,一直是国内外滑坡研究的基本途径和难点问题之一。然而,目前国内外已有的多数流变模型仅能反映滑坡岩土蠕变的第一、第二阶段,不能刻画滑坡岩土蠕变的第三阶段（加速蠕变阶段）。本文基于滑带在滑坡中的作用以及滑带岩土剪切蠕变发展的累进性和非线性特征,借助损伤理论,在FLAC3D内置的CVISC流变本构模型中引入非线性损伤黏塑性元件,构建了可描述滑坡加速蠕变过程的非线性损伤流变本构模型,依据类比原理建立了改进的CVISC三维差分模型,通过FLAC3D开放的用户接口实现了本构模型的二次开发,并将改进的CVISC模型用于长期缓慢滑移、伴随间歇性剧烈活动的甘肃舟曲泄流坡数值模拟中。模拟结果显示,该模型不仅呈现了滑坡的加速蠕变特征,而且揭示的滑坡活动特征与其曾经出现的活动特征基本一致,从而证实基于非线性损伤理论的改进CVISC模型具有较好的有效性。     

古树包滑坡滑带土蠕变经验模型

针对清江古树包滑坡滑带土的室内蠕变试验资料,结合经验模型理论,以双曲线函数描述蠕变应力-应变关系,并引入Morgan Mercer Florin函数,用来描述应变-时间关系,建立了一种新的蠕变经验模型。采用/ -关系曲线和遗传算法求解出了该模型的所有参数。经过计算,所建经验模型的计算结果与实际实验数据的相关系数在0.96以上,说明所建经验模型能有效地反映古树包滑坡滑带土的蠕变特性。     

基于滑坡等速变形速率的临滑预报判据研究

前人根据滑坡的变形监测曲线,分别提出了以位移速率、位移切线角、改进切线角等参数作为滑坡预警判据的方法,但因滑坡个性特征差异明显,采用统一固定判据是不充分的。在改进切线角和岩土体材料蠕变强度特征点的基础上,提出了T-t曲线转换的适用范围。以西原模型为基础,研究了蠕变参数在等速变形阶段发展至恒定值或稳定值,等速变形速率可看作滑坡蠕变过程中各参数的综合外在表现,与临滑切线角存在相关性,并呈反比关系。通过对16个典型蠕变滑坡进行阶段划分和T-t曲线转换,获得滑坡等速变形速率和临滑切线角,并建立两者之间关系,相关系数较高,同时结合未破坏滑坡变形过程的最大切线角,以下限作为滑坡预警判据,保证了预测预报的可靠度。     

蠕动型滑坡滑带土蠕变特性研究

蠕动型滑坡表现为长期缓慢的变形响应,其演化过程和稳定性受到滑坡滑带土蠕变性质的控制。选取三峡库区典型蠕动型滑坡马家沟滑坡为研究对象,针对该滑体滑带土原状试样开展大尺寸三轴蠕变试验,研究滑带土试样在不同围压和应力水平下的蠕变规律,并进一步采用等时曲线法确定滑带土长期强度与常规强度的差异。研究结果表明,马家沟滑坡滑带土具有典型的稳定蠕变材料特性,蠕变阶段可分为衰减蠕变和稳定蠕变2个变形过程,其变形趋势与滑坡宏观变形演化具有较好的一致性;滑带土绝对蠕变量和稳定蠕变阶段的变形速率均与轴向应力值呈正相关,而衰减蠕变阶段的持续时长随着剪应力水平增加基本呈线性增加。滑带土长期强度参数与常规强度参数比较,其长期黏聚力c值和长期内摩擦角?值分别下降24.8%和22.4%。     

一种基于应变能理论的黏弹塑性蠕变本构模型

从内能角度分析发生蠕变的机制,基于应变能理论,采用Perzyna黏塑性理论与西原正夫元件模型相结合,建立了一种能描述衰减蠕变、稳定蠕变和加速蠕变3个阶段全过程的蠕变统一本构模型。该模型考虑了应力状态对加速蠕变的影响,通过定义加速蠕变临界应变能密度值可以有效判断加速蠕变发生时刻,并在统一蠕变本构模型基础上进行简化,采用Drucker-Prager（D-P）屈服准则结合相关联流动法则,用过屈服应力比反映加速阶段蠕变应变速率变化,建立了一个实用的能预测加速蠕变并能反映蠕变3阶段全过程的简化蠕变本构模型,结果表明,数值模拟结果与试验数据基本吻合,研究成果为岩石蠕变断裂过程研究提供了一种新的思路。     

基于连续介质模型的滑坡启动机理数值模拟试验

滑坡启动机理研究是滑坡防治的前提条件。应用三维连续介质动态数值模型方法,采用摩擦模型、Voellmy模型2种流变模型,对滑坡启动过程进行分析求解,开展滑坡启动机理数值模拟研究。结果表明,不论是限制坡面(渠道型)还是无限制坡面,在2种流变模型和侵蚀率下,随着坡度逐渐增加,地形所提供给滑坡体的能量进一步增大,物质运动距离进一步增加,其相应的平均速度、最大速度(前端速度)和总动能也会进一步加大,经历了从缓慢蠕变至快速增加的过程。根据不同坡度下滑坡的启动、运动规律、堆积过程及各坡度下动力参数延程变化规律,可以将滑坡的启动坡度设定为25°~30°。该滑坡启动坡度的设定可为地质灾害防治措施和监测预警提供技术参考。     

基于风化红层泥岩蠕变特性的滑坡时效变形分析——以天水雒堡村滑坡为例

风化红层泥岩蠕变是我国黄土高原区边坡变形失稳的重要原因之一。选取天水市雒堡村巨型多级旋转滑坡,利用KTL全自动三轴仪和基于连续介质力学的离散单元方法（CDEM）数值模拟手段,开展了风化红层泥岩蠕变本构模型和滑坡时效变形研究。通过0.1～0.7 MPa不同围压下的分级加载蠕变试验,揭示了风化红层泥岩试样瞬时弹性变形、衰减蠕变和稳态蠕变三阶段的蠕变行为;同一围压下,轴向变形量随应力水平的增大而增大,且增长速率也逐渐增大;同一应力水平下,轴向变形量随围压的增大而增大,且增长速率也缓慢增大。拟合建立了试样Burgers蠕变本构模型方程。在此基础上,通过数值模拟揭示了自重应力下1 a尺度的滑体时效变形特征：约98.6%的变形发生在60 d内,随后进入稳态蠕变阶段;滑体水平位移量由浅及深逐渐减小,变形主要集中在后缘Ⅰ级滑体,最大位移约54.1 cm,滑坡变形模式表现为推移式;剪应变主要位于每一级滑体后缘滑带陡-缓转折处,最大剪应变约0.23%,但未整体贯通,总体处于较稳定状态。     

甘肃甘谷裂隙泥岩剪切蠕变行为及其修正模型研究

岩石在长期荷载作用下表现出典型的蠕变特性,裂隙泥岩在长期荷载作用下的力学性质不同于完整岩石。对甘肃甘谷赵家窑滑坡钻孔取芯的裂隙泥岩开展剪切蠕变试验,探讨轴向压应力、预制裂隙长度等因素对试样剪切蠕变特征的影响。试验结果表明:轴向荷载和裂隙长度对试样剪切蠕变特征有明显的影响。轴向压应力越大,试样剪切蠕变变形越不明显;裂隙越长,试样剪切蠕变变形越显著。应力较低时,如Cvisc模型等蠕变模型能够较好反映泥岩的蠕变力学特性。而在加速蠕变阶段,大多数模型却不能准确体现泥岩蠕变曲线的非线性变化。改进的西原模型克服了传统模型不能对非线性蠕变特征进行描述的缺点,且模型参数较少,能较好地适用工程软弱岩体。不同载荷作用下泥质软岩试样剪切蠕变过程中,裂隙泥岩剪切破坏带形成表现为渐进与突发相结合。泥岩的剪切蠕变力学模型可解释泥岩滑坡的多种现象,边坡潜在滑移带内泥质软岩发生的剪切蠕变则是泥岩滑坡的内在诱因。     

基于环剪试验的复活型低速滑坡活动机理

金坪子滑坡是距离金沙江乌东德水电站大坝下游最近的一处巨型滑坡,其Ⅱ区沿底滑带复活后已持续低速蠕滑超过百年,是乌东德水电站枢纽区最大的地质灾害隐患点。为弄清该滑坡复活后的长期低速活动机理以及再次加速蠕变破坏的条件,针对滑带附近土样的力学性质以及特征强度,通过不同剪切速率、不同黏粒含量以及不同应力条件的室内环剪试验进行了测试。研究结果表明,金坪子滑坡Ⅱ区复活后长期低速蠕滑的原因在于滑带土残余强度由初次破坏的负速率效应转变为强度与剪切速率成正比的正速率效应,滑坡的活动是滑带土黏性流变特征的表现。滑坡再次发生加速蠕变破坏需要克服一个比剪切带残余强度略高的峰值强度,否则受滑带土的黏性阻滞效应滑坡将长期处于稳定蠕变的状态。滑坡雨季运动较快的原因是降雨引起滑体容重的小幅度增加,导致低速蠕变活动加快,但不至于进入加速蠕变阶段。     

2D viscoplastic finite element modelling of slow landslides: the Portalet case study (Spain)

This paper proposes a hydro-geomechanical finite element model to reproduce the kinematic behaviour of large slow landslides. The interaction between solid skeleton and pore fluids is modelled with a time dependent u–p _w formulation and a groundwater model that takes into account recorded daily rainfall intensity. A viscoplastic constitutive model based on Perzyna’s theory is applied to reproduce soil viscous behaviour and the delayed creep deformation. The proposed model is applied to Portalet landslide (Central Spanish Pyrenees). This is an active paleo-landslide that has been reactivated by the construction of a parking area at the toe of the slope. The stability analysis reveals that, after the constructive solutions were undertaken, the slope is in a limit equilibrium situation. Nevertheless, time-dependent analysis reproduces the nearly constant strain rate (secondary creep) and the acceleration/deceleration of the moving mass due to hydrological changes. Overall, the model reproduces a 2-m displacement in the past 8  years that coincides with in situ monitoring data. The proposed model is useful for short- and mid-term predictions of secondary creep. However, long-time predictions remain uncertain, stability depends strongly on the position of the water table depth and new failures during tertiary creep due to soil temporal microstructural degradation are difficult to calibrate.     

三峡库区某滑坡稳定性模型试验研究

三峡库区地质灾害严重而且多发,其中滑坡灾害问题尤为突出。开展滑坡的模型试验与理论研究对于防灾减灾以及滑坡预报具有重要的价值与意义。以塘角村1号滑坡为例,在充分认识其地质原型的基础上,在室内进行了大量土工试验及水理性质实验(包括野外取样实验及相似材料实验),并根据相似理论优选了该滑坡的相似材料,利用实验室自行研制的地质环境模拟实验装置建立了滑坡地质力学模型; 在滑带土模拟问题上,采用土工模及聚乙烯薄膜取代使模型试验更能与野外相吻合。考虑降雨及地表水体造成滑坡体地下水位变化及控制面抗剪强度削减从而改变其稳定性的过程,设计了2种切合实际的模拟工况进行实验,结合电感调频式传感器结合无纸记录仪实时监测滑坡地表位移、孔隙水压力、土压力等指标的变化情况。结果显示,在暴雨220mmd-1 持续3d后,在库水位下降至169m时,滑坡前缘失稳。最后对滑坡地表位移时间曲线的变形阶段进行划分,可看出滑坡体前缘可从稳定状态直接进入加速蠕变阶段。     

甘肃南部坪定-化马断裂带滑坡变形特征及其防治

以坪定-化马断裂带泄流坡滑坡为例,通过野外调查和变形监测资料分析,深入剖析了断裂带滑坡变形特征和形成机理,提出了断裂带滑坡的防治方法和治理措施。断裂带滑坡一般为大型—巨型滑坡,由多个次级滑坡体组成,历史上曾多次活动。变形监测资料表明,泄流坡滑坡变形目前处于匀速蠕变阶段,呈现蠕滑-塑流拉裂-土（石）流的变形破坏特点。断裂破碎带及其现今活动为滑坡长期蠕滑变形提供了物质基础,而降雨是滑坡体失稳下滑的主要诱发因素。断裂带滑坡按岩性可归类为松散堆积层滑坡。因此,对断裂带滑坡的防治应以防为主,以治为辅,即开展滑坡变形实时监测和群测群防,辅以滑坡表面排水、坡脚压载等措施,以减缓或防止泄流坡滑坡再次形成灾害。     

滑坡变形空间评价的位移速率比方法研究

实测数据表明,松散土质斜坡和具有时效变形特征的岩质斜坡的滑坡变形往往具有蠕变特点,即从开始出现变形到最终失稳破坏一般需经历初始变形、等速变形和加速变形3个阶段。基于典型的滑坡累积位移-时间曲线特征,提出了采用位移速率比作为通用指标来判定滑坡上各点变形阶段的方法：多个连续时段均为等速变形即相邻位移速率比位于0～2之间时,认为进入等速变形阶段;当位移速率比大于2时,初步认为,其进入加速变形阶段。结合典型实例建立了位移速率比判定滑坡上各点变形阶段的判定标准：在滑坡位移速率比大于2之后,滑坡体进入加速变形阶段,对加速变形阶段可再作进一步细分：位移速率比为2～6时,为滑坡体的初加速阶段,为6～8时,滑坡体进入中加速阶段,大于8则为临滑阶段。基于地理信息系统（Geographic information system,简称GIS）平台,建立了滑坡变形空间评价的位移速率比方法,并对金坪子滑坡的空间变形状态进行了评价,验证了该方法的可行性和合理性。     

湛江黏土的蠕变模型与变参数塑性元件

湛江黏土的蠕变变形在低偏应力下较小,其蠕变等时曲线没有明显的屈服特征而近似为直线,表现为线性蠕变性状;当偏应力达到某一临界值后,在短时间内发展到加速蠕变阶段并发生破坏。从湛江黏土蠕变各阶段的变形机制出发,通过引入服从Mohr-Coulomb塑性流动规律的变参数塑性元件,将该塑性元件与广义Kelvin模型串联,提出描述蠕变全过程的黏弹塑性模型。同时将该模型在FLAC3D中进行二次开发,与FLAC3D中自带的Cvisc模型进行对比验证,结果表明,基于变参数塑性元件的黏弹塑性模型能较好地描述湛江黏土各个蠕变阶段的变形性状。     

滑坡地段隧道变形机理的模型试验研究

通过室内地质力学模型试验,研究了滑坡地段坡体变形与隧道的相互作用机理、围岩和衬砌压力的变化规律以及坡体和隧道的变形特征,着重研究了滑带土浸水软化及发生蠕变时坡体变形与隧道的相互作用关系。本文的成果可为该类病害的预测预报和有效整治提供科学依据。     

Displacement properties of landslide masses at the initiation of failure in quick clay deposits and the effects of meteorological and hydrological factors

This study aimed to identify displacement properties of landslide masses at the initiation of failure and factors that affect the landslides activities in areas where quick clay is found. We set up a research site in a quick clay deposit area in Norway and monitored the displacements of landslide masses and meteorological and hydrological factors for a long period of time using an automatic monitoring system. The system collected data for two landslides that occurred at the site from the start of their movement until their ultimate collapse.

The two landslides that were monitored showed definite secondary and tertiary creep stages before they collapsed. One of the landslides moved from the secondary stage to the tertiary creep stage when another landslide occurred nearby. The tertiary stage of this landslide showed reconstruction of short primary, secondary, and tertiary creep stages. These phenomena suggested that (1) the stress at the end of the landslide mass was released during the nearby landslide, and (2) a new stress distribution was formed in the landslide mass. The critical strain differed for 14 times between the two landslide masses we monitored. The difference was likely attributable to the difference in the contents of quick clay, which shows small critical stress against slope failure, as well as topological factors.

Our analyses of the effects of hydrological and meteorological factors on landslides showed that the precipitation of 3 and 10 days before six slope failures as the final stages of the landslides that had occurred in the research area was no different from the mean precipitation of periods that showed no slope failure, suggesting that precipitation had no direct effects on the collapse of the landslide masses. On the other hand, the traveling velocities of the landslide masses during the secondary creep stage, which was prior to their collapse, were affected by the water content of the soil and precipitation (and the amount of snowmelt water), but was little correlated with the pore-water pressure of the quick clay layer. We also found that the presence of snow cover scarcely affected landslide movements.     

Lessons Learned from the Landslides in Shengli East Open-Pit Mine and North Open-Pit Mine in Xilinhot City,Inner Mongolia Province,China

The locations of the 2013 eastern ShengLi open pit mine landslide and the 2010 northern ShengLi open pit mine landslide were both in the XilinHot city of Inner Mongolia province, in areas with similar geographical, regional geological, geomorphic conditions and excavation depth. There are so many similar characteristics, such as landslides triggered by the rain storms, landslides occurred many times, landslides with long time deformation, but there are also some differences between the two landslides, such as the scale and failure mode. Field investigations showed that the two landslides were both occurred several days after the rain storms, the eastern ShengLi open pit mine landslide body with the volume of 85 million m³ has been in persistent deformation with an observed maximum horizontal displacement of 58 m in August 2013, Furthermore the implemented check dams at east open pit mine had not formed an efficacious blocking system to resist the flow because of incorrect judgment regarding the landslide style. The northern ShengLi open pit mine landslide body with 0.5–1 million m³ occurred several times after each rain storm. In the whole, the time of persistent deformation about the eastern ShengLi open pit mine was much longer than that of the northern ShengLi open pit mine because of the difference of the filling material of fault and space combination between the faults and the slope. Field investigation, physical model experiments, real-time displacement monitoring and numerical simulation were implemented to investigate the characteristics, mechanism, and retaining measures of the two landslides. The insights gleaned herein may be valuable for the understanding of the mechanisms of landslides and improving preventative measures against these types of events in north China in the future.     

三峡库区滑坡台阶状位移趋势预测的警戒速度方法

对不同类型的35个滑坡进行统计分析,发现滑坡临滑前加速度和速度符合Voight模型的幂函数关系。由于无法准确判断三峡库区具台阶状位移特征的滑坡何时处于最后加速失稳阶段,故不能直接应用该模型进行预报。根据台阶状位移特征的滑坡变形特征,本文采用了基于Voight模型的警戒速度方法。该方法是基于Voight模型采用非线性回归分析求得模型参数,按不同风险级别要求求得紧急状态、警戒状态、提前警戒状态的速度阀值,并与实际监测的速度对比去预报滑坡所处的危险等级。采用警戒速度方法对白水河滑坡和新滩滑坡进行了分析,发现预测结果与实际较为接近,预测效果较好。     

低速缓动滑坡滑带土剪切蠕变特性

滑带土的蠕变特性对低速缓动滑坡的形成演化过程起着控制性作用。本文选取典型的低速缓动滑坡—二庄科北区滑坡的滑带土为研究对象,在不同正应力水平作用下,通过对该滑带土的饱和试样进行直剪蠕变试验,研究了它的剪切蠕变特性。结果表明:该滑带土具有明显的蠕变特性,均包括瞬时变形、衰减蠕变和稳态蠕变3个阶段;随着剪切荷载的增大,衰减蠕变阶段及瞬时变形阶段的变形量均增大,衰减蠕变持续时间更长;其等时应力—应变曲线呈现出非线性特征,且曲线具有明显拐点;在长期荷载作用下出现强度损失,且正应力越大,强度损失越大;随着时间增大,衰减蠕变阶段的剪应变率越来越小,且剪应力越大,剪应变率越大;在蠕变破坏前的阶段,剪应变率随正应力增大而减小,即滑坡埋深越深,滑速越慢。