坡面土壤侵蚀临界坡度问题的理论与实验研究

本文首先在分析坡度对坡面流及坡面侵蚀的基础上,运用能量法及泥沙运动力学两种方法从不同理论角度探讨了坡面土壤侵蚀临界坡度问题;其次,通过室内外实验观测资料,结合与其他学者观点的比较分析,最后得出结论：坡面侵蚀以溅蚀为主时,临界坡度应小于２２°;以面蚀为主时,临界坡度为２２°～２６°左右;以沟蚀为主时,临界坡度会超过３０°;若以重力侵蚀为主,临界坡度可能会更大。     

坡面径流冲刷及泥沙输移特征的试验研究

通过室内放水冲刷试验,对坡面细沟侵蚀发生的临界条件、细沟发展过程中的侵蚀产沙特征、以及影响细沟侵蚀产沙的因素进行了分析研究,得出了试验土条件下产生细沟的临界流量与坡面坡度的关系式.在分析产沙变化的基础上,探讨了细沟侵蚀量随径流量和坡面倾斜度的变化规律.     

岔巴沟流域次暴雨坡面土壤侵蚀经验模型

坡面土壤流失预测、水保效益评估,无不需要坡面侵蚀模型。本文以岔巴沟流域坡面径流场降雨水文资料为基础,建立了次侵蚀性降雨坡面土壤侵蚀模型、次降雨坡面细沟侵蚀模型,并对各模型的精度进行了分析。结果发现模型具有较好的预报精度,对大侵蚀产沙事件预测很准;坡度、最大10分钟雨强、植被覆盖度是影响次侵蚀性降雨主要因子,坡度、最大10分钟雨强、降雨量是影响细沟侵蚀主要因子,植被覆盖对细沟侵蚀产沙影响很小。     

黄土坡面片蚀过程稳定含沙量及其影响因素

黄土高原地区坡面土壤侵蚀具有明显的垂直分带性,溅蚀片蚀带是坡面侵蚀的最上方地带,研究片蚀过程含沙量变化有助于阐明坡面侵蚀规律。本文采用人工模拟降雨试验方法研究了黄土坡面片蚀稳定含沙量及其影响因素;试验处理包括2种质地的黄土(塿土和黑垆土),2个雨强(90和120 mm/h)和4个坡度(10°、15°、20°和25°)。结果表明：在不同质地黄土、降雨强度和坡度条件下,水流含沙量均呈现先减小后平稳的规律;稳定含沙量与土壤颗粒体积分形维数、降雨强度和坡度呈幂函数关系,稳定含沙量随土壤颗粒体积分形维数的增大而减小,随降雨强度和坡度的增大而增大,影响程度依次为土壤颗粒体积分形维数、降雨强度和坡度;所分析的水动力学指标中单位水流功率与稳定含沙量关系最密切,降雨强度对稳定含沙量的影响大于单位水流功率。     

室内人工降雨条件下黄土侵蚀坡面的变异特征研究

基于室内人工降雨试验条件下获取的黄土坡面侵蚀的九期DEM数据,计算出不同演化时期黄土坡面的坡度、坡向及沟道网络,利用等分坡度直方图、等分坡向玫瑰花图和沟道分级网络对坡面侵蚀变异特征进行研究,并初步分析了该变异特征与黄土坡面侵蚀和演化过程之间的关系。结果表明：在黄土坡面侵蚀过程中,该坡面的坡度离散程度在逐步增加后基本保持稳定;其主导坡向总体呈现逐步有序化的变化特征,由多个主导坡向逐步演化为与该坡面主干沟道总体走向基本一致的一个主导坡向;其沟道网络逐步发育成典型树状网络并基本保持稳定,且形成了完整和严密的沟道等级结构。上述侵蚀坡面变异特征在一定程度上反映出该坡面在发育初期侵蚀较为强烈但在后期强度有所减弱。本研究是对黄土侵蚀坡面变异特征的初步探索,对未来进一步揭示黄土坡面的侵蚀机理和演化规律具有重要理论意义。     

坡面土壤侵蚀过程研究进展

基于土壤侵蚀发生方式,重点评述了坡面雨滴溅蚀、薄层水流侵蚀、细沟侵蚀和浅沟侵蚀的研究进展,指出了各自研究中存在的问题,并提出坡面侵蚀过程中亟待加强的研究领域。     

山前洪积扇坡面细沟侵蚀跌坑特征的试验研究

跌坑的出现是坡面侵蚀过程中的重要现象,标志着细沟侵蚀正在发育,跌坑的贯穿标志着细沟的形成。采用土槽冲刷模型试验,选取流量、坡度、冲刷时间和坡面形态作为影响跌坑发育的因子结合正交试验调查了不同试验条件下跌坑发育特征及影响因素。结果表明：影响跌坑发育的因素主次为冲刷时间、流量、坡面形态、坡度;跌坑沿坡面连续分布,深度具有波动性,沿坡向下呈现先增大后减小的趋势,最大值一般发育在坡面中部;根据跌坑的发育特征将坡面细沟侵蚀划分为片蚀、细沟雏形、细沟发育和细沟调整四个阶段;坡面细沟侵蚀跌坑深宽积与土壤侵蚀量具有较显著线性关系。研究结果对输油管线水毁及水土流失防治具有一定的参考价值。     

论坡面侵蚀的临界坡度

尽管对坡面水力侵蚀中的临界坡度已作了大量研究，但对临界坡度的大小目前仍无一致结论。本文从坡面流的能量理论出发，对临界坡度进行了研究。结果表明，在流量一定时临界坡度在２４°－２９°之间，其大小视坡面水深与大于等于８４％的坡面颗粒的粒径而定。这一结果与众多室内外试验结果一致，从而从理论上解决了临界坡度的大小问题。     

利用高精度GPS动态监测沟蚀发育过程

基于5次连续模拟降雨试验对坡面沟蚀发育过程的模拟和ArcGis9.0空间分析功能,利用高精度GPS动态监测坡面沟蚀发育过程,估算沟蚀发育不同阶段的侵蚀量,分析误差产生的原因及提高精度的途径.结果表明,在高精度GPS测量生成的沟蚀发育不同阶段的5期图像上展现的侵蚀形态与实拍相片完全一一对应,完美反映了坡面侵蚀形态的空间分布及其变化.高精度GPS测量能很好地估算坡面侵蚀量,侵蚀量估算值与实测值之间的误差随沟蚀形态的发育而逐渐减少,5次测量估算的侵蚀量平均误差为7.38%.GPS测量过程中所产生的误差可以通过划分统一测量区域,适当增加测量点,特别是增加对沟壁和沟床的测量点及后期数据处理进行纠正.     

黄土坡面汇沙对细沟侵蚀的影响与贡献

细沟侵蚀是黄土高原坡面极其重要的侵蚀过程之一,汇沙对细沟侵蚀强弱具有重要影响,阐明汇沙对细沟侵蚀的影响与贡献,可以揭示坡面细沟侵蚀过程机理,并为治理坡面水土流失提供科学依据.采用定流量人工放水的组合小区模拟降雨的方法,对不同降雨强度与不同坡度下黄土坡面汇沙对细沟侵蚀的影响及贡献进行了研究,结果表明:细沟上方汇沙、细沟间汇沙、细沟径流剪切力对细沟侵蚀的影响,在不同降雨强度、不同坡度、不同降雨强度及坡度下皆可用三元对数方程描述;细沟上方汇沙、细沟间汇沙、细沟径流剪切力,以及细沟上方汇沙与细沟间汇沙及细沟径流剪切力三者的交互作用对细沟侵蚀的贡献率,在不同降雨强度下分别为13.18％、4.98％、61.2％及8.26％,在不同坡度下分别为4.73％、1.19％、73.65％及5.4％,在不同降雨强度及坡度下分别为10.84％、0.44％、65.22％及6.97％.     

Runoff and Soil Erosion on Slope Cropland: A Review

Soil erosion has become a serious environmental problem worldwide, and slope land is the main source of soil erosion. As a primary cover of slope land, crops have an important influence on the occurrence and development of runoff and soil erosion on slope land. This paper reviews the current understanding of runoff and soil erosion on slope cropland. Crops mainly impact splash detachment, slope runoff, and sediment yield. In this review paper, the effects of crop growth and rainfall on the splash detachment rate and the spatial distribution of splash detachment are summarized. Crop growth has a significant impact on runoff and sediment yield. Rainfall intensity and slope gradient can influence the level of erosive energy that causes soil erosion. Furthermore, other factors such as antecedent soil water content, soil properties, soil surface physical crust, and soil surface roughness can affect soil anti-erodibility. The varying effects of different crops and with different influence mechanisms on runoff and soil erosion, as well as changes in their ability to influence erosion under different external conditions should all remain focal points of future research. The effect of crop vegetation on runoff and soil erosion on slope land is a very important factor in understanding large-scale soil erosion systems, and in-depth study of this topic is highly significant for both theory and practice.     

黄土高原沟道流域产沙过程的初步分析

黄土高原的主要产沙地区是河口镇至龙门黄河干流两侧和泾、洛、渭河中上游,产沙时间集中7—9月或一、二次暴雨期。流域产沙量与河道断面输沙量基本一致。产沙最与降雨量加径流深组合因子成正比相关,并随坡度增大而增加,坡度超过25—28度水流面蚀强度减弱。砂黄土的可蚀性最大,黄土其次,粘黄土最小。灌木林的防蚀效果最好。近三十年来黄土高原的产沙量进一步增加,其中由人类活动而增加的沙量约占黄河平均输沙量的23～35%。沟道流域的产沙过程具有垂直分带规律。沟间地以细沟侵蚀产沙为主,沟谷地是水力、重力和洞穴侵蚀综合作用的场所。黄土丘陵区沟谷地的产沙量此沟间地大59.0%左右;黄土塬区产生的泥沙绝大部来自沟谷地。     

坡面溅蚀发生过程及其与坡度关系的模拟研究

通过人工模拟降雨试验,分别观测降雨过程中不同方向上溅蚀强度的变化,根据各影响因子间相互消长及相互制约的关系特点,分析了雨滴溅蚀发生的过程特征及其变化原因,从溅蚀过程的变化特点及溅蚀强度的变化规律比较,定量地探讨了坡度对雨滴击溅侵蚀的影响作用,得出了溅蚀强度与坡度因子之间的关系方程。     

SOIL VARIATION ON NORTH AND SOUTH SLOPE CATENAS ON A KAME IN SOUTHEAST WISCONSIN

Soils from two catenas on north-and south-facing slopes of a kame were analyzed to determine the effect of lithology, topography, and microclimate on profile development. In loess on the north-facing slope, where microclimate favored CaCO₃ dissolution and clay translocation, pedogenesis was rapid and an A-E-Bt-C profile developed. In contrast, an A-Bt-C profile developed on the south-facing slope. In gravel where limestone/dolostone dissolution was slow, A-C profiles were found and CaCO₃ was depleted to a ≤ 25-cm depth, 20± cm less than reported for similar Michigan soils. Slopewash and runoff are inferred to have caused silt accumulations and greater infiltration at the base of ≥ 20° slopes, resulting in a thicker solum in foot-and toe-slope positions, whereas on slopes of ≤ 7° infiltration and interflow are the dominant processes, resulting in a thicker solum on the transportational midslope. The differences in soil profile development are attributed to sediment facies changes at 25- to 50-cm depth and resulting groundwater movement. [Key words: soil development, soil spatial variability, kame slope catena, Wisconsin.]     

典型黄土坡面土壤侵蚀特征及径流流速空间变化试验研究

为了明确土壤性质对坡面侵蚀方式作用机制的影响,本研究采用室内模拟降雨试验,选取黄土高原典型暴雨强度,在不同坡度条件下,对两种黄土的坡面侵蚀方式、形态特征、产流产沙过程及其相应径流流速的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明,绥德土径流量明显高于安塞土,10º、15º和20º时前者的平均径流量分别比后者高出51.1%、55.5%和63.0%,且前者更易形成细沟,使得其平均含沙量和平均产沙率分别是后者的1.14~3.59倍和2.50~8.48倍。在片蚀阶段,与绥德土相比,安塞土的含沙量较高,后者的平均含沙量是前者的1.24~1.73倍,但两种土壤的含沙量和产沙规律相同,均表现为先快速增加到最大值,然后逐渐降低到相对稳定状态,该现象证明片蚀的初期阶段主要受控于径流输沙能力,后期受径流的剥蚀能力控制。在细沟侵蚀阶段,绥德土细沟发育以沟头溯源侵蚀为主,崩塌作用频繁,该侵蚀形式不仅控制着细沟形态的总体特征,也导致含沙量和产沙率均急剧增加,该阶段平均含沙量是相应片蚀阶段的3.25~4.34倍。细沟沟口下方坡面存在明显的泥沙沉积带,表明细沟集中水流的搬运能力远高于坡面漫流,细沟侵蚀主要受径流输沙能力控制。两种土壤的径流流速均表现为坡面下部高于坡面上部,径流稳定后高于径流稳定前,总体来看,绥德土和安塞土上坡和径流稳定后的平均流速分别是下坡和径流稳定前的1.4倍、1.25倍和1.75倍、1.29倍,此外细沟侵蚀或侵蚀强度与微地貌形态之间的互馈作用对径流流速也有较大影响。     

坡面动力侵蚀过程的实验研究进展

本文首先总结了坡面流及坡面动力侵蚀过程的实验设备、技术手段及实验内容方面的进展,然后全面探讨了坡面侵蚀实验方面的国内外研究最新进展,最后作者分析了实验研究方面存在的问题,并提出了前景展望。     

黄土地区梁峁坡的坡地特征与土壤侵蚀

本文指出黄土地区梁峁坡的坡角主要分布在14°—28°之间,特征坡角的上限相当于黄土的内摩擦角,下限相当于内摩擦角的0.45倍。黄土地区的坡地形态可分为直形坡、凸形坡、凹形坡、复合形坡和阶梯形坡等五种类型。土壤侵蚀主要受坡地形态和坡度的控制,侵蚀量随着坡度的增大而增加,坡度大于15°时,侵蚀量突增,坡面冲刷加剧,26°达极大值,此后冲刷作用减弱,重力侵蚀逐渐显著,至45°侵蚀达到最大值,以后又趋减弱。     

Erosion rates in badland areas recorded by collectors,erosion pins and profilometer techniques (Ebro Basin,NE-Spain)

In badland areas of the Ebro Basin, in a semiarid climate, two erosion plots (257 m²; 5° slope and 128 m²; 23° slope) on exposed Tertiary clays were monitored over two years (Nov. 1991–Nov. 1993). This material is characterized by high sodium absorption ratios which lead to high soil dispersivity. The dominant erosion processes in both plots are rilling and sheet erosion. Rainfall intensity was recorded at a weather station, connected to a data-logger, sediment production for single events was collected in tanks, and ground lowering was measured every six months by erosion pins and microtopographic profile gauge techniques. Significant runoff was produced only by rainfall events above 5 mm. Another threshold at 20 mm rain was noted. For rainfalls higher than 20 mm, the 23° slope plot shows a greater runoff response than the 5° one. Rainfall events exceeding this threshold showed a higher sediment production for the steeper slope. In the relationship between precipitation and sediment concentration, an envelope curve can be drawn indicating that any rainfall event of a given amount and intensity has a maximum sediment concentration which we speculate to be a function of the runoff sediment transport capacity. Runoff response and sediment yield in the studied plots are controlled by the rainfall and soil characteristics and their seasonal variations. In both plots, the erosion pins show that erosion rates in rill areas are 25–50% higher than in the interrill areas. Sediment yield recorded by collector devices was higher than the rates measured by erosion pins. The erosion rates based on rill cross-sections by profilometers were higher than the ones recorded by collectors.