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1.
Claude Comtois 《GeoJournal》1999,49(1):35-42
There are many controversial issues concerning the relationships between container shipping lines, international port operators
and the evolution of China's port system. We first present the factors linked with the transformation of the Pacific Rim transport
environment resulting from increase container trade. This is followed by an analysis of China's port system. We argue that
China is characterized by a ‘divided’ maritime transport system composed of three regions. The Chinese port system is marked
by four interrelated transformations: port privatization, port expansion, modification of transactional networks and the emergence
of a new business environment. The paper concludes on the need to upgrade China's port development policies.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
2.
Containerisation in the Mediterranean: between global ocean routeways and feeder services 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Giovanni Ridolfi 《GeoJournal》1999,48(1):29-34
The basin of the Mediterranean Sea has become an important focus of container traffic. Two functions are represented by this
activity: one, the transhipment of containers involved in global networks; and, second, the intra-regional distribution of
containers. This trade is revitalising port activity in many parts of the basin. Most striking has been the emergence of new
hub ports, many of which now eclipse old-established port cities. The revitalisation offers prospects for a third function:
the possibility of becoming the southern gateway of Europe. This paper examines the patterns, problems and prospects of the
‘new’ Mediterranean in the era of containerisation.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
3.
Peripherality in the global container shipping network: the case of the Southern African container port system 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Regional trade co-operation, economic growth and greater political stability have enabled increased container throughput and container port capacity development. Earlier academic work has indicated that the functional position of this port region in the global maritime network might be shifting from a remote region in the periphery of the network to a more intermediate position. This paper aims to analyze the changing level of peripherality and remoteness of the Southern African container port system as part of the global container shipping network. The central hypothesis is that Southern Africa has moved from a remote shipping region to a more central shipping region in the global network. The methodology consists of the calculation of network measures for Southern African ports. The changing geographical distribution of flows among the main container ports in South Africa, Namibia, Mozambique, Mauritius and Madagascar will also be explored in terms of their respective shipping services, port calling patterns, market structure (in terms of the number of active carriers) and the up-scaling of vessel and port capacity. The overall result is a mapped port hierarchical structure with a clear indication of the shifted maritime centrality of Southern African ports from 1996 to the present decade. 相似文献
4.
This paper is an empirical attempt to measure the relative concentration of port–city functions in the context of globalisation.
It reviews a number of urban and port issues regarding their complementary and contradictory aspects about the evolution of
port cities. The main purpose is to verify how port function is more or less important to local economies, compared to other
functions, through a temporal and global approach. Based on a matrix of port–city centrality and intermediacy, the main indicators
available for international comparison are urban population and container throughput. An analysis of 653 places between 1970
and 2005 period is provided, using the relative concentration index (RCI) proposed by Vallega. The appropriate geographical
scale to measure the relative evolution of port cities at a global level is discussed. Results tend to question previous models
which consider functional and spatial separation between the city and its port as an ineluctable process. The port–city evolution
appears to be gradual rather than linear or chaotic, and in many cases largely influenced by regional factors and local strategies. 相似文献
5.
Tim Bunnell 《GeoJournal》2004,59(4):297-305
Becoming the tallest building in the world in the mid-1990s, the Petronas Towers was the centre piece of an image of national
progress and development that Malaysian authorities sought to project internationally. The release of Fox Movies' Entrapment in Malaysia in May 1999 provoked political outrage and popular disappointment at the way in which the Petronas Towers in
Kuala Lumpur had been spliced alongside riverside ‘slums’ filmed in the town of Malacca some 150 km away. This paper provides
a critical reading of the spliced scene in the movie. At one level, the angry response of the Malaysian Prime Minister, Dr
Mahathir Mohamad, to the scene diagnoses a geopolitics of asymmetrical representational power. However, I show how Mahathir's
criticism of Entrapment in Malaysia was as much a defence of domestic political legitimacy (and national economic investibility) as it was ‘opposition’
or ‘resistance’ to hegemonic ‘Western’ (mis)representation. In addition, while the material and symbolic work of reimaging
Kuala Lumpur had sought to negate (neo)orientalist imaginings of ‘Asian’ cities, the controversial scene rendered visible
environmental ‘underdevelopment’ that has no place in a modern (vision of) Malaysia. Entrapment thus performed something in inducing Malaysian cities and citizens to ‘clean up’ their act, to practice ‘fully developed’
ways of seeing, being and being seen.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Fifty years of organisational change in container shipping: regional shift and the role of family firms 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Spectacular growth has marked the industry initiated by Malcolm McLean with the sailing of the Ideal-X in 1956. While the growth of container shipping has been typically seen in terms of technological advances, increasing vessel
capacity, traffic growth, financial performance and competitiveness, it has been shaped also by organisational transformations.
This paper provides an overview of the major companies that make up the container shipping industry, tracing the rapid adoption
of containerisation by American carriers to its diffusion to Europe and then Asia. While several carriers belong to business
conglomerates, the most dynamic in recent years have been those that are those that possess a family structure. About 12 of
the present top 20 carriers are largely family controlled, including 4 out of the top 5. Unlike other capital intensive industries,
where the power has shifted towards corporate governance, the container shipping industry retains a strong individualistic
entrepreneurial character. At a time when North American ownership in container shipping is no more, the spirit of innovation
began 50 years ago by an American visionary is still evident in the entrepreneurial dynamism of many of the industry leaders. 相似文献
7.
This paper juxtaposes the actual areas of settlement and settlement activities of Chinese migrants in Brisbane’s southern
suburbs since the mid-1980s, with the concomitant, ‘government planned’ construction of the city’s Chinatown as an ‘exotic,’
‘ethnic,’ and ‘cosmopolitan’ landmark. It argues that while the latter, as with Chinatowns in other Australian and world cities,
has continued to appropriate the symbols of so-called ‘Chineseness’ to sell the locale to non-Chinese, the former, in recalling
the notion of ‘ethnoburbia,’ significantly evinces actual Chinese migrants’ agency and role in place-making. In the process,
these migrants have not only established a local, ethnically meaningful environment, but also challenged the still current
metonymic Western image of the Chinese as preferring life in ‘ethnic’ urban enclaves that had its origin from early Chinese
settlement and fundamentally detached from the lives of other ethnic groups per se. Indeed greater recognition and comprehension of such locales may go a long way to illustrate that many Chinese living in
Australia today do not fit the territorial, place-based identity often associated with them in the imagination of mainstream
society. 相似文献
8.
The binational reality of border-crossing cities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jan Buursink 《GeoJournal》2001,54(1):7-19
In a time of changing border functions city pairs on either side of national state borders have increasingly become objects
of attention, because of border crossing contacts and co-operation at the local level. This paper focuses on conceptual aspects
of such city pairs, owing their existence to either duplication of an already existing city or to partitioning of a once united
city. In search of a proper name that expresses the relations between such partner cities without metaphorical exaggeration,
the current vocabulary is reviewed. Especially the notion of the ‘binational city’ receives critical attention. A discussion
of selected cases of paired cities in Europe and North-America has been included to underline the importance of local conditions
and historical backgrounds with regard to the mutual relations and conditions of co-operation. In conclusion the author states
that for the time being ‘border–crossing’ cities seems to be the best name for city pairs of different national backgrounds,
the emergence of true ‘binational cities’ being a rather exceptional outcome in a far future.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
9.
Segregation is a central concept in the debate on urban issues, both in scientific literature and in society in general. The
process of globalisation is particularly expected to increase polarisation and segregation in cities, resulting in the emergence
of ‘ghettos’ or – as they are called in the Netherlands – ‘income neighbourhoods’. This paper tries to judge the situation
in Dutch cities by studying changes over time; by looking at segregation within cities as well as between cities and the wider
metropolitan area; and by comparing socio-economic differences with socio-cultural and socio-demographic characteristics.
The analysis shows that the empirical facts are quite different from the ongoing debate. It establishes that socio-economic
segregation is more moderate than segregation with respect to the other two dimensions. Contrary to suggestions from the vernacular
debate, segregation within cities is scarcely increasing, but between cities and the surrounding area it is rising with respect
to all three dimensions.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
C. Gdaniec 《GeoJournal》2000,50(4):379-387
In a former industrial part of Barcelona, as in the de-industrialising neighbourhoods of many big cities, the ‘new’ economy
and the ‘cultural’ economy have started to replace the ‘old’ economy, bringing new life into a declining district but also
causing conflicts of land use, housing or the preservation of architectural heritage. The latter is an important part of regeneration
and marketing policies of city governments, whereby the ‘new’ economy not only emerges from the old but the physical space
of the old industrial quarter becomes the tool and setting in which the city can re-present itself and its success story of
transformation and regeneration. Through the increasing use of information and communication technologies, which are at the
same time driving this transformation - an industry as such as well as business-aid in various sectors, cultural industries
in particular - the city has acquired a second, virtual presence. The city exists and ‘lives’ on numerous websites. Those
by city government and city organisations often have the express purpose of marketing and presenting the city, while those
by (cultural) businesses and other organisations in the district add to the mosaic of the virtual city. As a result, the old
industrial space continues to live and be productive, its economic value having changed largely into a cultural value. This
coexistence of the real and the virtual, old and new, also meets with a conflict at certain junctures. There is the positive
representation of plans and events on the city's websites on the one hand, and the undercurrent of protest and disenchantment
among the local population who find themselves marginalised from the profits and success of development, on the other.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
The idea that the deprived communities of the UK’s towns and cities are ‘unsustainable’ has been a central theme of government
housing policy since New Labour came into power in 1997. The creation of ‘mixed-tenure communities’ has been heralded by some
policy makers as a key component of creating sustainable communities by overcoming concentrations of deprivation as well as
creating responsible citizens who make few demands on the state. Since devolution, support for owner-occupation has been promoted
by both Scottish Labour and SNP regimes as a regeneration tool, and has been included in the Local Housing Strategy of many
local authorities in Scotland. Drawing on research in Glasgow, this paper achieves three things. First, it highlights the
ethopolitics associated with the identities of owner-occupiers and social rented tenants as skilled or flawed consumers; second,
it explores the tools used in recent years to create mixed communities through encouraging owner-occupation; and third, it
questions the continued uncritical support of the insertion of owner-occupiers into deprived areas as a regeneration and responsiblisation
tool. 相似文献
12.
The binational cities of Dover and Calais and their region 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Odile Heddebaut 《GeoJournal》2001,54(1):61-71
This paper analyses the question of cities that are localised at each part of an international border. We take as an example
the two cities of Dover and Calais and look at if they can be considered as binational cities, because they have been recently
connected by a tunnel, the ‘fixed link’, and because since 1993, the inner state borders of the European Union have disappeared.
It determines firstly if these two towns have been brought closer by the construction of the Channel tunnel and if specific
ties are linking these two towns. The article scrutinizes actions taken under INTERREG funds under the general framework of
the creation of the ‘Transmanche Region’ and its extension towards a Euroregion to sort out these two cities joint involvement.
Finally, it checks if this new area could lead to cross-border activity either for work or tourism and leisure purposes that
could conduct the cities of Dover and Calais toward a new type of relationship, premises of a binational city.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
13.
By Hirschman–Herfindahl Index, the paper measures the spatial structure transformation of the Chinese container port system from the perspective of cargo flow in recent 13 years. It indicates that the spatial structure of container port system enters into “the challenge of the periphery” phase as a whole, the decentralization of container flow become the mainstream tendency of the spatial variation of China’s container port system; on the other hand, the spatial structure of container port system shows different characteristic in seven port regions, such as low-level equilibrium, single-gateway, multi-gateway and so on. It is a fact that multi-gateway port region of container port system has formed in Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta region. Economic and foreign trade development, government macro-control and policy guidance, challenge of the periphery, network expansion of the terminal operators and shipping liners are the main driving forces for these new phenomena. 相似文献
14.
The worldwide network of container transport services is becoming increasingly diffuse. The different strategies of shipping
lines, the balance of power between shipping lines and shippers and constraints related to inland transportation all have
a potential impact on the development of maritime shipping networks. Moreover, strategic alliances between the port and the
shipping industry, which have both been driven by strong concentration processes and vertical integration, have a profound
influence on the maritime network structure and also on the grade of integration of a region in the global maritime transport
network. This paper seeks to understand the evolution of maritime networks in and between two differently developed regions.
The focus is on the trade route and networks between the West Coast of South America and Northern Europe. The paper analyses
the network structures and the behaviour of shipping lines in different economic contexts and port systems. Current and historical
developments in the two regions under study have led to their relative position within the global maritime network and illustrate
the potential implications of being peripheral or central in this network. The empirical results are compared with known strategies
of shipping lines. The authors aim to answer the question of how far the configuration of hinterlands determines calling patterns
and if strategic alliances and vertical integration reduce footloose behaviour of shipping lines. Further, we discuss how
far, under the current configuration, shipping lines influence port development, and also the reverse situation of how far
port accessibility and performance influence maritime network developments. The two region approach provides insights on the
constraining factors of maritime network development between two differently developed regions and the associated implications
for trade development. 相似文献
15.
The neighbouring towns of Haparanda and Tornio, separated only by a narrow strip of grass and wetland, are divided by the
only inhabited land boundary between Finland and Sweden in the southern part of the Torne River. The population represents
four different groups in relation to linguistic and cultural backgrounds. In the daily lives of the inhabitants, the state
boundary is probably of less significance than linguistic, social and ‘ethnic’ differences. On the local government level
there is a strong will to unite forces to make the total area a viable region in spite of its peripheral location, but state
legislation makes co-ordination difficult. This may be seen as a necessity, but in the daily lives of the populations, the
state boundary defines an area of unequal access, sometimes working in favour of and sometimes barring contacts and co-operation.
The media consumption reflects a clear ‘national’ interest with a strong local bias. In their attitudes, Finnish speakers
and bilinguals show a greater appreciation of ‘the other’ than unilingual Swedes. This may reflect the actual possibility
space (reach) in the local area.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
16.
Hans Knippenberg 《GeoJournal》2006,67(4):317-330
The Netherlands is part of the historic Northwest-Southeast multi-confessional culture belt according to the comparative framework
of church-state relations in Europe as recently developed by Madeley on the basis of Rokkan’s conceptual map. The aim of this
paper is to describe the development of the church-state relations in the Netherlands within this historic framework of state-formation
and nation-building, and to interpret recent challenges of its historic state-church model, such as secularisation, the rise
of immigrant religions, and general ‘de- and re-territorialisation’ tendencies. The Netherlands developed from a relatively
very tolerant polity dominated by the Calvinist Church to a ‘pillarised’ society, in which the Rome-Reformation divide (which
also had a strong geographical dimension) was institutionalised in the political system. After the 1960s, very strong secularisation
put this ‘pillarised’ system under severe pressure, but the remnants of this system offered a favourable opportunity structure
for religious newcomers (Muslims in particular), who could establish their mosques and Muslim schools relatively easily. However,
while the main Protestant churches, and even Catholic and Protestant political parties have merged, failing integration of
these newcomers in Dutch society and terrorist attacks at the global level as well as in the Netherlands encouraged a new
divide between Muslims and non-Muslims. The metropolitan areas in particular became the scene of this new divide. 相似文献
17.
Erika Nagy 《GeoJournal》1998,46(3):221-230
In late nineteenth century Hungarian cities there were strong contrasts between the inner ‘urban’ core and the rural periphery
in terms of housing conditions, accessibility and lifestyle. Rural-urban fringe zones in the Great Plain were quite distinctive
because the Turkish period was followed by an outflow of population which resulted in scattered settlement around the urban
centres. The fringe could be regarded simply as a zone of transition, but the differences between urban centres and their
immediate surroundings were gradually reduced through the industrialisation of the larger towns in the communist period. A
study of Szeged examines the expansion of the fringe zone and its gradual urbanisation through the growth of housing as people
have moved out from the centre to live among the rural population which increasingly turned from agriculture to commuting.
Villages on either side of Szeged's administrative boundary accommodated more migrants from the city during the 1980s and
experienced a gradual positive change in the quality of life as people escaped from the decaying residential blocs in the
centre. During the years since 1989 there has been further migration, coupled with a growth of small businesses and a big
improvement in services (shopping, running water, sewage and telecommunications). Further change may be expected in line with
the forces of counterurbanisation.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
Cross-border communication and co-operation at the Eastern fringe of the European Union seems so far to have been a matter
of political initiative and a lot of good will at the levels of national, regional and local governance. This article maintains
that everyday culture must be given more notice when cross-border activities are regarded at the local level, especially in
twin cities. The case of the German-Polish twin city Guben/Gubin reveals a strong tendency towards a new divergence of thought
and action between formal and informal levels of action, namely the level of local politics and governance and the level of
local everyday milieux. While the politics of Euroregions, local administrations and local governments is very often directed
towards establishing symbolic gestures of border-crossing and mutual understanding, social milieux at the ‘base’ of local
societies are rather driven by a paradoxical mixture of hope, anxiety, resentments and prejudice, thus producing contradictions
and even conflict with official political initiative.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
19.
Sensitivity experiments are conducted for three cases of cyclones for investigating the impact of different vortex initialization
schemes on the structure and track prediction of the cyclone using India Meteorological Department’s Limited Area Model. The
surface wind and pressure profiles generated using Holland and Rankine initialization schemes differ from each other. These
different generated profiles are compared with the actual data and the root mean square error (RMSE) was calculated between
them. In case of the Holland vortex, ‘b’ is found to be equal to 1.5 and 2.0 respectively for two cases of very severe cyclonic storms in the Arabian Sea, namely
6–10 June 1998 and 16–20 May 1999 and 2.25 for the severe cyclonic storm in the Bay of Bengal. The ‘α’ parameter in Rankine’s
scheme was found to be 0.5 for two cases and 0.4 for the third system. This shows that cyclones differ even if they attain
the same intensity. The values of these parameters i.e. ‘b’ and ‘α’ are used for generating the synthetic wind data for individual cyclones and the same is used in the data assimilation
system. The analysis and forecast generated for the above cases using the Holland scheme show that the simulated structure
has characteristics closer to the actual storm; however, the Rankine scheme shows a weaker circulation. The mean track error
for three cases in the Holland scheme is 93, 149, 257 and 307 km in 12-, 24-, 36- and 48-h forecast. The mean track errors
for the Rankine scheme are 152, 274, 345 and 327 km, respectively, for the same period. 相似文献
20.
This case study considers the early development and recent changes that have occurred in the vicinity of Joo Chiat Road, Singapore,
which can be described as a ‘linear activity corridor’ linking the districts of Geylang, Katong and Marine Parade, immediately
east of Singapore’s urban core. Singapore’s Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) has declared Joo Chiat to be a ‘Conservation
Area’, reflecting local-born Peranakan and Eurasian cultures, with similar status to other more central historic sites such as Chinatown, Kampong Glam, Little India
and Emerald Hill. But the story of Joo Chiat has evolved along a somewhat different trajectory from the more prominent, tourism-related,
heritage areas, with a multiplicity of interactions operating at the margins of the planning process. This has led to the
spatial infusion of potentially discordant, globally related, ‘entertainment and recreational’ activities into an area of
established urban identity and multiple attachments. When a policy of police containment was found to be inadequate in protecting
local residents from undesirable impacts, changes were eventually brought about through a combination of neighbourhood activism
and local political initiative. Through detailed land use inspections, press reports and strategic interviews, backed up by
secondary sources, the study highlights the impingement of marginalised, potentially disruptive ‘global’ elements into a local
heritage conservation area, and the importance of strong neighbourhood identity and community involvement as active components
in the process of conflict resolution. 相似文献