中国发展中国家地位的论证——基于190个经济体多维发展水平分类的实证分析

科学判断一个国家在全球体系中的地位是制定外交政策的基础。目前中国的发展中国家地位遭到了西方国家的质疑,国内学者从国别比较等视角出发论证了中国的发展中国家地位,但缺乏从全球尺度分类视角的回应。论文基于多面体法、洛伦兹曲线分类法等方法,从经济、社会、环境、治理等方面构建经济体的多维发展水平分类指标体系和测度模型,将全球190个经济体划分成发达经济体Ⅰ~Ⅲ型、发展中经济体Ⅰ~Ⅴ型和过渡型经济体共9种类型,并探讨了不同类型经济体的发展水平特征、中国在全球经济体分类体系中的地位等问题。研究发现：① 不同类型经济体在经济、社会、环境、治理等分维度发展水平方面具有显著的差异性。② 发达经济体各维度发展水平排名普遍较高,总体呈现“并驾齐驱”特征;过渡型经济体在很多维度的发展指标与发达经济体Ⅲ型接近,多数经济体处于逐渐向发达经济体过渡的发展阶段;发展中经济体在分维度发展水平方面存在显著的结构性差异。③ 中国属于发展中经济体Ⅰ型类别,在全球190个经济体中排在第64位,在139个发展中经济体中排在第13位。④ 中国在全球经济体多维发展水平排序、各维度发展水平差异等方面具备发展中国家的普遍特征。该研究洛伦兹曲线分类法等方法的应用可丰富区域发展分类理论,相关结论可为回击西方国家对中国发展中国家地位的质疑提供借鉴。     

传统产业集群“脱域”创新模式的形成及效应——以澄海玩具产业集群为例

以粤东澄海玩具产业集群为例,探讨传统产业集群“脱域”创新模式的形成及效应。研究发现,在市场需求、内部创新基础、外部创新环境、企业战略及企业家精神等因素的共同作用下,澄海玩具产业集群转型呈现设计研发与生产制造环节地域分离的“非本地化创新”,以及进军新兴产业并融合新兴产业与传统产业的“跨产业拓展创新”两种模式。这些创新实践对集群企业及地区经济带来了积极的效应,不仅整合外部创新资源并内化为自身创新优势,提升自主创新的能力,而且反哺传统玩具产业,促进地区经济的整体提升。传统产业集群的创新突破地域和原有产业边界,在更大的空间尺度和产业范围展开。     

本地知识基础对新兴产业创新集群形成的影响——以中国燃料电池产业为例

新兴产业的区位选择一直是经济地理学研究的重点问题,以中国燃料电池产业为例,本研究重点对“区域产业分叉”理论在燃料电池创新集群形成中的适用性进行探究。本文将知识基础区分为解析型知识、合成型知识、符号型知识,采集中国2000—2016年291个地级市燃料电池产业的专利信息、专利引证及被引信息、学术论文信息,通过ArcGIS、Stata软件进行空间和计量分析,得到如下结论：① 从格局上来看,燃料电池创新集群发展主要集聚于发达省会城市,并且在格局演化过程中路径依赖作用明显,291个地级市在2000—2005年、2011—2016年两个时期的创新集群指数相关系数高达0.904,呈现显著的强相关性。② 本地解析型、合成型、符号型知识库以及创新集群指数滞后一阶项的回归系数均显著为正,说明知识基础对新兴产业创新集群发展具有显著的积极影响,成为支持“区域产业分叉”的重要证据。③ 燃料电池产业创新集群形成主要以“区域产业分叉”方式进行,城市在知识基础上的优势对创新集群的形成具有积极作用,而创新集群的发展又使得知识基础进一步积累,实现良性循环,路径依赖现象显著;创新集群指数排名前20位城市中,直辖市和省会城市就占据了75%,一般城市的区位机会窗口较难打开。     

Quantitative measurement and development evaluation of logistics clusters in China

The logistics clusters are the result of concentration, scale and specialization of logistics activities, and their quantitative measurement and development evaluation provide an important foundation for improving the land use efficiency and achieving economies of scale. Taking 289 cities at prefecture-level and above as research objects, this paper collected macro-statistical data of transport, postal and warehousing industry during 2000-2014, business registration data of more than 290 thousand logistics enterprises, and 170 thousand logistics points of interest (POI). With the integration of multi-index and multi-source data, the evolution process and spatial pattern of logistics clusters in China were explored with the methods of Location Quotient (LQ), Horizontal Cluster Location Quotient (HCLQ), Logistics Employment Density (LED) and modified Logistics Establishments’ Participation (LEP). The development levels, types and modes of different logistics clusters were quantified. Several important findings are derived from the study. (1) The logistics clusters are mainly located on the east side of the Hu Huanyong Line, and the accumulative pattern evolves from group to block structure, featuring wide coverage and high concentration. The evolution of logistics clusters has two stages of rapid convergence and stable change, resulting in gradual increase in the development level and efficiency of logistics clusters and in emergence of spillover effect. (2) 21 mature logistics clusters are distributed in the core and sub-cities of the main metropolitan areas of 16 provincial-level administrative divisions, conforming to the government logistics and transport planning. 43 emerging logistics clusters are distributed in 21 provincial administrative divisions, and different types of cities have huge disparities which highlight the differentiation of the market behaviors and government planning among them. (3) The logistics clusters present differentiated development modes with the change of scales. In urban agglomerations scale, the nested “center-periphery” structures with “main nucleus-secondary cores-general nodes” are clarified. The polar nuclear development, networked and balanced development, single core and multipoint, multi-core multipoint hub-spoke development patterns are formed in different provincial administrative divisions.     

中资企业研发国际化研究述评

中资跨国公司研发国际化服务于中国"全面提高开放型经济水平"和"创新驱动发展战略"两大政策方针,是重要的地理学研究前沿。本文系统评述了中资企业研发国际化的定义、理论基础、研究内容、数据和方法,发现基于发达国家跨国公司实践建立起的经典理论还不足以解释中资企业行为。相比于快速发展的中资企业跨国研发活动行为,现有的实证研究存在着研究视角、内容和方法的局限,未来应发扬地理学多尺度研究的优势,综合分析企业研发国际化与区域发展的互动机制;发扬地理学重视区域差异的优势,开展在"一带一路"国家中资企业研发国际化的异质性研究;发扬地理学重视实地调研的优势,综合多种方法和数据的相互印证。     

中国内地农区产业集群研究——以河南为例

目前,学术界对内地农区产业集群的研究还较为薄弱.基于对河南农区产业集群所做的实地调查,初步探讨了内地农区产业集群的形成原因、演变的阶段与机理,以及发展中存在的问题与对策.主要结论:内地农区产业集群形成的原因主要是具有企业家素质的个别农民利用偶然机遇开拓出商业机会,特定地区传统生产工艺与产业文化所决定的产业发展"路径依赖"效应,资源优势转化为产业发展的区位优势,人际关系带来的产业发展机遇,打工农民返乡创业所产生的扩散效应.其演化过程可分为手工作坊生产与原始积累,机械化生产与快速发展,内部分工与地方生产系统形成3个阶段.这个过程主要受4种机制的支配,即,创新与模仿的交互作用,促使产业集群不断实现规模扩张;低价格要素组合,低管理成本,形成了产业集群的低成本竞争优势;市场的成长引导产业集群的发展;产业集群的规模扩张成为推动其自身发展的一个重要的动力源泉.解决农区产业集群发展中的问题,在许多方面都有赖于地方政府的合理干预.     

Chinese overseas ports: Market potential,supply capacity and access to imports

Especially since 2012 Chinese companies have acquired stakes as investors and constructors of overseas ports in both high-income and emerging economies. These initiatives play an important role in the construction of a Maritime Silk Road and China's Belt and Road Initiative(BRI). Although a result of many factors, of which Chinese port investments are only one, macro-geographical gravity methods show that distance impedance and increases in the export market potential, export supply capacity and access to imports of these countries drove increases in income per capita. Export supply capacity rose particularly in Southeast Asia and more recently in Sub-Saharan Africa. In difficult times for the world economy, countries in which China invested in overseas port infrastructure saw increases in national export market potential and income per capita, due to reduction in the impedance of distance, while in the case of developing economies export market supply capacity and access to imported capital equipment and intermediate goods improved.     

Local Innovativeness and Knowledge Spillovers of Indigenous Firms on Foreign Firms: Evidence from China's ICT Industry

Literature on transboundary knowledge flows has primarily focused on foreign direct investment (FDI) spillover effects in emerging economies during the last decades. Little has been known, however, about whether or not and how foreign firms learn from local firms to enhance their innovation performance. The existing literature on clusters lays much emphasis on the variety of knowledge sources in the process of innovation, but it largely ignores the social and institutional barriers to transboundary knowledge flows. This article argues that for foreign firms operating in emerging economies, the issues about legitimacy and liability of foreignness might inhibit “outsiders” from effective knowledge sourcing; therefore, the social and institutional structure in a region plays a no less significant role than knowledge per se. Based on a large-scale firm-level database from China's information and communications technology (ICT) industry, this article reveals that local innovativeness of indigenous firms significantly stimulates and enhances innovation of foreign firms. It is interesting to find that whereas related variety of a region fails to exert positive influences, ownership diversity and a low extent of market concentration that reflect the openness of a local innovation system significantly affect innovation performance of foreign firms. It calls for more studies on local institutional and social construction of interfirm knowledge flows.     

Areas of intensive livestock agriculture as emerging alternative economic spaces?

The ideal of the intensification of agriculture has vanished in developed market economies as the outcomes of conventional production have caused growing environmental problems, in particular in areas with a high concentration of livestock. There is also a growing concern notable about animal welfare issues, accompanied by the belief that agricultural production needs to move away from an conventional agriculture towards one that is loosely defined as ‘alternative’. This paper uses the concept of multifunctionality as a lens for describing and explaining the nature of rural change in Germany. I argue that the case study example of the Oldenburger Münsterland illustrates that multifunctionality rates weakly as agricultural practice in production systems dominated by a conventional food regime and – hence – a transition towards diversity and resilience has to occur within conventional agriculture. In spite of the popularity of the idea that areas of intensive livestock farming might have been gradually transformed into emerging alternative economic spaces, the principle of coexistence between ‘productivist’ and ‘non-productivist’ practices poses major challenges. In particular the scarcity of agricultural land hinders the transition into ‘alternative’ food futures in the Oldenburger Münsterland, while the doubts about conventional agriculture and the industrialized food industry rise in an unprecedented way in German society.     

地方创业与集群转型：一个理论整合的视角

在辨析地方创业概念和内涵的基础上,分析地方创业在集群发展不同阶段的作用和方式,并借鉴演化经济地理中最新的复杂理论,重点辨析在集群非线性发展过程中地方创业主体与集群结构的反馈过程,其中通过整合经济地理学中制度和关系转向的研究进展,提出必须特别关注在集群转型阶段地方创业主体的能动性,把地方创业过程看作创业家与集群内其他主体之间关系网络的制度-权力实践过程,这个实践过程的目的是为了使得新产业的技术范式和组织范式获得社会合理性,从而提高集群弹性,并促进集群转型和更新。     

中国中部农区企业集群的竞争优势研究--以河南省虞城县南庄村钢卷尺企业集群为例

中国中部农区企业集群的竞争优势来源既具有一般企业集群的共性——它是规模经济、分工经济和网络联系三者共同作用的结果,又具有其特殊的个性——模仿创新的普遍发生、中原文化背景、制度扶持和较低的劳动力、土地等要素成本起决定作用。以河南省虞城县南庄村钢卷尺企业集群为例,详细分析了中国中部农区企业集群竞争优势的内在来源。     

“共位集群”视角下的农业产业集群演化路径与网络——以福建省漳平市茶产业为例

结合实地调研与半结构访谈法,从集群演化生命周期视角出发,建立“路径－网络－制度”演化研究框架,在此基础上对比两种不同类型农业产业集群形成演化路径与特征,探究其共位发展的演化过程,并探讨形成“共位集群”的潜力与发展路径。结果表明：1）漳平永福高山茶集群作为外资驱动型集群,其发展显示出较强的“初动能”与正式制度依赖性,在台资驱动下经历两端在外、原生路径移植的萌芽期,叠加多级政策外力进入成长期,并逐步实现三产融合发展的路径突破,其间伴随由原生关系网络转向本地生产网络,逐步嵌入全球生产网络的演化过程,但其本地溢出效应有限且存在用地资源限制等路径锁定风险因素;2）作为本地内生型集群,漳平水仙茶产业集群具备更强的“能动性”与社会制度依赖性,在原有历史积淀及地区禀赋基础上萌芽,通过政府扶持实现路径修复,逐步恢复由地方关系网络主导的集群生产网络而进入成长期,初步形成专业化分工格局,成熟的产业氛围及较强的地方根植性使得集群创新网络已初现雏形,但因企业规模有限、外部力量不足等限制存在路径锁定风险;3）集群的共位发展可辅助消除路径锁定风险,而两者由萌芽阶段的独立共生,演化至成长阶段前期的共位竞争,并最终形成共位竞合关系,表明其具备形成“共位集群”的发展潜力与潜在路径。由此,推动地区农业“共位集群”的发展,地区正式制度安排是关键推力,而龙头企业、中小企业与农户组织在其中扮演着重要角色。     

产业集群概念理解的若干误区评析

文章针对在我国学术研究和媒体报道中关于产业集群概念理解中的一些误区进行评析。其误区主要是:(1)把产业集群等同于专业化城市;(2)把产业集群等同于产业部门或特色产业;(3)把产业集群等同于产业的投入产出链;(4)把产业集群等同于企业的地理邻近。文章指出,产业集群是在20世纪80年代中期以后在全球产业分工和信息技术革命条件下出现的产业地方化现象,是与产业区理论、区域创新系统理论等新区域主义学说联系在一起的。通过集群政策促进地方产业升级,首先需要地方政府准确理解产业集群的真正内涵。     

Whither the Jobs: Identifying Concentrations of Employment in Metropolitan Areas

Large concentrations of employment have developed outside traditional central business districts. Our research focuses on analyzing the changing distribution of employment in metropolitan areas by using tract-to-tract commuting data from Census 2000 to identify high-employment nodes within large metropolitan areas. We propose a new way to delineate clusters of contiguous high-employment tracts based on the job density in these areas. We then compare outlying employment clusters with traditional central business districts and contrast employment clusters of varying job densities. Our method has several advantages over existing methods of identifying employment clusters: it is conceptually simple, can use publicly available data, relies on a standardized geographic unit applicable across the entire United States, and offers the ability to examine data from multiple census years.     

贫困山区农户兼业行为及其居民点用地形态——基于重庆市云阳县568户农户调查

贫困山区农户兼业现象普遍,对相关的土地利用活动影响深刻。采用重点与随机抽样、参与式农村评估和景观格局分析等方法,从微观尺度定量分析了云阳县568户农户兼业行为与居民点用地形态变化的相互关系,可为土地利用结构调整、居民点用地整理挖潜提供认识依据。结果表明:(1)云阳县农户兼业现象普遍,依据非农收入与农业收入差、非农劳动投入比重,将农户划分为纯农业型、农业主导型、农工兼具型、非农主导型、非农业型五种兼业类型;(2)老龄和女性人口少、且平均文化水平较高的农户兼业水平最高,人口数量多、分工多元化的农户兼业水平居中;(3)以农业生产为主要生计活动的纯农业型与农业主导型农户,居民点用地规模变化较小,约为180m2,土地利用粗放且多样化程度高,其中,纯农业户圈养与堆棚用地比重较高,农业主导型院坝用地比重较高;(4)农工兼具型农户的居民点用地规模扩大,约为190m2,土地利用集约度得到提高,且多样性下降,堆棚用地弱化,住房用地占主导;(5)逐渐退出农业生产的非农主导型与非农业型农户,居民点用地规模缩减,约为160～130m2,土地集约度较高,多样性下降,居民点中生产性用地比重下降、居住性用地比重上升。研究认为,农村居民点整理挖潜必须与农户的兼业需求相适应。     

中国农业产业集群演化过程及创新发展机制——以“寿光模式”蔬菜产业集群为例

在对农业产业集群理论探讨的基础上,以山东寿光蔬菜产业集群为例,分析中国农业产业集群形成演化的“四阶段”模型及可持续创新发展的内在机制,并挖掘了“寿光模式”的“集群”本质。结论表明: ① 中国农业产业集群的形成与创新发展:首先是从农业产业集聚开始,并经由专业村到产业集群,再到乡村创新极演化; ② 促进农户的企业化演变是农业集群及其创新体系形成的第一步。创建产业网络是农业产业集聚和专业村向农业产业集群升级的必备步骤,农业创新体系的形成标志着农业集群走向成熟; ③ 山东寿光蔬菜产业集群的形成演化也经历了这4个阶段。各类各层主体通过知识增长、知识流动和知识采纳提高自己的内生能力和外部契约关系,并通过知识和创新网络实现五大维度上的协同创新,一起促进企业（农户）、产业（网络）、技术、制度和空间“五位一体”的协同演化,是农业集群可持续创新发展的内在机制。     

Demographic and Economic Changes in Remote Australia

Varied distribution of resources, populations and Indigenous people result in significant socio-economic differences among statistical local areas (SLAs) in remote Australia. These differences indicate that the experience of change at the height of the resources boom will differ among SLAs in the region. Using hierarchical cluster analysis with Ward's minimum variance method, four socio-economic clusters were identified among the 197 SLAs in the region. The first was the most disadvantaged, with limited resources and human capital and the highest percentage of Indigenous people. The other three clusters improved in sequence, with the fourth having the most resources with the highest employment rate and income but least number of Indigenous people. Multivariate analysis of variance with main and interaction effects showed changes in demographics, industry structure, human capital and income over the period of investigation for the region as a whole and differences in the extent of these changes among the clusters. Policy interventions in the region are suggested for each group to match its specific needs.     

北京城市办公活动空间集聚区研究

运用空间分析技术,以北京城区范围内的976个写字楼点位为基础,辨析城市办公活动空间集聚区的存在状态、分布特征和形成原因,为研究北京城市办公空间结构与城市空间结构提供方法借鉴。研究认为,北京城市内部存在明显的办公集聚区,并且空间偏向差异显著,一级集聚区多沿交通线分布且集聚方向与交通线方向一致,近3/4的办公活动集中分布在城市功能拓展区,只有1/4分布在首都功能核心区,形成与西方国家大城市的办公活动集中分布在市中心的不同特点。究其原因,第一,经济功能分化催生办公活动空间集聚区的产生;第二,行政区界限成为办公空间扩展的天然屏障;第三,城市功能定位引导办公集聚区分布。CBD、金融街、中关村和上地是北京城市内部具有代表性的办公集聚区。     

中国物流集群的量化甄别与发育程度评价

基于交通运输、仓储与邮政业宏观统计数据,物流企业工商注册数据和物流POI数据,运用区位熵（LQ）、水平集聚区位熵（HCLQ）、物流就业密度（LED）和改进的物流企业占比系数（LEP）等指标,刻画了中国289个地级及以上城市的物流集群空间格局与演化过程,识别出不同类型物流集群的发育水平、类型和发展模式。结果表明：① 物流集群主要集中于胡焕庸线东侧,集群形态由组团式转变为区块式,呈现广覆盖和高集聚特征;数量演化经历了“快速下降”和“稳中有变”两个阶段,集中程度和运行效率稳步提升。② 21个成熟物流集群分布在16个省级行政单元中主要城市群的中心和次级中心城市,与政府物流规划衔接良好;43个新兴物流集群分布在21个省级行政单元,不同类型城市间分化显著。③ 物流集群在城市群尺度形成了由“主核—次核—一般节点”构成的多层级核心—边缘结构;在省级尺度形成了极核发展模式、网络化均衡发展模式,单核多点和多核多点的发展模式。     

地方创业与产业集群互动关系的研究进展与展望

本文依托国家自然科学基金青年项目“基于地方创业视角的产业集群转型机制研究——以珠江三角洲为例”,采用个人—组织—外部环境交互反馈的分析框架,从产业集群促进地方创业产生和发展的环境,以及地方创业主体战略促进集群转型两个方面,梳理现有关于地方创业与集群发展的互动关系的成果。主要研究成果为：就地方创业的孵化而言,集群内成功创业家正面的示范效应是促进创业意愿产生的主要因素,而个人在集群内商业网络的社会根植程度能促进潜在创业家对原所在集群的区位偏好,从而促进创业活动的本地化发展。就地方创业的成长而言,应该关注集群内组织生态结构和创业生态系统环境,以及新创企业成立后与本地母体企业的动态组织联系。同时,地方创业主体也是产业集群的积极塑造者。以珠江三角洲为例的研究表明,在核心城市(广州)的成熟集群内,新一代创业企业通过自主区位选择可以改变集群的空间形态和层次;而在边缘城市(揭阳),本地企业的制度创业行为是集群升级的重要途径,本地创业家通过多地理尺度的认同反馈战略,吸引外部资源并构建跨地方的合作网络。最后对地方创业与产业集群互动关系的研究内容和方法进行展望。