冬小麦田咸水灌溉与土壤盐分调控试验

利用浅层咸水灌溉，可使浅层咸水分布区无效降水转化为有效水资源，缓解北方水资源紧缺的矛盾；通过王瞳试验场进行的咸水灌溉与土壤盐分调控试验表明，利用3g/L左右的微咸水连续灌溉5a，根层土壤溶液浓度未超过小麦的耐盐能力，且作物增产；多年盐分变化趋势为：1994－1997年1m深度内土壤总含盐量在一定范围内波动，总体变化不大，连续干旱的1997－1998年略呈上升趋势；麦秸覆盖和施有机肥能减少根层土壤盐分，对土壤盐分具有有利的调控作用，具有增产效果。     

微咸水膜下滴灌对温室乳瓜产量及品质的影响特性研究

本文采用正交试验,研究了防渗技术、微咸水利用方式对温室膜下滴灌乳瓜产量及品质的影响。结果表明,一定矿化度的微咸水灌溉会增加作物土壤根系层含盐量和阻碍作物根系吸水,在灌溉方式和灌水定额一定的情况下,虽然全塑料薄膜防渗保水效果强于四周塑料薄膜+底部粘土防渗,但是四周塑料薄膜+底部粘土防渗透气性好,土壤呼吸作用强,在高温时可以及时调节土壤温度,并有利于乳瓜根部呼吸和生长,使其光合速率升高,有助于乳瓜水分和干物质积累,从而获得增产。     

早涝碱咸综合治理与生态环境良性循环

华北平原东部淡水资源短缺，旱涝碱成灾害限制了农业生产的可持续发展。海河的治理，解决了排洪排涝排咸出路。春季开发利用地下水包括微咸水和半咸水抗旱灌溉。夏季利用伏雨洗盐排咸，增大降雨入渗，减少径流流失，防治渍涝灾害，把降雨转化为地下水资源。秋冬引蓄河水，回灌地下水补源。以土壤与潜水的地层空间作为调节大气降水、土壤水、地下水、地表水的地下水库，以调控地下水埋深在临界动态为指标，最大限度地把时空分布不均的天然降雨转化为可持续利用的水资源。地表水地下水联合运用，促使水资源采补平衡，降雨灌溉淋洗脱盐强于干旱蒸发积盐过程，地下水淡化强于矿化过程。实现旱涝碱咸综合治理，水土资源可持续利用，经济社会可持续发展，生态环境良性循环。     

高密度电阻率法在咸水入侵监测中的应用

应用高密度电阻率法测量手段,结合水质调查取样,对山东寿光市咸水入侵过渡带的基本特征进行了研究。通过对典型高密度电阻率法测量剖面的视电阻率进行分析,初步确定10 Ω;m作为该区域咸淡水分界线的视电阻率指示值,并初步推断了咸淡水过渡带的咸水区、咸淡水过渡区及淡水区的位置。结果表明高密度电阻率法具有高效、省时、成本低等优点,可以配合其他方法,作为大范围咸水入侵监测的有效手段。     

开采浅层水增雨水入渗引河水补源实现水资源可持续利用

南皮县淡水资源严重短缺,制约工农业与经济社会的发展.春季开采浅层地下水包括微咸水和半咸水抗旱灌溉,腾出地下含水层空间;汛期增加降雨入渗,减少径流流失,防渍防涝,把时空分布不均的天然降雨转化为地下水资源;秋冬利用河道沟渠引蓄河水补源,淡化地下水质,增加地下水可采量.地上水地下水联合运用,保持水资源采补平衡.实现旱涝碱咸综合治理、水资源可持续利用与经济社会可持续发展.     

The Mechanism of Groundwater Salinization and Its Control in the Yaoba Oasis, Inner Mongolia

The arid area is one of the most concerned areas among the water resources researchers and economists. Northwest China will be an important developing region of China in the 21st century. Yaoba is a well-irrigation oasis within this arid area, which is located in the Alxa area west of the Helan Mountains and next to the Tengger desert in the east. It has contributed greatly to the local stock raising and agriculture since its development in 1970. However, the groundwater which the oasis depends on to survive has been getting salinized gradually and more serious in recent years.A comprehensive study was carried out using the methods of groundwater environment isotope analysis, lithofaci-es and palaeogeography, calculations of water-rock interaction and the existing form of chemical components in groundwater etc. It has been found that the salinization of groundwater is mainly caused by reinfiltration water solving the salt in soil which is deposited simultaneously with the sediments and accumulated in th     

微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤和棉花元素组成及产量的影响

通过微咸水和淡水膜下滴灌对比试验,研究灌溉水质对土壤和棉花元素组成及产量的影响.结果表明:微咸水灌溉处理,土壤窄行和膜间微量元素(尤其是铜、铁、锌)含量明显高于宽行,Na+增长率低于宽行;多数棉花器官中钾钠比、钙钠比并未因灌溉水质的区别而产生显著差异;微咸水滴灌有利于促进棉花前期营养生长及后期生殖生长,棉花干物质、单铃重、单位面积铃数及籽棉产量均高于淡水处理;棉株内锰、硼与钙元素间存在显著的相关关系,在一定阈值内,硼、锰促进棉花对钙的吸收.试验证明:微咸水中含有一定量的微量元素,合理利用微咸水灌溉,不会对棉花生长造成胁迫,相反能有效抑制土壤中Na+增长,增强棉花对盐分胁迫的抵抗能力、提高棉花产量.      

Simultaneous transport of water and solutes under transient unsaturated flow conditions — A case study

The imbalance between incoming and outgoing salt causes salinization of soils and sub-soils that result in increasing the salinity of stream-flows and agriculture land. This salinization is a serious environmental hazard particularly in semi-arid and arid lands. In order to estimate the magnitude of the hazard posed by salinity, it is important to understand and identify the processes that control salt movement from the soil surface through the root zone to the ground water and stream flows. In the present study, Malaprabha sub-basin (up to dam site) has been selected which has two distinct climatic zones, sub-humid (upstream of Khanapur) and semi-arid region (downstream of Khanapur). In the upstream, both surface and ground waters are used for irrigation, whereas in the downstream mostly groundwater is used. Both soils and ground waters are more saline in downstream parts of the study area. In this study we characterized the soil salinity and groundwater quality in both areas. An attempt is also made to model the distribution of potassium concentration in the soil profile in response to varying irrigation conditions using the SWIM (Soil-Water Infiltration and Movement) model. Fair agreement was obtained between predicted and measured results indicating the applicability of the model.     

Groundwater and geothermal resources of Eritrea with the emphasis on their chemical quality

Available chemical analyses have been evaluated and a water quality map prepared using electrical conductivity values. The country has been divided into three water quality regions. The quality of each region is variously a combination of climate, geology, waste disposal and irrigation practices and salt water intrusion. Region 1 has the best water quality, though in the Asmara area the groundwater is polluted by nitrate (50–150 mg l⁻¹ NO₃). The impact on the natural environment due to the salinity hazard created by high evapotranspiration and irrigation practices becomes more pronounced across Region 2 and reaches a peak in the Red Sea catchments (Region 3), where it is supplemented by saline intrusion and mineralized upflows. In this region, soil fertility has been greatly affected and the development of groundwater has been constrained. Fluoride concentrations of 7–17 mg l⁻¹ are common in Regions 2 and 3 and some dental fluorosis has been noted.Upflows of thermal water (34–100°C) exist in the Red Sea coastal zone and provide a potential energy resource. Both these and the factors affecting water resource quality in general require careful investigation and conservation measures.     

黄河三角洲地区地下淡水(微咸水)的形成与演化

黄河三角洲地区地下淡水(微咸水)资源贫乏,咸水广布.南部冲洪积平原受第二次海侵层位的影响形成大面积咸水,后又被逐渐淡化.近年来由于开采量加大,又使北部咸水南侵.海积冲积平原随着黄河河道的变迁,仅在黄河现行河道两侧和充水的黄河故道带分布有淡水(微咸水).近代、现代黄河三角洲古河道带和决口扇淡水体已被咸化.     

Saline fresh water interface structure in Mahanadi delta region, Orissa, India

 Saline/fresh water interface structure is one of the most important and basic hydrogeological parameter that needs to be estimated for studies related to coastal zone management, well-field design and understanding saline water intrusion mechanism/processes. The success and stability of a groundwater structure in a coastal region depend upon an accurate estimate of interface structure between saline and fresh water zones, aquifer-aquiclude boundaries and their lateral continuities and the interstitial water qualities of aquifers. Self-potential and resistivity logs provide a reasonably good basis for such estimates and for sustainable development of fresh groundwater resources. The interface depth structure for the Mahanadi delta region, as obtained and interpreted through self-potential and resistivity logs, provides a fairly clear picture of the regional extensions and boundaries of aquifers, aquicludes and interstitial water quality patterns. Aquifers in the northern sector of the basin and within the framework of Birupa and Mahanadi are characterized by an interface depth range that varies between 40 and 280 m below ground level (bgl) with brackish water on the top underlain by freshwater aquifers. The aquifers in the southern sector within the framework of Khatjori/Devi and Koyakhai/Daya/Kushbhadra/Bhargavi are characterized by an interface depth range that varies from 10 to 120 m with freshwater aquifers near the surface underlain by saline, brackish water aquifers. The inversion of these major fluid systems appears to have taken place over a narrow zone between Mahanadi and Khatjori tributaries, possibly over a wide subsurface ridge with separate basin characteristics. Received: 29 November 1999 · Accepted: 2 May 2000     

Delineation of groundwater prospective zones from a delta region of India,using geoelectrical and water quality approach

Geoelectrical survey was carried out in the western delta region of River Vasista Godavari, Andhra Pradesh, India, for delineation of groundwater prospective zones due to acute shortage of water supply for various purposes. Forty-six vertical electrical soundings (VES) were done, employing the Schlumberger configuration with a maximum AB/2 of 160 m. The interpreted results of VES show four to five layers with variable thicknesses, such as topsoil zone (1.5–3 m), clay zone (0.84–32 m), finer sand zone (2–72 m), medium to coarse sand zone (4 to 28.8 m) and clay zone (1.2–∞ m), indicating a multi-aquifer system. These results are corroborated with the known lithologs of the study area. Further, the resistivity is also compared with electrical conductivity (EC) of groundwater observed nearby shallow wells representing buried channel (BC), flood plain (FP) and coastal (C) zones, which indicate slightly brackish to brackish water (EC: 1470–6010 µS/cm), whereas the groundwater observed from deep wells shows the fresh (EC: 726–1380 µS/cm), fresh to brackish (EC: 1010 to 3250 µS/cm), and brackish water (EC: 3020 to 4170 µS/cm) located in BC, FP and C zones, respectively. This survey reveals the prospective aquifer zones with potable water at VES locations of 4–6, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16–28, 33–36, 39 and 42–44, where the resistivity values vary from 10 to 40 Ω m. The slightly brackish and brackish water zones are also observed from the resistivity of less than 10 Ω m at shallow depth in BC (VES-22, 37, 38 and 46), FP (VES-1, 2, 7, 29, 30 and 40) and C (VES-3, 4, 9, 12, 13, 15, 31, 32, 41 and 45) zones. As a result, the present investigation has delineated the freshwater zones at shallow (<?12 m) and also at deeper depths (30–45 m) as prospective areas, where BC zone occurs. Freshwater pockets also identified in FP (VES-8 and 39) and C (VES-11, 14 and 15) zones. Thus, this study helps to solve the drinking and irrigation water problems.     

Groundwater investigation of the artesian wells on the palaeochannels in parts of the Great Rann of Kachchh,Gujarat, India,using remote sensing and geophysical techniques

The Great Rann of Kachchh (GRK) in Gujarat, India, is the largest salt desert in the world, which is usually filled with seawater ingression during high tide from the Arabian Sea. As a result, the soil gets saturated with saline water that has percolated down for several meters. Groundwater exploration in Rann area is a challenging task due to the prevailing hostile environment. For this purpose, multisensor satellite data have been used to delineate the palaeochannels in search of an alternate source of drinking water. In GRK, palaeochannels represent the zone of elevated fluvial sediments with respect to the surroundings. Evolutionary history of the palaeochannels indicates upliftment of GRK area during Allah Bund faulting. For assessing the groundwater potential of the palaeochannels, high-resolution electrical resistivity tomography (HERT) surveys have been carried out with the pole-dipole method. Electrical resistivity tomograms along 710 m traverses to a depth of 250 m in Dharmsala and Gainda area show higher-resistivity zones (medium to coarse sand with brackish water) below a thick low-resistivity layer (clay with saline water). A few exploratory drillings in the area confirm the existence of the palaeochannels, which act as a confined aquifer below 100 m depth. The artesian condition of the two drilled wells at Gainda and Khardoi along the northern boundary of GRK may be attributed to hydraulic gradient along the confined layers from the Tharparkar region in Pakistan. Thus, HERT is found to be a faster and more cost-effective geophysical survey technique for study of the deep aquifer.

     

Soil water-salt dynamics state and associated sensitivity factors in an irrigation district of the loess area: a case study in the Luohui Canal Irrigation District,China

Soil salinisation determines the distribution pattern of crop processes in irrigation districts. The research presented here was conducted in the Luohui Canal Irrigation District, which is located in the loess area of Shaanxi Province, China. A back-propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) for the soil water-salt state was established to predict soil salinity and alkalinity. The degree of influence of numerous factors on the dynamics was quantitatively determined using the default factor testing method and verified with grey relational analysis. The results show that the BPANN prediction accuracy is very high, and it can efficiently depict the comprehensive relationships between the influential factors and dynamic states. The influence of soil moisture, evaporation, groundwater salt and groundwater depth on the dynamics is significant in the region. The current irrigation method, used for many years, cannot meet the water necessities for the vegetation, causing the groundwater levels to decline and a lowering of the soil moisture zone, leading to the occurrence of serious soil salinisation. Under the action of evaporation, more salt accumulates in the upper part of the soil, resulting in extensive soil salinisation. The higher the groundwater salt content, the more salt is carried by rising capillary water, and the more the soil is salinised. If groundwater depth was to exceed the critical water table, then groundwater and salt would move to the soil surface by moisture evaporation, and salt would build up on the soil surface in this irrigation district. The interactions between each factor forms a complex coupling relationship state.     

A Study on Tensiometer Measurements in Salt Laden Soil Used for Irrigation Scheduling

Tensiometer is one of the most popular and simple instrument for in situ and laboratory measurement of negative pressure or suction in soils. Such measurements in the top soil or root zone are useful for automated optimized irrigation scheduling for different vegetation. The top soil accommodates various salts/contaminants whose main source is storm water runoff, irrigation water and application of crop fertilizers. These salts accumulate in the soil due to evaporation. It is an established fact that tensiometer measures only soil matric suction with the help of a ceramic interface. It is believed that osmotic effect of salts present in the soil does not influence tensiometer measurements. However, there is no systematic experimental verification in the literature to understand the influence of salt laden soil on tensiometer measurements. It needs to be ascertained that the pore size of the tensiometer ceramic will not exhibit semi-permeable membrane characteristics leading to osmotic effect. Such verification is important as it would influence the irrigation scheduling of crops. It is also of interest to know whether the osmotic suction (due to the salts) would increase the water retention characteristics and hence the irrigation requirement. If so, then the tensiometer based irrigation scheduling would be an underestimate of the actual irrigation requirement of crops. To investigate these issues, the present study has performed controlled laboratory suction measurements using tensiometer in a locally available soil, contaminated with known concentration of inorganic salt solution. The total suction of the same salt laden soil has been measured using the WP4 dew point potentiameter technique. The results indicate negligible influence of salts present in the soil on tensiometer measurements. The study demonstrates the incapability of tensiometer to assess the osmotic component of salt present in the soil. This would result in the under prediction of water retention and hence irrigation requirement of the soil.     

流动注射法测定咸水和半咸水中的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮

咸水、半咸水资源广布,是干旱、半干旱地区重要的替代水资源和锂、钾盐等国家战略性矿产资源的重要来源。对咸水、半咸水中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐等关键指标进行监控,是实现水资源综合利用的重要前提。流动注射法集采样、富集、分离、检测于一体,能够实现在线检测分析,近年来被广泛应用于淡水和海水分析,但对盐度更高的咸水类样品,该法尚未开展深入研究。本文利用全自动流动注射分析仪,建立了适用于咸水和半咸水中硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的分析测定方法。通过仪器工作参数、显色剂浓度和介质、缓冲溶液中氯化铵浓度和pH值等实验条件优化,确定了方法最佳试验参数。用纯水作载流,可以实现盐度为0～5%范围水样中硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的准确测定。对于盐度大于5%的卤水样品,需采用载流盐度匹配的方式改善样品回收率,使该法对盐度的耐受范围扩展至24%左右。本法对硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮的检出限分别为0.002mg/L、0.001mg/L,测定范围分别为0～2.00mg/L、0～1.00mg/L。通过国家标准物质和实际样品分析表明,该法具有良好的精密度和正确度,自动化程度高,分析周期短,适用于大批量样品的分析测试。     

环渤海平原土壤盐分不同聚型的水动力学特征

为了解环渤海低平原微咸水灌溉的土壤容盐能力问题,对大量野外监测和采样测试数据进行了研究。结果表明,该平原的土壤盐分剖面分布特征具有表聚型、中聚型和底聚型3种类型,其与蒸发、降水或灌溉入渗影响和潜水位埋深变化相关。不同聚型剖面形成的水动力特征各不相同：表聚型土壤盐分剖面的水势梯度指向地表,其绝对值远大于1.0 cmH₂O/cm;中聚型土壤盐分剖面上部的水势梯度指向地下水面,剖面下部的水势梯度指向地表;底聚型土壤盐分剖面的水势梯度指向地下水面,水势梯度大于1.0 cmH₂O/cm。表聚型土壤盐分剖面不利于微咸水灌溉农田和作物生长。     

频率域航空电磁法在雄安新区浅层(微)咸淡水调查中的应用

探明含(微)咸水地区的浅层咸淡水分界现状,对于当地浅层水资源的开发利用具有指导意义。笔者通过对雄安新区频率域航空电磁数据反演,得到地下浅层电性结构特征,进而推断新区浅层(微)咸淡水分界线。通过对比1998年、1999年两次水文地质调查咸淡水分界线,结合地面水文地质资料,笔者发现浅层地下水降落漏斗会影响咸水侵入的趋势:雄县东北处的昝岗—米家务—双堂一带(微)咸水侵入是由于昝岗水漏斗的存在而趋于稳定,但水漏斗也同时加剧了昝岗镇地区南部(微)咸水入侵;安新县城西侧由于容城水漏斗水位上升,相较1999年(微)咸水范围有所减少;高阳水漏斗地区水位持续下降,导致芦庄—高阳方向(微)咸水范围将继续扩大。通过预测的(微)咸水侵入趋势为新区建设中水资源的合理开发利用提供了数据依据。     

海湾水库沉积物对水体咸化影响的时间尺度

为预测海湾水库沉积物盐分释放对库水咸化影响的持续时间,建立了描述沉积物孔隙水盐分剖面分布的非稳态数学模型,并优化选取模型的边界条件与关键参数(沉积物孔隙水盐分的扩散系数)。稳态与非稳态条件下沉积物盐分释放的对比分析表明,在计算污染沉积物对其上覆水水质的影响时间时,按非稳态释放更符合实际情况。非稳态盐分释放的计算结果表明,拟建沐官岛海湾水库沉积物中盐分释放对库水咸化的影响时间将大于600年,该影响时间远长于水库的寿命;表明在水库的整个生命周期内,均需要定期监测海湾水库底层水的盐分浓度,并需采取有效措施预防水体的突然泛咸,而不能仅在建库初期关注咸化问题。     

水资源合理调控利用发展农业节水灌溉

南皮县淡水资源短缺,咸水广布,制约农业生产的可持续发展.解决途径是合理调控利用当地水资源,开发利用浅层地下水包括微咸水和半咸水抗旱灌溉,调蓄雨季降雨径流及汛后河流来水作为补源,地下水地上水联合运用,发展农业节水灌溉,调整农业种植结构,提高水的利用效率.实现水资源可持续利用,农业生产可持续发展,生态环境良性循环,人与自然和谐相处.