山东庙岛群岛全新世黄土

庙岛群岛横跨渤海海峡,在这些岛屿上发育了第四纪各个阶段的黄土地层。在该区的马兰黄土之上普遍发育了全新世黄土。两者间有一清楚的侵蚀面相隔。全新世早期以浅棕黄色的黄土为特征,粒度较粗,其堆积时间约在10000—8000aB.P.之间。黄土层底部有零星散布的海相砾石和海螺化石。全新世中期为黑垆土发育期,其时间从8000aB.P.持续到2500aB.P。黑垆土厚约1.5m。全新世晚期又以砂质黄土堆积为特征,厚约30cm。     

西宁黄土沉积及其物质来源

西宁黄土包括从Ｓ０至Ｌ１７连续黄土－古土壤序列,黄土开始发育的时间约１．２Ｍａ黄土粒度粗,不稳定重矿物含量高,表明西宁黄土区距黄土物源近,黄土中的石英砂粒多具冰川、冰缘作用的表面机械微结构和形态,结合离石黄土风向主大气环流特征,提出本区黄土主要来地青藏高原第四纪冰川作用和冰缘作用所产生的大量粉砂物质。     

天水樊家城黄土剖面记录的全新世环境及人地关系变化研究

对天水樊家城剖面的地层、磁化率、粒度、CaCO₃等进行分析,探讨了该地区全新世环境演变与人类活动的关系。结果表明:黄土层中磁化率、 < 5 μm黏粒含量和黏粉比值明显偏低, > 50 μm砂粒含量、CaCO₃值明显偏高,而古土壤层中磁化率、黏粒含量则达到峰值, > 50 μm砂粒含量、CaCO₃值明显偏低,其风化成壤强度呈现出马兰黄土L₁→过渡性黄土L_t→古土壤S₀逐渐升高、全新世黄土L₀降低的特征。它反映末次冰期结束后（?~8 500 a B.P.）,气候逐渐转暖转湿,但仍较干冷,动植物资源不足,难以满足人类的生存和发展的需求,研究区内人类活动的强度很弱。全新世中期（8 500~3 100 a B.P.）,气候温暖湿润,人类活动强度增大,原始定居农业得到极大发展,普遍出现以大地湾文化、仰韶文化、马家窑文化、齐家文化为代表的人类文化;其中,6 000~5 000 a B.P.气候出现干凉化趋势,但该时期人类文化依然获得了发展。全新世晚期（3 100 a B.P.以来）,东亚季风格局发生转变,气候转为较干冷,致使区域自然环境发生变化,区内逐渐兴盛游牧文化。近代以来随着人口、生产力水平等因素的影响,人类活动对环境的影响持续增强,土地利用方式以农耕为主。     

洛川黄土地层学

黄土和古土壤的磁化率与所含磁性矿物的浓度和颗粒大小密切相关。磁化率信号的主要载体是非常细的磁铁矿和(或者)磁赤铁矿。洛川黄土序列的磁化率曲线变化与成壤作用和粉尘堆积作用强弱有关,反映了气候的变化。磁化率值为识别黄土和古土壤层提供了一个工具。文中建议了黄土岩石地层单位命名的原则。洛川黄土-古土壤序列的磁化率曲线记录了最近2.5Ma气候变化的历史,与深海沉积的气候记录可以对比。     

Late pleistocene and holocene loess deposits of the Southeastern Buenos Aires province,Argentina

The Late Pleistocene and Holocene loess deposits of the SE Buenos Aires province are composed of four allostratigraphic units that represent four episodes of loess deposition. The first and the second episodes occurred in Late Pleistocene times. The second episode was followed by a soil forming interval (Early Holocene to Mid-Holocene times). The third episode took place at about 5000 yr BP, after the Holocene sea-level maximum when marine regression began. The fourth episode constitutes a historical event of only local significance.Loess shows a fairly constant granulometric and mineralogical composition. The modal fraction consists of very fine sand and coarse silt (3 to 5 phi). They are classified as sandy silts or silty sands. Three grain-size subpopulations are differentiated: coarse, medium and fine. The medium-size subpopulation, which is the most important, consists of most of the very fine sand and coarse silt. It is thought to be transported by modified saltation and short-term suspension during local dust-storms.The mineralogical composition of loess consists of a volcaniclastic assemblage derived mainly from reworked pyroclastic deposits, primary tephras and volcaniclastic sediments. The source area of these materials was located in the lower Colorado river valley about 400 km SW of the studied area. There was also a direct supply by volcanic ash falls.     

Grain size characteristics and genesis of the Muxing loess in the Muling-Xingkai Plain,Northeast China

Thick loess is deposited on the platform in the piedmont zone of Muling-Xingkai Plain(Muxing Plain), but the genesis of the Muxing loess is still unclear. The aims of this study are to analyze the grain size characteristics of Muxing loess collected from the cores of a typical borehole(ZK1) in the piedmont zone of Muxing Plain, and to verify its genesis. The Muxing loess is mainly composed of the particles with diameter less than 50 μm, with an average content of 92.48%. The coarse silt particles with diameter of 10-50 μm are the basic composition of aeolian sediments, and their average content is 44.34% for the Muxing loess, which is the mode class among the particles with different diameters. The grain size parameters and frequency curves are similar to those of the typical aeolian sediments. The distribution characteristic of the Muxing loess in the C-M scatter diagram is consistent with that of the Xi Feng loess. In addition, the discriminant analysis shows the Muxing loess mostly consists of aeolian sediments. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Muxing loess mainly resulted from aeolian deposition based on the grain size characteristics. Muxing Plain is dominated by the monsoon climate, and the wind-blown dusts are gradually deposited after being transported over long distances.     

中国东部陆架黄土成因的新探索

晚更新世末期出露了的陆架平原成为北半球沙漠带的最东端,并在那里出现了面积不等的沙漠一黄土堆积系列。许多研究者已经发现陆架沙漠－黄土堆积群中普遍含有有孔虫、放射虫、海绿石和粒度组成较粗等特点,大多数黄土沉积都属于近源沉积,真正能随高空气流进行洲际输送的黄土物质,是一些非常细粒的尘埃。中更新世期间,苏北宿迁一带的第三纪紫红一红色粘土就已经出露地表,并经常受到风暴的侵蚀。当紫红－红色粘土被搬运到丘陵一带时,就形成了下蜀土沉积;当它落在湖相环境时,就形成了岩芯中所见到的杂色粘土。因此,下蜀土也属于近源沉积。     

A physical model for the transport and sorting of fine-grained sediment by turbidity currents

Turbidite muds in cores from the outer Scotian continental margin, off eastern Canada, contain abundant thin silt laminae. Graded laminated units are recognized in parts of this sequence. These represent single depositional events, and show a regular decrease in modal grain size and thickness of the silt laminae through the unit. A similar fining trend is shown by both silt and mud layers over hundreds of kilometres downslope. Textural analysis of individual laminae allows the construction of a dynamically consistent physical model for transport and sorting in muddy turbidity currents. Hydraulic sorting aggregates finer material to the top and tail regions of a large turbidity flow which then overspills its channel banks. Downslope lateral sorting occurs with preferential deposition of coarser silt grains and larger mud flocs. Depositional sorting by increased shear in the boundary layer separates clay flocs from silt grains and results in a regular mud/silt lamination. Estimates can be made of the physical parameters of the turbidity flows involved. They are a minimum of several hundreds of metres thick, have low concentrations (of the order of 10^?3 or 2500 mg 1^?1), and move downslope at velocities of 10-20 cm s^?1. A 5 mm thick, coarse silt lamina takes about 10 h to deposit, and the subsequent mud layer ‘blankets’ very rapidly over this. A complete unit is deposited in 2-6 days which is the time it takes for the turbidity flow to pass a particular point. These thick, dilute, low-velocity flows are significantly different from the ‘classical’ turbidity current. However, there is mounting evidence in support of the new concept from laboratory observations and direct field measurements.     

靖远黄土剖面磁性地层的初步研究

曹岘黄土剖面位于甘肃省靖远县,系黄河中游六级阶地黄土堆积,厚约505m,含33层古土壤,系黄土-古土壤系列,是目前已知世界上最厚的黄土剖面。作者对该剖面进行了古地磁学研究,结果表明:曹岘黄土剖面含布容正极性时和松山反极性时,B/M 界线位于L₈中部,加拉米洛正极性亚时位于L₁₀—L₁₃,位置。曹岘黄土堆积始于1.40MaB.P.,该黄土剖面可以与兰州、洛川和蓝田等黄土剖面对比。     

大荔人头骨化石产地地层的再研究

1978年发现大荔人头骨化石以来 ,都认为该化石是产自中更新世晚期的地层中 ,一些学者一直认为其年龄是 180～ 2 0 0 ka B.P.,也有个别研究者认为是 2 30 ka、大于 2 5 0 ka、30 8ka B.P.的。实际上 ,不仅对化石的年龄有不同数据 ,对化石产地地层也有不同的划分与对比。经再研究 ,该区晚新生代地层从上上新统直到全新统都有发育。沉积类型有湖相 ,河流相和风成黄土—古土壤沉积。人类化石层应是上中更新统的下部或下中更新统的上部 ,或更靠下。     

公王岭蓝田人时期的季风气候特征

作者用目前在黄上与全球变化研究中使用较多、效果较好的气候代用指标,重建了公王岭蓝田人生活时期高分辨率的气候演变序列。从气候环境变迁的角度,研究了115MaBP的公王岭蓝田人及其伴生动物群与气候环境演化的关系。明确提出,蓝田人及其伴生动物群的死亡与夏季风剧烈衰减和冬季风猛烈增强的气候严重恶化事件有关。这种气候恶化除受与地球轨道变化密切相关的太阳辐射和全球冰量变化的影响外,还与青藏高原的剧烈隆升有关。     

Discovery and Significance of Malan Loess on the Piedmont Plain in Pinggu District,Beijing

The platforms on both sides of the Malangou River （a lateral ditch of the Qingshui River that is a tributary of the Yongding River） where Malan Village in Zhaitang Town of Mentougou District of Beijing is located are the place of China＇s typical section of the Quaternary Malan loess. During the investigation in the eastern suburbs of Beijing City, the authors not only clarified 5 grades of terraces on the Pinggu piedmont plain, but also found a clayey silt section mixed with a small amount of alluvial-diluvial gravel layers at a height of 15-25 m above the river level near a Fishpond in Xinli Village of Nandule Town. Results of the study of grain size of the section document that the loess mostly is silty soil （0.05--0.005 mm）, and that the grain size probability cumulative curves of the section are dominated by single-peak, coarse-grained segment I and coarse-grained segment II types, reflecting that its depositional environment is similar to eolian phase. Identification results of heavy minerals from the section show that their contents account for 0.01%-0.11%, averaging 0.04%. There are 24 kinds of heavy minerals, most of which are stable heavy minerals, and the clay minerals mostly are illite, which is consistent with the Malan loess on the Loess Plateau. The chemical composition data reflect that the source area of the loess is relatively arid. The six grade classification of sporopollen in the section further shows the subdivision of the history of alternating warm and humid phases in this geological period. The thermoluminescence dating results range from 21.0 ka to 59.2 ka, convincingly demonstrating that the section indeed consists of Malan loess. The above studies provide a new basis for overall understanding of the distribution of the Malan loess at the northeast margin of the North China Plain and its environment change in the Late Pleistocene.     

Sand dunes as a major proximal dust source for late Pleistocene loess in the Negev Desert, Israel

Grain size analyses of three hilltop, primary eolian loess sequences in the Negev desert, southern Israel, show a bimodal grain-size distribution at 50-60 μm and 3-8 μm. Using analyses of mineralogy and OSL ages we demonstrate that the coarse mode is composed mostly of quartz grains and its relative magnitude increases regionally with time, suggesting an enhancement of a time-transgressive proximal dust source compared to a distal, Saharan fine-grain dust. The only proximal dust source for large amount of coarse silt quartz grains is the sands that advanced into Sinai and the Negev concurrently with the loess accretion during the late Pleistocene as a result of the exposure of the Mediterranean shelf. We therefore propose that the coarse silt quartz grains were formed through eolian abrasion within the margins of an advancing sand sea. This relationship between desert sand seas as a source for proximal coarse dust and desert margin loess deposits can be applicable to other worldwide deserts such as Northern Africa, China and Australia.     

RADIUS – rapid particle analysis of digital images by ultra-high-resolution scanning of thin sections

RADIUS is a newly developed particle-size measurement technique, based on evaluation of digital images of thin sections. Analyses are performed with sub-millimetre sample resolution and are thus designed to work on a single lamina of laminated sediments. The method covers grain sizes from medium silt to coarse sand. The application contains pattern-recognition modules that allow the detection of typical particle distributions of loess, organic detritus, turbidites and tephra layers. Cutting and hiding effects of particles on thin sections are corrected by empirical correction matrices. The calculated analysis results are compared with manually counted and measured samples to calibrate the application settings. The method can be applied to all fine-grained clastic sediments, particularly to laminated lake sediments.     

最后4个冰期旋回中国黄土记录的东亚冬季风变化

开展高分辨率的黄土记录研究, 是揭示过去气候变迁和变率的主要途径.选择黄土高原中部的灵台和赵家川剖面, 对L5以上的黄土-古土壤序列进行了石英颗粒的提取和粒度分析.结果表明, 石英粗颗粒(> 43μm) 体积分数变化揭示了最后4个冰期旋回东亚冬季风存有的快速变化特征, 并同深海氧同位素记录具有良好的对应关系; 然而, 在每一个冰期时段, 石英粗颗粒体积分数的变化幅度和频率存有较大差异, 可能意味着对应的冰期下垫面状况和气候系统内部的非线性响应机制并不相同.值得注意的是由石英粗颗粒体积分数反映的东亚冬季风变化, 在某些时段不仅同磁化率记录的夏季风变化不协调, 而且同深海氧同位素记录存有明显差异.深入研究这种由不同代用指标反映的古气候变化间的差异, 对理解黄土记录的全球性意义显得尤为重要.      

中国黄土研究新进展(一)黄土地层

本文扼要介绍最近几年中国黄土研究中的土壤地层学、磁性地层学、气候地层学、第四纪下界及海陆古气候对比等方面的新进展。根据新发现的黄土剖面,中国黄土中共可区分出37个土壤地层单位。中国黄土底界的古地磁年龄为2.5MaB.P.。2.5Ma以来,中国北方共经历了37次大的冷暖交替。2.5MaB.P.前后,全球气候出现了一次大的转型事件,它可作为第四纪的开始。中国黄土-古土壤系列同深海氧同位素记录在1.7Ma至今的时段上可以很好的对比;2.5Ma至1.7MaB.P.的气候变化,以黄土记录较为明确。     

Migration and speciation transformation mechanisms of mercury in undercurrent zones of the Tongguan gold mining area,Shaanxi Loess Plateau and impact on the environment

In order to study the migration and transformation mechanism of Hg content and occurrence form in subsurface flow zone of gold mining area in Loess Plateau and its influence on water environment, the field in-situ infiltration test and laboratory test were carried out in three typical sections of river-side loess, alluvial and proluvial strata in Tongguan gold mining area of Shaanxi Province, and the following results were obtained: (1) The source of Hg in subsurface flow zone is mainly caused by mineral processing activities; (2) the subsurface flow zone in the study area is in alkaline environment, and the residual state, iron and manganese oxidation state, strong organic state and humic acid state of mercury in loess are equally divided in dry and oxidizing environment; mercury in river alluvial or diluvial strata is mainly concentrated in silt, tailings and clayey silt soil layer, and mercury has certain stability, and the form of mercury in loess is easier to transform than the other two media; (3) under the flooding condition, most of mercury is trapped in the silt layer in the undercurrent zone where the sand and silt layers alternate with each other and the river water and groundwater are disjointed, and the migration capacity of mercury is far less than that of loess layer and alluvial layer with close hydraulic connection; (4) infiltration at the flood level accelerates the migration of pollutants to the ground; (5) the soil in the undercurrent zone is overloaded and has seriously exceeded the standard. Although the groundwater monitoring results are safe this time, relevant enterprises or departments should continue to pay attention to improving the gold extraction process, especially vigorously rectify the small workshops for illegal gold extraction and the substandard discharge of the three wastes, and intensify efforts to solve the geological environmental problems of mines left over from history. At present, the occurrence form of mercury in the undercurrent zone is relatively stable, but the water and soil layers have been polluted. The risk of disjointed groundwater pollution can not be ignored while giving priority to the treatment of loess and river alluvial landform areas with close hydraulic links. The research results will provide a scientific basis for water conservancy departments to groundwater prevention and control in water-deficient areas of the Loess Plateau.     

周原黄土及其与文化层的关系

笔者等于１９９１年将黄土高原东南缘厚１—３ｍ、基色调为红色的全新世黄土名为周原黄土，并划分为五层，分属全新世早、中、晚三期，与新石器以来的文化层有叠压和可比关系。其中，褐红色顶层埋藏土(约８０００—２８００ａＢ．Ｐ．)含新石器时代中、晚期和夏、商、周的文化层；褐色顶层埋藏土(约２８００—２０００ａＢ．Ｐ．)含春秋、战国和秦汉文化层。地质沉积地层与文化堆积地层联合研究，为地质学和考古学中的地层研究开拓了新途径。     

A continuous record of Holocene eolian activity in West Greenland

Eolian landforms are widespread alongside proglacial valley-sandurs in West Greenland and comprise low-relief sand sheets, climbing dunes, and upland loess. Sedimentary facies mainly reflect distance to outwash-source zones and the influence of vegetation cover. The sediments show stratification types typical for poorly to moderately vegetated sand-sheets, alternately laminated silt/peat sequences, and unstratified loess. Twenty-five accelerator mass spectrometry ¹⁴C dates provide the basis for the chronostratigraphy of the inland eolian deposits. ¹⁴C dates from interstratified sand-sheets suggest that the bulk of eolian sands were deposited prior to 3400 cal yr B.P. and after 550 cal yr B.P. This two-phase formation for the inland dunes most likely reflects local changes in proglacial floodplain development and meltwater rerouting associated with a significant recession of the Greenland ice sheet during the mid Holocene climate optimum. Subsequent floodplain regeneration and renewed sand-sheet formation after 550 cal yr B.P. followed when the ice margin readvanced to its present position. In contrast, atmospheric deposition of regionally derived silt in upland peat mires has been continuous since at least 4750 cal yr B.P. Silt influx data demonstrate a strongly episodic history of the intensity of eolian activity over the past five millennia, which tentatively reflects alternating periods of (winter) aridity associated with the variable incursion of maritime air masses over the interior ice-free areas of West Greenland.     

郧县前坊村剖面黄土-古土壤序列风化成壤及古气候研究

秦岭作为我国南方和北方地理、气候、自然环境的天然分界线,并当作是黄土高原的南屏障。汉江上游谷地地区位于秦岭南侧,属于北亚热带气候区域,受季风气候活动影响强烈。为了探讨该地区在亚热带气候背景下,风成黄土成壤改造对气候变化的响应机制,通过对汉江上游谷地前坊村（QFC）剖面磁化率、烧失量、粒度、Rb/Sr等理化性质进行研究。结果表明:①末次冰期以来沙尘暴很有可能越过秦岭在其南侧堆积,黄土-古土壤剖面地层序列从上到下依次为:MS-L₀-S₀-Lt-L₁-AD;这些沉积物完整记录了一级阶地上晚更新世气候变化信息,地层单元受到各个时期不同程度成壤强度的改造。②前坊村剖面中,理化性质在不同地层单元有显著差异。例如磁化率、烧失量、Rb/Sr指标平均含量的高值出现在古土壤层中,低值出现在黄土层;而Zr/Rb含量变化正好相反;这些理化性质表明,在古土壤发育期,水热条件进入最适宜期,沉积物的风化成壤作用显著;在黄土堆积期,气候寒冷干燥,主要以粉尘堆积为主,沉积物的风化成壤作用较弱。③秦岭南侧北亚热带汉江上游前坊村一级阶地剖面化学风化强度变化揭示了黄土-古土壤环境气候变化的规律:末次冰期以来（大约18.0～11.5 ka B.P.）,气候干冷,沙尘暴频繁出现,沉积物以黄土堆积为主,成壤作用微弱,形成马兰黄土（L₁）;全新世早期（约11.5～8.5 ka B.P.）,气候由干冷向暖湿方向转变,但主要以干冷为主,形成过渡层（Lt）;在全新世大暖期（8.5～3.1 ka B.P.）,气候条件达到最优阶段,水热配合较好,生物活动活跃,成壤作用十分显著,发育了古土壤S₀;到了全新世晚期以来（3.1 ka B.P.）气候又由暖湿向干冷方向转变,成壤作用明显减弱,沙尘暴出现较为频繁,形成了以黄土堆积为主的全新世黄土（L₀）。现代表土层（MS）是在（1.5 ka B.P.）以来气候转暖,加之人类长期农业耕作扰动,在全新世黄土L₀顶部叠加而形成的。