应用折射层析方法解决塔里木盆地浅部地震速度的分布

首次提出了用于解决塔里木盆地地震资料数据处理中浅部地震速度分析的折射层析成象方法。该方法可以通过求解任意变速介质中的二维程函方程、射线追踪和ＳＩＲＴ迭代解法实现。通过对塔里木盆地地震资料的层析反演取得了较好的结果,揭示了浅部地震速度具有较大的横向变化。这一变化对建立地下速度模型及反射构造成象有较大影响,钻井资料证实了这一结果。这项研究的成功对研究塔里木盆地地震波速度的变化规律及进一步提高该区整体地震资料处理与解释的质量具有重要的实际意义。     

Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) for seismic site characterization using 2D genetic algorithm at Bahrah area,Wadi Fatima,Saudi Arabia

The present study deals with the seismic site classification of Bahrah area, Wadi Fatima, to characterize the local site conditions. The dynamic behavior of sediments was studied by the application of surface wave inversion. The multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) shallow geophysical technique was utilized for site classification. MASW survey was carried out at 66 sites along with 13 seismic refraction profiles at suitable localities. MASW and seismic refraction profiles were processed and compared with the available borehole data. The integration of MASW techniques with seismic refraction and borehole data progressively enhanced the subsurface visualization and reliability of the shear wave velocity estimation in the subsurface in the study area. The subsurface shear-wave velocity model was achieved by the solution of an inverse problem-based dispersion of surface waves and propagation in a vertically heterogeneous medium. The 2D genetic algorithm was employed for the inversion of dispersion curves to obtain velocity and thickness of subsurface layers. The depth to engineering bedrock and velocity of shear waves in the first 30 m was deciphered and mapped. The depth of bedrock in study area varies from 4 to 30 m, and V _{S 30} ranges from 320 to 800 m/s. The most of study area falls in B and C class categories in addition to few sites of D class according to the NEHRP guidelines.     

山区三维静校正方法研究

依托国家重大产业技术开发专项“西部煤炭资源高精度三维地震勘探技术”,对“山西国阳新能股份有限公司二矿390水平九采区高精度三维地震勘探”及山西阳泉五矿首采区老资料研究二个项目进行资料处理,以攻克影响勘探精度和分辨率的静校正问题。通过对二区块地震资料分别采用绿山折射静校正、综合折射静校正、层析静校正,发现综合折射静校正相对于绿山折射静校正,可以较好的解决静校正的短波长分量、长波长分量问题,更加准确的刻化出地质构造情况,而层析静校正能够更好地解决近地表横向速度变化大、地表没有同一稳定折射层、地表存在高速体等复杂地形的静校正问题,保证同相叠加和正确成像,提高资料的分辨率及勘探精度。     

二维介质中的空间变量分离速度成像技术

二维介质速度成像的新方法是基于地震波的旅行时间，由射线路径沿线的速度分布特征所决定的，将二维介质中的速度分布用两个分别以二维空间坐标为自变量的勒让德多项式的线性组合来描述。根据走时积分方程，即可建立地震波走时与其射线路径沿线的速度分布之间的对应关系，进而重建出地震波射线覆盖区域的速度结构。该成像技术是一个迭代过程，且适用于折射波及反射波。     

Evaluating the structural model from ambient vibration recordings and shallow seismic refraction techniques. A case study of Zagazig City,Egypt

This study uses the seismic refraction and noise measurements to investigate the velocity structure of the subsurface and emphasize the advantage of ambient vibration over the conventional seismic refraction technique. Field measurements were carried out at nine sites in and around Zagazig city. Shallow seismic refraction data were interpreted using the delay time method to obtain the two-dimension ground model at each site. Ambient vibration arrays are used to infer the one-dimensional compressional and shear wave velocity profiles through two main steps. The first step is to derive the dispersion curve from the recorded signals using the frequency-wavenumber method. The second is to invert the dispersion curve to obtain the site velocity profiles. The results of the compressional wave velocities obtained from seismic refraction technique showed that the subsurface consists of a number of layers ranging from two to four layers and give a good agreement with the results of the seismic wave velocities obtained from the ambient vibration arrays. The ambient vibration arrays gave a deeper depth of penetration than the other method, providing more information on the subsurface structure without any disturbance to the environment. This work provides reliable estimates of the seismic velocity structures of both shallow and deep sedimentary layers within the area of interest.     

波阻抗反演技术在煤田地震岩性勘探中的应用

在煤田地震勘探中,岩性勘探已成为人们研究的一个热门课题。与其他地震反演技术相比,波阻抗反演技术不仅可提高原始地震资料的垂向分辨率,而且可以将地震波转换为地层信息。介绍了波阻抗反演技术的原理及实现方法,并以平顶山某采区岩性勘探为例,说明波阻抗地震反演方法可以进行岩性勘探,并可用来预测煤层厚度,同时还可以识别煤层中的夹矸。     

三维地震资料波阻抗反演技术及其应用

利用高纵向分辨率的测井资料与连续观测的地震资料进行波阻抗反演,可以大大提高三维地震资料对地下地质情况的研究程度。以山西常村矿为例,介绍了波阻抗反演在目的层位追踪、薄层辨别、断点断距的确定、陷落柱的解释以及冲刷无煤带的圈定等方面的应用。实例表明波阻抗反演地震剖面比常规地震剖面具有明显的优势,特别是在薄层的分辨率能力上,波阻抗反演表现的尤为突出,如在该区波阻抗反演剖面上,不仅能够分辨15#煤层的三个分层,同时对6#、9#、12#薄煤层也有清晰的反映。     

P波、SH波、面波数据分析方法的对比与剪切模量的确定

地震折射法普遍用来圈定岩石和地层的几何形态。此外,也可用于提取与速度相关的信息,比如:土壤和岩石的力学性质,然而这需要一个地表下速度变化的可靠模型。对折射P 波和SH波的首波以及表面波数据进行分析有3种不同的技术: 追逐时距曲线的延迟时间法, 层析成像法和面波多波分析(MASW)法。从前两种方法的比较结果看,对于高分辨率分层使用传统的追逐时距曲线的延迟时间法是最好的,层析成像法(P波测量)不能发现地下水位面,但是可测量到地下水位面附近速度的逐渐变化;另一方面, 对于介质速度的逐渐增加,传统的SH波的探测无用,但层析成像法却较适合。 此外, 层析成像法或 MASW法适宜用来建立细微的空间速度变化模型,与折射SH波层析成像法相比,MASW法显示略低的速度,而显示的速度梯度也是反向的。 这项研究同样适用于原位剪切模量的比较, 等等。也就是用剪切波速度进行计算, 并采用经验关系确定剪切模量,对于砂的剪切模量,相对于原位测量,经验关系值要更大一些。     

基于震源垂向组合的浅层低速带多次反射折射波压制方法

低速带发育地区地震记录中的多次反射折射波严重影响波场中相近的反射波,导致反射波形态畸变,影响了对地震资料的正确解释。在阐明浅层低速带多次反射折射波产生机理和传播规律的基础上,提出垂向组合双震源的压制方法。根据勘探前期小折射、微测井等方法获取浅层参数信息,结合多次反射折射波与有效波之间相对位置关系,给出需要对多次反射折射波进行压制的前提条件,然后根据震源组合公式计算得到垂向组合参数可选范围,用于调整低速带中垂向设置的两个震源的相对位置,在不影响目的层反射波的基础上压制多次反射折射波。在正演模拟和黄土塬勘探区试验中,对比了常规单炮记录与震源垂向组合记录。结果表明：震源垂向组合方法在一定程度上能较好地压制浅层低速带多次反射折射波,有效提高地震数据信噪比和解释精度。     

黄土塬区煤系非常规气地震勘探资料处理方法的应用研究

地震勘探是解决煤系非常规气储层富集区预测的有效手段,结合黄土塬区工区实例介绍了煤系非常规气地震资料处理方法在该地区的应用研究。勘探区内地表沟谷纵横、起伏变化剧烈,地形较为复杂,根据地质任务要求进行煤系非常规气富集性的地震勘探预测,对AVO属性进行分析及波阻抗反演,因此进行地震资料保幅处理是其中重要的一个环节,需要在解决激发和接收条件不同带来的振幅和频率差异的的基础之上,同时得到较高的纵、横向分辨率。通过折射静校正和层析静校正的对比和分析,较好地解决了由于地表问题带来的野外静校正上的难题。通过精细的速度分析和剩余静校正技术,较好地解决了道集拉平问题,为后续AVO反演提供了借鉴。     

有色反演技术在少井区岩性体预测中的应用

阐述了有色反演的基本原理,并给出了反演流程。通过模型试算,明确有色反演关键参数的物理意义及取值范围,并在孤南洼陷实际工区应用,较好地刻画出沙三下早期低位扇体的横向展布范围。与常规地震属性相比,反演结果更加符合沉积规律,与实钻井岩性分布情况吻合程度高。表明有色反演在保留地震数据原始现象的基础上,分辨率明显提高,适合无井或少井区的地层或岩性解释。     

广义相遇法的拓展

当地表不规则时,用广义相遇法求取的折射层速度存在较大误差,针对于此,这里提出了一种基于广义相遇法的广义相遇静校圆滑法。其步骤如下:①利用广义相遇法求出针对不同XY值的广义相遇速度解析值和时间深度值;②根据时间深度值求出"静校正量",然后从旅行时间中减去静校正量;③绘出广义相遇速度解析曲线,求出速度。其中的步骤②,是把所求的静校正量从旅行时间中减去,就是把地表的影响消除,所以得到的值基本不受地表的影响。对某一模型用此方法,取得了比较理想的效果,尤其是对于地表比较小范围的突然变化,有很明显的效果。实践证明,该方法极大地提高了传统广义相遇法求取折射层波速的精度。     

利用τ-p变换技术实现多波波场分离

通过研究多波地震资料空间三个分量的波场特征及在τ-p域的特性,采用τ-p变换技术,编制了波场分离程序;选取适当的空间和时间τ-p参数,对模型和实际多波地震资料进行波场分离,取得了满意的效果。     

南海北部陆坡崎岖海底区地震成像:OBS旅行时反演

深水陆坡油气资源丰富,是油气勘探的重要领域.由于陆坡水深变化较大、海底地形崎岖、地质构造复杂,地震成像存在诸多难点,其中,速度模型的建立是最大的难题之一.利用OBS(ocean bottom seismometer)数据上丰富的折射初至信息,采用旅行时反演方法建立崎岖海底区速度模型.OBS数据由广州海洋地质调查局在南海北部陆坡珠江口盆地东部海域采集,数据质量良好,存在大量的初至折射波.地震成像结果表明,在深水崎岖海底区,利用OBS的初至旅行时能够获得地震成像所需要的背景速度场.受限于高频近似的假设,初至旅行时反演结果分辨率较低.全波形反演可以提供精度更高的速度结构,初至旅行时反演结构可用作全波形反演的初始模型.     

测井约束三维地震反演在琥珀营油田滚动勘探开发中的应用

近年来新兴的各种储层预测技术在油气勘探开发中发挥着越来越重要的作用。应用测井约束三维地震反演技术，在廊固凹陷琥珀营油田泉44断块河流相隐蔽油气藏的滚动勘探开发中做了有益的尝试。针对下第三系沙二段纵向上呈多套砂泥岩互层沉积、储层横向变化大、油气成藏规律复杂的地质条件，对薄砂体储层的空间展布进行了测井约束地震反演预测，定量描述了油砂体的分布范围，拓展了新的含油层系并落实了有利的含油气圈闭，为琥珀营油田泉44断块的滚动突破提供了有力的决策依据，也为今后勘探开发柳泉构造带薄砂体隐蔽油气藏提供了新的思路。     

Anomalous lithospheric structure of Northern Juan de Fuca plate — a consequence of oceanic rift propagation?

Anomalous crustal and upper mantle structure of northern Juan de Fuca plate is revealed from wide-angle seismic and gravity modelling. A 2-D velocity model is produced for refraction line II of the 1980 Vancouver Island Seismic Project (VISP80). The refraction data were recorded on three ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) deployed at the ends and middle of a 110 km line oriented parallel to the North American continental margin. The velocity model is constructed via ray tracing and conforms to first-arrival amplitude observations and travel time picks of direct, converted and reflected phases. Between sub-sediment depths of 3 to 11 km, depths normally associated with the lower crust and upper oceanic mantle, the final model shows that compressional-wave velocities decrease significantly from southeast to northwest along the profile. At sub-sediment depths of 11 km at the northwestern end of the profile, P-wave velocities are as low as 7.2 km/s. A complementary 2-D gravity model using the geometry of the velocity model and velocity–density relationships characteristic of oceanic crust is produced. The high densities required to match the gravity field indicate the presence of peridotites containing 25–30% serpentine by volume, rather than excess gabbroic crust, within the deep low velocity zone. Anomalous travel time delays and unusual reflection characteristics observed from proximal seismic refraction and reflection experiments suggest a broader zone of partially serpentinized peridotites coincident with the trace of a pseudofault. We propose that partial serpentinization of the upper mantle is a consequence of slow spreading at the tip of a propagating rift.     

Investigation of groundwater potentiality in the eastern part of Qena,central Eastern Desert,Egypt, using 2D homogeneous function method

The present study represents an application of the 2D homogeneous function method to investigate the near-surface groundwater potentiality to the east of Qena town, Egypt. The homogeneous function automatically inverts first arrival refractions to derive a 2D velocity distribution, which involves seismic boundaries. A complex set of observed refracted traveltimes along four seismic profiles (12 spreads) is used to construct refraction velocity field section and structural section. Such sections allow viewing the complex layered structure and delineating its boundaries and faults. The interpreted geoseismic layers were traced, according to their own gradients and velocity ranges. The resultant models were successful in fulfilling the proposed objective, as they provide: (1) the required details on the delineation of the subsurface layers, where three geoseismic layers with different ranges of velocities were detected; (2) determination of the thickness and the inversion boundary of water-bearing layer; and (3) detection of normal and reverse faults with displacement of about 10–40 m and variable dipping directions. The obtained result was found to be completely compatible with the information gained from identified boundaries of the nearby borehole.     

尕斯油田岩性建模算法优选

比较岩性模型建立方法.首先,在高分辨率层序地层学的指导下,最大限度地应用地质、露头、三维地震、测井等静态资料,发挥井点资料垂向分辨率高,地震资料横向信息丰富的优势,在地质规律约束下建立不同时间的高精度等时地层格架模型.然后,在精细格架模型的基础上,以测井解释得到的岩相数据作为条件数据,分别采用指示克里格、截断高斯模拟、Object-modeling算法、贯指示模拟建立砂体展布模型.最后,通过抽稀检验评价不同算法对模拟结果的影响,实现算法及其参数的优选,从而指导整个区块不同开发阶段,不同井网密度时全区三维精细地质模型的建立,也可为具有相似地质环境的油田建立三维地质模型提供参考.通过比较,优选出指示克里格、序贯指示模拟两种算法都能较好表征本研究区地质情况.     

基于L1正则化的地震谱反演方法

将L1正则化方法应用到地震谱反演的实现中,验证了谱反演方法在拓宽频谱宽度、提高分辨率上的可行性。对谱反演中L1正则化解的稀疏性和应用矩形窗造成结果不稳定的现象做了详细讨论,提出自动选择窗口长度进行谱反演的算法模式,并基于该模式对地震模型进行了试算。该方法有效地拓宽了数据的频谱宽度,提高了反射地震勘探的精度,为薄层的识别和更加复杂的地震勘探提供了一种新的思路。     

Post-stack high-resolution deconvolution using Cauchy norm regularization with FX filter weighting

High-resolution deconvolution can mathematically be viewed as a regularized inverse problem. Besides, the result of the high-resolution deconvolution is generally accepted as reflectivity series of the layered media. On the other hand, lateral continuity is frequently poorer than vertical resolution on post-stack seismic section after application of any high-resolution deconvolution. However, because of the ill-posed inherent of the deconvolution problem, the Cauchy norm regularization term, a non-quadratic prior-information is widely used to provide the stability and uniqueness of the problem. But, it does not provide adequate quality of deconvolution if the noise in the data is strong. In this study, a stable and high-resolution deconvolution of post-stack seismic data was accomplished by an iterative inversion algorithm incorporating the Cauchy norm regularization with FX filter weighting. Cauchy norm regularization was utilized to force the solution to a spikiness structure, while the effective random noise reduction was performed by using the FX filter. Applications to synthetic and real post-stack data showed that the resolution in the vertical direction and continuity in the lateral direction are better improved. Thus, we think that this process makes seismic sections obtained especially from thin layered sedimentary basins more interpretable.