我国围填海工程经济影响研究省思与展望

中国围填海工程实践早于理论探索,至今尚未形成系统的围填海工程综合影响评价理论与方法。梳理围填海工程经济影响评价相关研究,界定与解析围填海工程经济影响评价研究的内涵、类型、主要内容与相关领域动态。研究发现:(1)社会、生态环境影响评价的重要性日益提升,经济影响评价仍处于核心地位。经济影响评价指标源于项目价、国民经济、主观判别等,评价范式以投入—产出价值量化、综合模糊评价为主。研究案例多以省或地级市、企业用海等小尺度项目为主,缺乏大尺度对象评价体系构建;(2)中国围填海工程经济影响评价在内容、指标体系构建和尺度影响等方面仍需深入探究。解决间接经济影响量化难题、构建学界公认量化体系与主观赋权体系、对大尺度及特殊用途填海评价,是今后探讨与实证重点。     

填海造陆区水环境演变与对策研究进展

填海造陆区普遍存在次生盐渍化、地下结构物腐蚀等生态环境问题,尤其在中国北方沿海地区年蒸发量远大于降雨量的水循环条件下,此类问题更为突出。在简要回顾了填海现状和发展趋势的基础上,总结了填海后地下水系统和土体环境的演变趋势,并分析了造成上述影响的主要原因。通过对比湿润地区与半干旱地区的气候差异,认为利用集雨措施来引导自然淡化过程从而构建长效淋盐机制是半干旱填海区盐渍化防治的关键。同时指出,因地制宜地规划土体结构、提升排盐能力和种植绿化植物,是搭建和维持填海造陆区健康稳定生态系统的必要之举。     

基于MapGIS建立的中国地质环境图系数据库

中国地质环境图系数据库,是中国首套统一结构、统一格式、统一编码的涵盖地质环境、地质灾害、地下水、矿山地质环境、地质遗迹5个专业领域的全国性数据库。该套数据库是基于1：1 000 000数据源的地理信息库,以分省1：500 000环境地质调查、县市地质灾害调查、重点地区1：50 000地质灾害调查、新一轮地下水资源评价、第二轮全国矿山地质环境摸底调查和矿产资源集中开采区矿山地质环境调查、首轮地质遗迹调查等数据为基础,集成近20年来水工环地质调查监测数据和最新综合研究成果,根据统一的建库技术要求建立而成。该套数据库具有统一的系统库（符号库、颜色库、图案库、线型库）,属性按照统一的编码规则和要求建立,图件按照统一的图饰图例进行了规范化处理,共包含163个专业图层,图元数量共337 833个,容量约8.8 GB。该套数据库为实现成果图件的动态管理与更新、构建数字地质环境奠定了基础,可为地质环境保护管理、国土空间规划、生态修复、地质灾害防治提供详细的基础信息资料。     

适宜环境与生态研究的e-science探讨

环境与生态研究从定性、定量向多学科、多尺度、大范围的团队参与的综合集成研究方向发展,计算机、网络、数据、模式模型技术的逐渐成熟与完备,为环境和生态需要的e science支持平台建设提供了技术和研究基础。分析环境与生态集成研究典型模型基本过程得出,适合环境和生态研究的e science由数据平台、模型模式平台、协同与沟通平台、管理平台组成。其中：①定点、定位、互联网、传感器网格、空间数据采集与处理,以及再分析数据生成的数据支持平台是e science的基础;②包括模型库、模式库、协同建模环境、模拟环境、软件开发环境的模型平台是e science支持集成研究的核心;③模型、模式之间的协同,以及数据平台中数据接口和扩展接口驱动的开发与集成环境,数据与模型模式和模拟计算的内部协同工作平台是e science应用的关键;④完善的结果展示、输出和资源调度的管理平台是e science的窗口。以生态经济、水文研究为例进行的初步实验表明,四层结构的e science框架基本符合环境和生态研究过程的需要。     

基于项目可持续发展规划的海岸带生态承载力评价研究进展

沿海地区是当前我国经济社会发展程度最高、生态环境压力最大的地区,而沿海规划建设项目决定了海岸带资源环境开发利用的规模、强度及空间格局。生态承载力评价是项目规划可持续开发利用海岸带自然资源、保护生态环境、确保经济社会健康可持续发展的必要前提。基于常规沿海项目规划对海岸带产生的资源环境压力类型,从提升生态承载力评价应用价值角度界定了海岸带生态承载力的概念和内涵,系统总结、回顾了国内外生境适宜性评价、陆域建设用地开发适宜性评价、围填海生态适宜性评价与海域水环境容量评价研究发展进程,指出我国海岸带生态承载力评价亟需广泛参考借鉴国外研究成果,构建系统完整的生态承载力评价方法体系,并在生态承载力量化评价及空间可视化研究领域展开深入探索,为促进我国沿海地区经济社会生态文明发展建设进程提供有力支撑。     

置换碎石桩联合强夯在北部湾填海复杂型软弱地基处理中的应用

从广西北部湾大量填海（塘）造陆工业基地所遇到的复杂型软弱与夹层地基处理工程实例中,结合建（构）筑物具体特点,扩展应用置换（挤密加固,纵横排水）碎石桩联合强夯的地基处理方法,在解决大面积地基不均匀沉降,软弱夹层纵横排水与挤密固结、综合夯实提高总体地基持力层承载力方面取得了“安全、经济、高效”的良好效果,并具有推广前景和意义。     

冷泉碳酸盐工厂的提出及古气候意义

【意义】碳酸盐工厂的提出及其分类研究对于推动碳酸盐岩沉积学发展具有重要意义,但现行分类方案不足以囊括所有碳酸盐沉积类型,因此亟须从机理和过程层面对碳酸盐工厂类型予以梳理、扩充。【进展】传统碳酸盐工厂的碳源主要为大气—海洋中的无机碳库,而一些特殊海相和陆相碳酸盐工厂的碳则主要源于外源碳库,因而两者具有本质上的区别。后者往往对于追溯深时水体环境和气候事件具有重大意义。【结论与展望】以冷泉碳酸盐岩为例,正式提出“冷泉碳酸盐工厂”概念,综述了其沉积特征、生物组成及生物地球化学过程,并举例阐述其古气候意义。基于外源碳库的碳酸盐工厂类型理应得到重视。     

1:250万中华人民共和国数字地质图空间数据库

中华人民共和国1∶250万数字地质图空间数据库,于2000年立项,2001年完成,历时2年。该数据库除主数据库外,还有地理底图数据库及地理内容属性库,地质内容属性库、色标库、线型库、花纹库、符号库、图例库等构成。具有可按地质内容、行政区、任意空间范围及地理内容进行检索和自动输出成图、自动绘制地质体符号、自动形成图例等功能。1∶250万比例尺数字地质图空间数据库的建成弥补了该领域的空白。对显示和提高我国大陆地质研究程度,总结和体现我国地质的总体特征,为经济建设、国土资源管理、地质调查研究等方面提供基础地质资料,具有重要意义。     

碳酸盐地区主要地物的遥感光谱特征及其环境生态意义

碳酸盐地区主要地物的遥感光谱特征及其环境生态意义王云鹏（中国科学院广州地球化学研究所，广州５１０６４０）关键词碳酸盐地区，遥感，环境生态遥感技术已渗透到地球资源、环境和灾害研究的各个领域。这除了其具有快速、宏观的观察能力外，也和它能够灵敏地反映地物组...     

深港西部通道填海区地下水Zn、Co、Pb、Mn迁移影响因素的研究

填海工程会扰动滨海地区的环境平衡,导致区域地下水中多种重金属浓度的变化.为探明重金属浓度发生变化的确切原因,为最大限度减少填海工程对环境影响提供参考依据,本文以深港西部通道填海区为例,通过实验室模拟填海条件,研究了填海区重金属迁移的关键影响因素.结果表明,填海区地下水中Zn含量升高与地下水淡化、淤泥氧化过程及填料风化有关;Co、Mn含量升高则主要与填料风化释放有关;Pb则保持较稳定的状态.     

Differences in the Tectonic Evolution of Basins in the Central‐Southern South China Sea and their Hydrocarbon Accumulation Conditions

To reveal the causes of differences in the hydrocarbon accumulation in continental marginal basins in the centralsouthern South China Sea,we used gravity-magnetic,seismic,drilling,and outcrop data to investigate the tectonic histories of the basins and explore how these tectonic events controlled the hydrocarbon accumulation conditions in these basins.During the subduction of the Cenozoic proto-South China Sea and the expansion of the new South China Sea,the continental margin basins in the central-southern South China Sea could be classified as one of three types of epicontinental basins:southern extensional-foreland basins,western extensional-strike slip basins,and central extensional-drift basins.Because these basins have different tectonic and sedimentary histories,they also differ in their accumulated hydrocarbon resources.During the Cenozoic,the basin groups in the southern South China Sea generally progressed through three stages:faulting and subsidence from the late Eocene to the early Miocene,inversion and uplift in the middle Miocene,and subsidence since the late Miocene.Hydrocarbon source rocks with marine-continental transitional facies dominated byⅡ-Ⅲkerogen largely developed in extremely thick Miocene sedimentary series with the filling characteristics being mainly deep-water deposits in the early stage and shallow water deposits in the late stage.With well-developed sandstone and carbonate reservoirs,this stratum has a strong hydrocarbon generation potential.During the Cenozoic,the basin groups in the western South China Sea also progressed through the three developmental stages discussed previously.Hydrocarbon source rocks with lacustrine facies,marine-continental transitional facies,and terrigenous marine facies dominated byⅡ2-Ⅲkerogen largely developed in the relatively thick stratum with the filling characteristics being mainly lacustrine deposits in the early stage and marine deposits in the late stage.As a reservoir comprised of self-generated and self-stored sandstone,this unit also has a high hydrocarbon generation potential.Throughout those same three developmental stages,the basin groups in the central South China Sea generated hydrocarbon source rocks with terrigenous marine facies dominated byⅢkerogen that have developed in a stratum with medium thicknesses with the filling characteristics being mainly sandstone in the early stage and carbonate in the late stage.This reservoir,which is dominated by lower-generation and upper-storage carbonate rocks,also has a high hydrocarbon generation potential.     

Consequences of Water Level Drops for Soft Sediment Deformation and Vertical Fluid Leakage

Both water level drops and erosion have previously been suggested as causes of fluid overpressures in the subsurface. Quantification of the relevance of these processes to supra-lithostatic fluid pressure formation with a wide selection of input parameters is lacking, and thus desired. The magnitudes and drop times that are required for water level drops to result in supra-lithostatic pore pressures in a variety of situations are calculated. Situations with pore fluids consisting of water, water with dissolved methane, water with a gas hydrate layer and dissolved methane in the underlying sediments, and water with dissolved methane, a gas hydrate layer, and free gas accumulation below the hydrate layer are separately addressed. The overpressure formation from reservoir gas expansion is also simulated. The simulation results demonstrate that high fluid overpressures can develop in a rock as a response to a water level drop without the presence of gas, provided that the rock has a sufficiently low compressibility. The contribution to fluid overpressuring is however dramatically increased if the pore water is saturated with methane prior to the water level drop, and is further amplified by the presence of gas hydrates and free gas accumulations beneath such hydrates. Gas expansion in reservoirs should be expected to significantly increase the fluid overpressures in shallow, sealed pressure compartments that experience erosion or water level drops, even if the water level drop duration exceeds one million years. Enough relationships between the calculated overpressure formation and the main controlling factors are provided in order to enable readers to make inferences about a variety of geological settings. Analyses of simulation results prompt us to suggest that pockmarks are likely to be triggered by gas expansion in vertical fluid migration pathways, that the giant craters at the seabed west of Albatross South in the Barents Sea result from hydrate dissociation, and that overpressure build-up due to gas expansion has contributed to reservoir overpressuring in many eroded basins, including the Hammerfest Basin in the Barents Sea.     

聊城电厂水库大坝变形监测技术设计

聊城电厂水库为大型平原筑坝型水库，为及时掌握水库大坝在运作期间的水平及垂直位移情况，需在充水前后对其进行变形监测。本文详细介绍了监测过程中实施的技术方案及变形数据的．瞽理和盾量检查要求。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系风化壳储层特征及主控因素分析

鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系风化壳储层岩石类型以含膏模孔的细粉晶白云岩为主。储集空间主要为溶孔,溶孔的充填程度及类型决定了储层物性的好坏。充填物类型决定储集空间的好坏,方解石充填对储集空间破坏性较大,但充填白云石由于其自身晶粒较粗,发育晶间孔,对储集空间具有建设性作用。对盆地东部风化壳储层发育的表征形态及孔洞充填物的硫同位素、化学成分、激光碳氧同位素、锶同位素特征的分析表明,盆地东部岩溶孔洞中充填的方解石主要形成于裸露风化期,而白云石则是埋藏期压释水岩溶的产物,提出中深埋藏期的压释水岩溶是有利储层形成的关键因素。     

水库蓄水对库底沉降影响的数值分析

抽水蓄能电站常采用沥青混凝土进行库底防渗护面处理,过快的蓄水速率和过大的蓄水水头可能导致库底护面开裂。以某抽水蓄能电站的上水库为例,用考虑Biot固结理论的平面有限元法,在依据沉降观测点实测资料优化确定地基土模型参数的基础上,分析了水库蓄水速率和蓄水水头对库底沉降量、沉降率及库底沥青混凝土应变率的影响。结果表明,蓄水速率对地基的最终沉降值影响不明显,而在蓄高水位历时内,地基的沉降增量和最大沉降率均与蓄水速率和蓄水水头有很好的相关性,沥青混凝土的最大应变率仅与蓄水速率相关。     

汤河水库水源扩建供水工程细河可引水量分析

依据汤河水库水源扩建供水工程实际情况,本文分析了细河流域的用水现状,对细河流域2010年和2020年的需水量进行了预测,并得出汤河水源扩建供水工程中细河可引水量,为汤河水库水源扩建工程提供了有力的理论依据。     

Quartz Cement in Middle Jurassic Reservoir Sandstones in North Sea A Review. Part II： Duration and Silica Sources

The timing and duration of quartz cementation in sandstones have been mainly inferred from diagenetic texture, relationship between pore filling minerals, fluid inclusions and isotopic data. Fluid inclusion temperatures from North Sea reservoir sandstones indicate that most of the quartz cement forms at temperature exceeding 90℃ and is continually proceeding after oil emplacement, based on the fluid inclusion temperatures in quartz overgrowth which is approaching the bottom-hole temperatures. The duration of quartz cement after oil emplacement depends upon the saturation of porewater and the distribution of pore water film and the property of water-wet or oil-wet of the reactants. The leaching of K-feldspar by meteoric water requires pore water flow to move the released potassium and sodium and silica out the solution, which suggests the mechanism does not appear to be a major source of silica for quartz cementation. The quartz cementation coincidence with the compaction and pressure solution suggests the major source of silica. The alteration of feldspar by illitization of kaolinite may serve as another important source of silica at deep burial depth. External sources are not need to call on for illustrating the quartz cementation, because there is no evidences for large scale convection of pore water flow occurred in the burial history of reservoir sandstones of middle Jurassic in the North Sea.     

Settlement behaviour of a concrete faced rock-fill dam

Settlement behaviour of a concrete faced rock-fill dam (CFRD), Kurtun dam, located in the East Black Sea Region, Turkey, is investigated. This is the first instrumented CRDF in the Country. Two dimensional plane strain finite element analyses were carried out to assess the total stresses and displacements in the dam both for construction and reservoir filling stages by using computer program PLAXIS. Predicted stresses and settlements are compared with those observed and overall the results are found to be in good agreement for the construction stage. Due to the relatively steep abutment slopes, cross-valley arching has a significant effect on stresses and displacements in the dam body. For the reservoir filling condition, it is seen that, predicted settlements are larger than the observed values, which indicates that during reservoir filling the rock-fill embankment responds more stiffly than it does during the construction stage. The hardening soil model is used to represent the non-linear, inelastic and stress dependent behaviour of rock-fill material. The model parameters are selected from the appropriate values in the literature investigating comparable cases.     

淮北市地下水资源优化管理研究

通过对淮北市地质、水文地质条件的综合分析 ,建立了淮北市双含水层系统水文地质概念模型。引入准三维流数学模型进行地下水动态预报及建立地下水管理模型。用线性规划模型提出淮北市地下水资源的最佳管理方案。最后提出开展地下水回灌研究、建立岩溶含水层地下水库、限制发展耗水型工业及用法律和经济手段管理水资源开发等建议     

长石粒内孔流体充注规律及分形特征:以鄂尔多斯盆地延长组致密砂岩储层为例

鄂尔多斯盆地延长组致密砂岩储层长石含量较高且脆性破裂发育广泛,目前对该类储层长石粒内孔流体充注规律及分形特征等了解仍然十分匮乏.综合铸体薄片、场发射扫描电镜、图像处理、分形维数计算等手段,提出"粒内充注"概念并对延长组储层长石粒内孔开展了微观充注过程定量模拟,指出长石粒内孔相对于粒间孔的特殊性.从时间上将粒内充注过程划分为前期非稳态充注和后期稳态充注两大阶段,转折点为充注关键时刻.依据充注速率值分布特点,将长石粒内孔某一时刻发生充注的所有空间位置划分为高速充注区、中速充注区、低速充注区三大充注区域,并建立了粒内充注波及系数幂函数变化曲线,厘清了流动轨迹分形维数的物理意义.研究成果可为鄂尔多斯盆地延长组储层油气成藏过程恢复提供较为重要的启示.