渗透系数的变异性对压实黏土衬垫性能的影响

压实黏土衬垫是填埋场等环境岩土工程中常用的屏障材料,其厚度和渗透系数是主要的设计参数。考虑渗透系数的变异性,用衬垫底部污染物相对浓度和通量等指标分析了设计参数对衬垫有效性的影响。研究表明,渗透系数的变异性对衬垫性能有很大的影响：当衬垫厚度较小或渗透系数均值较大时,衬垫底部出现高浓度（接近于1）的概率很大,这个浓度区间可能比相对浓度的均值高很多,对周围环境污染有较大的威胁。从非反应性溶质的运移来看,我国规范中对衬垫厚度和渗透系数的规定是合理的。相对于污染物的通量,厚度和渗透系数对衬垫底部相对浓度的影响更为显著,相对浓度更适合作为评价衬垫性能的指标。     

非等温条件下有机污染物在粘土衬垫中的扩散分析

填埋场中垃圾降解作用产生的热量在黏土衬垫中的运移会形成温度场,温度场会对污染物的运移产生影响。文章在多孔介质热力学理论和污染物运移理论相结合的基础上,主要考虑温度场对污染物扩散的影响,建立了非等温条件下有机污染物在黏土衬垫中的一维扩散模型,并采用分离变量法得到了模型的解析解。基于文中模型,对比了非等温条件和等温条件下有机污染物在黏土衬垫中的运移。非等温条件的黏土衬垫底部浓度比等温条件下的浓度大,非等温模型比等温模型更偏于安全。解析解可为实验数据的拟合及分析、衬垫的设计提供参考。进一步的参数分析表明:增大阻滞因子Rd和黏土厚度L可以减小黏土衬垫底部由温度梯度引起的有机污染物浓度。     

非等温条件下有机污染物在黏土衬垫中的扩散分析

填埋场中垃圾降解作用产生的热量在黏土衬垫中的运移会形成温度场,温度场会对污染物的运移产生影响。文章在多孔介质热力学理论和污染物运移理论相结合的基础上,主要考虑温度场对污染物扩散的影响,建立了非等温条件下有机污染物在黏土衬垫中的一维扩散模型,并采用分离变量法得到了模型的解析解。基于文中模型,对比了非等温条件和等温条件下有机污染物在黏土衬垫中的运移。非等温条件的黏土衬垫底部浓度比等温条件下的浓度大,非等温模型比等温模型更偏于安全。解析解可为实验数据的拟合及分析、衬垫的设计提供参考。进一步的参数分析表明:增大阻滞因子Rd和黏土厚度L可以减小黏土衬垫底部由温度梯度引起的有机污染物浓度。     

有机污染物在完好复合衬垫中的迁移分析

在复合衬垫中,有机污染物除了在土工膜缺陷处发生迁移外,在完好土工膜中的迁移也是主要方式。考虑有机污染物在土工膜边界处的浓度跳跃现象,建立了有机污染物在完好复合衬垫中迁移的一维模型,得到了解析解。通过与有限差分解的比较,验证了解答的合理性。应用该解答分析了GCL复合衬垫和CCL复合衬垫防止有机污染物渗漏的效果。结果表明,CCL复合衬垫的效果较好,可以通过黏土改性和增加黏土厚度的方法来提高其有效性。有机污染物类型的选择对GCL复合衬垫的分析结果影响较大,而阻滞系数的变化对分析结果影响较小。     

衬垫中污染物运移的一维概率分析

衬垫中污染物的运移分析一般采用确定性方法。为了研究渗透系数变异性对污染物运移的影响,基于土层剖面随机场理论,将渗透系数模拟成服从对数正态分布的空间随机场,利用Monte-Carlo和数值积分两种方法进行分析。两种方法得到的结果有很好的一致性。衬垫渗透系数的空间变异性对污染物运移有重要影响。变异系数较大时,衬垫失效概率在前期较大而后期较小,但衬垫底部出现高浓度(相对浓度0.9～1.0)的几率也较高。衬垫的可靠性要综合考虑渗透系数的变异性和渗透系数数值范围的影响。      

非等温分布条件下三层复合衬垫中有机污染物一维瞬态运移规律研究

针对非等温分布条件下由土工膜(geomembrane,简称GMB)+土工复合膨润土衬垫(geosynthetic clay liner,简称GCL)+压实黏土衬垫(compacted clay liner,简称CCL)组成的3层复合衬垫中有机污染物一维瞬态运移问题,考虑了对流、扩散、机械弥散、吸附、降解和热扩散等因素,建立了相应的数学模型。该模型可考虑扩散系数和渗透系数等参数随温度变化。利用有限差分法,获得了该模型的数值解。通过将所建模型计算结果分别与试验结果、已有解析模型计算结果和COMSOL软件计算结果进行对比,验证了所建模型的正确性。基于所定义的击穿时间t_b,以甲苯作为代表性有机污染物分析和讨论了不同因素对运移行为的影响。结果表明：(1)非等温分布条件会使渗透系数、扩散系数和线性吸附系数等参数发生变化,其中渗透系数和扩散系数的变化会加快运移过程,尤其是扩散系数,而线性吸附系数的变化会减慢运移速率;(2)复合衬垫上部和底部温度差ΔT的增大会使击穿时间t_b减小,底部运移通量J_b增大;当ΔT为0、10、20、30、40 ...     

运移参数对GCL中污染物运移的影响研究

分析了运移参数的变化对GCL中污染物运移的影响。从衬垫底部浓度比、对流和扩散通量、污染物累积运移量等方面,对污染物在GCL中的运移进行了计算。结果表明,减小渗透系数和扩散系数可以有效减缓衬垫底部浓度比的增加速度。渗透系数对对流通量的大小、扩散通量的变化速度的影响较大;扩散系数主要影响最大扩散通量。当渗透系数较大时,可以忽略扩散累积运移量,用对流累积运移量代替总累积运移量引起的误差很小。当渗透系数较小时,忽略扩散运移量可能产生较大的误差,尤其是在扩散系数也较大的情况下误差更加明显。      

复合衬层中变系数有机污染物迁移规律分析

土工膜和下伏压实黏土组成的复合衬层已被广泛用作填埋场的防渗屏障系统。有机污染物在复合衬层中迁移时,其主要运移机制是扩散作用。假设有机污染物在土工膜中稳态扩散,并假设在下伏衬层中扩散系数为迁移距离的线性函数,且考虑降解作用的影响,建立了有机污染物在复合衬层中的一维扩散模型,针对零浓度下边界条件,获得了模型解析解。基于该解析解,分析讨论了相关参数的敏感性。结果表明,相关参数对计算结果影响很大,降解半衰期对污染物运移同样存在较大影响。该解析模型仅适用于有机污染物在两层复合衬垫中的迁移问题,可为填埋场的初步设计提供参考     

有机污染物在复合衬垫中的运移分析

有机污染物在垃圾填埋场复合衬垫中有两种不同的运移方式:土工膜上缺陷处污染物的运移和完好复合衬垫中污染物的扩散。文章分别用有限差分法和解析法对两种方式下污染物的累积量进行计算,分析了两种方式对有机污染物运移所做的贡献。研究表明:GCL(人工合成材料粘土衬垫)复合衬垫以有机污染物在完好复合衬垫中的扩散为主,可以忽略缺陷处污染物的运移;而CCL(压实黏土衬垫)复合衬垫中两种运移方式所做的贡献在同一数量级,需要考虑两种方式的共同作用。在GCL复合衬垫下铺设粘土层能有效改善GCL复合衬垫对有机污染物的阻止效果。     

考虑非等温环境下污染物在黏土中的运移解析模型

利用广义积分变换法推导了非等温条件下污染物在压实黏土衬垫中的运移解析解。所提出的解析解考虑了分子扩散、对流、吸附和热扩散的耦合效应,并考虑了压实黏土的渗透系数、分布系数和有效扩散系数3个参数随温度的变化。通过与热扩散试验结果、已有的解析解和基于COMSOL软件的数值模型的对比,验证了所提出的解析解。利用经过验证的解析解,研究了非等温环境以及压实黏土的渗透系数、有效扩散系数和分布系数3个参数随温度的变化对甲苯在压实黏土衬垫系统中迁移的影响。结果表明,非等温环境以及压实黏土的渗透系数、有效扩散系数和分布系数随温度的变化均对甲苯在压实黏土衬垫中迁移有着显著的影响。不考虑非等温环境的影响将极大低估污染物的溢出量和污染物的击穿时间。既有解析解忽略压实黏土的渗透系数和有效扩散系数随温度的变化会极大低估甲苯的流出速率,而忽略压实黏土分布系数随温度的变化会极大高估甲苯击穿衬垫系统的时间和达到稳态的时间。所提出的解析解能够考虑热扩散作用,同时考虑了压实黏土的渗透系数、分布系数和有效扩散系数3个参数随温度的变化,较既有解析解更贴近工程实际,能够为压实黏土衬垫系统的设计和服役性能评价提供指导和借鉴。     

Performance-based design of landfill liners

Factors affecting chemical transport in geomembrane, clay and composite liners are reviewed, and a simplified performance-based method for evaluating landfill bottom liners is presented. For single geomembrane liners, mass transport of inorganic chemicals is calculated from the leakage rate from holes for an assumed frequency of hole occurrence. Transport of organic chemicals is obtained by accounting for molecular diffusion through the intact geomembrane. Migration of inorganic and organic chemicals in compacted clay liners is calculated using a solution of the 1D advection–dispersion-reaction equation. For composite liners consisting of a geomembrane and a clay liner, 3D flow and transport of inorganic chemicals is approximated using an equivalent 1D model for transport through an effective area of transport. The approximation is based on results from 3D analyses that have been conducted for a variety of cases. Migration of organic chemicals through composite liners is calculated using a 1D diffusion model. Applicability of the method is illustrated by using it to evaluate the relative performance of several different liner systems.     

Landfill Base Liners: Assessment of Material Equivalency and Impact to Groundwater

This paper gathered available flow and transport solutions and used them for two composite liners, consisting of geomembrane (GM) overlying either a compacted clay liner (CCL) or a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL). Its aim is to provide a guiding framework for the possible choices of (a) approaches to bottom liner design, (b) respective analytical solutions to flow and transport equations, as well as (c) parameters required for each type of solution. On the basis of the obtained results, the following recommendations are made. When the goal of analysis is to determine material equivalency, leachate flow rate is an adequate key parameter for GM-CCL composite liners. For GM-GCL composite liners, it is necessary to compute contaminant concentration or mass flux, considering (a) transport through defects for inorganic contaminants and (b) diffusion and the contribution of any available attenuation layer for organic contaminants. When the goal of analysis is to assess impact to groundwater, it is advised to calculate both discharge rate and contaminant mass flux regardless of liner type. The critical parameter for the transport calculations is the retardation factor of the contaminant, for the case of CCLs, while the results for GCLs are much less sensitive to this parameter.     

煤矸石淋滤液中污染物在GCL中的扩散性能

为验证土工合成黏土衬垫（Geosynthetic Clay Liners,GCL）作为煤矸石处置场衬垫层建设材料的可行性,采用垂直式双筒扩散装置进行室内扩散试验,研究了煤矸石淋滤液中典型污染物Zn2+、Mn2+和SO₄2-在人工钠化膨润土GCL中的扩散性能,使用有限层法模拟软件POLLUTE V7对污染物随时间变化的曲线进行拟合,确定3种污染物在人工钠化膨润土GCL中的扩散系数。研究结果表明,污染物在GCL中的扩散系数低于它们在传统压实黏土衬垫层中的扩散系数,从而能更有效地控制煤矸石淋滤液中污染物在GCL中的扩散迁移行为。      

An experimental study on diffusion characteristics of hardened liner materials to inorganic chemicals

For materials of very low hydraulic conductivity used in the landfill liner systems, e.g., natural clay liners, soil-cement liners, etc., diffusion characteristics should be evaluated, as the transport mechanism of contaminant through them is diffusion controlled. Studies on the diffusion characteristics of the hardened liner materials, such as the soil cement, are relatively few compared with those of clayey soils. In this paper, diffusive characteristics of hardened liner materials (HLMs) applied to the liner system of Sudokwon Metropolitan Landfill in Korea, were studied. Laboratory pure diffusion column tests in the pure- and the advection-diffusion status were performed for the chemicals, NaCl, KCl, and CaCl₂. To evaluate the diffusion coefficient of a HLMs system, a one-dimensional numerical transport program was developed for use in a multi-layered HLMs system. The range of dispersion coefficients of advection diffusion column tests was a little narrower than that of diffusion coefficients of pure diffusion tests, although the two coefficients were quite close. The effective diffusion coefficients of chloride ions of a HLMs were about a half of those in clayey soil due to the high density by compaction and curing. Diffusion coefficients of chloride ions in this study were correlated closely with hydraulic conductivities of the materials tested and were consistent with work in the literature.     

Nondestructive test to track pollutant transport into landfill liners

Over the last decade, waste disposal has become a particularly sensitive issue in Algeria. New legislation concerning landfill liner design has been adopted. Traditional methods of landfill liner characterization involve soil sampling and chemical analysis, which are costly, destructive and time-consuming. New techniques are currently being investigated that aim to provide nondestructive liner characterisation. This paper details technical aspects associated with electrical conductivity measurements within landfill liners and presents experimental work to show the direct application of electrical techniques to track ionic movement through a sand bentonite liner under chemically induced flow. Samples of sand bentonite were mixed and compacted with NaCl electrolytes at different concentrations. The electrical conductivities of compacted specimens were measured with a two-electrode cell. The effects of frequency and electrolyte concentration on the conductivity measurement were explored. The relationship between the soil electrical conductivity and the NaCl electrolyte concentration in interstitial pore fluid was determined. The conductivity measurements were used to quantify the pore fluid concentration and effective diffusion coefficient of sand bentonite liners. It is concluded here that the electrical conductivity of compacted specimens depends mainly on the salt concentration in the pore fluid, and that this approach could therefore be used to track ionic movement through liners during diffusion.     

Diffusion and sorption experiments using a DKS permeameter

The analysis of contaminant transport through clay liner is a relevant aspect in the design of industrial, urban and mining waste disposal systems, since these areas must be designed and operated to prevent contaminating substances from reaching underground water systems in unacceptable concentrations. The design requires an estimate of the potential contaminant transport rate. However, before any attempt at quantification can be made, values for transport mechanism control parameters must be established. Clayey materials are frequently used as contaminant barriers. In these materials, which have low hydraulic conductivity, the main contaminant transport mechanism is molecular diffusion. Parameters controlling transport for these conditions are the diffusion coefficient and sorption parameters. These parameters depend on soil constituents and characteristics as well as on the chemical constitution of the contaminant. The great complexity of the factors involved makes it necessary to determine the parameters of each type of soil. This paper discusses an equipment called DKS permeameter (diffusion, convection, sorption), for the study of soil-contaminant transport mechanisms, designed at the Institute for Soil Mechanics of the Ruhr-University Bochum, and some results obtained from its use at COPPE/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil. This equipment determines the effective diffusion coefficient and sorption parameter with a better reflection of field conditions. The soil under study is a mix of sodium–bentonite that has low hydraulic conductivity (k=10⁻⁹ cm/s) with adequate liner characteristics. The result indicated the relevance of determining sorption parameters for structured soils, since the sorption perceived from batch test results using pulverised soil represents maximum soil capacity. Designs based on this parameter would overestimate the attenuation capacity of the liner.