重塑马兰黄土渗透性试验研究

为了研究干密度和初始含水率对重塑黄土渗透性的影响,对延安新区I期工程所取的重塑马兰黄土进行了饱和渗透试验。结果表明:在非饱和状态,干密度对饱和时间的影响最为显著,饱和时间随干密度的增大而增大,而初始含水率对饱和时间的影响不明显。重塑马兰黄土的渗透系数随着干密度的增大而减小,其关系可以拟合为幂函数关系。在一定干密度范围内,渗透系数随初始含水率的增大而减小,其关系可以用直线关系拟合。渗透系数与孔隙比之间可以用幂函数关系拟合,渗透系数随孔隙比的减小而减小。初始含水率、干密度以及孔隙比都是影响重塑黄土渗透性的重要因素,其主要是通过对试样微结构的影响而影响渗透系数。该研究对延安新区的工程建设具有一定的理论指导和实际应用价值。     

开放系统下硫酸钠盐对土体冻胀的影响

易溶盐在土中的存在及其在冻结过程中的重新分布对土体的冻结过程有重要影响.在开放系统单向冻结条件下,对青藏铁路沿线粉质红粘土进行了冻结试验.结果表明:随着冷能的持续传递,硫酸钠盐和水分向温度较低处迁移,土体0℃曲线持续降低;但基于测定的含盐土大量冻结温度的基础上,对土体冻深的研究发现,在开放单向冻结条件下土体冻深随着水盐迁移进程的发展而减小,造成与补蒸馏水的土体相比,土体的冻胀较小.同时,利用冻深发展曲线和硫酸钠水溶液相图及溶解度曲线,对土柱中的冻胀和盐胀分别进行了计算,结果认为:土体变形主要是由冻胀引起,硫酸钠结晶膨胀只发生在未冻土段,这与试验结束后对土体冻土段和未冻土段的干密度分层测定的试验结果相一致.     

循环荷载下压实黄土动强度特性研究

移山填沟进行新区建设或修建机场, 是黄土地区应对建设用地不足而采取的一项新措施。进行压实黄土的动强度特性研究, 对高烈度黄土地区大规模移山填沟具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文利用GDS振动三轴仪对吕梁压实黄土的动强度特性进行了研究, 分析了含水率、干密度和加载频率对其动强度的影响规律。结果表明:压实黄土的动强度随含水率的增大而减小, 随干密度和加载频率的增加而增大; 含水率对压实黄土的动强度影响显著; 压实黄土的动强度随着振次的增加而减小, 用半对数坐标系下的直线方程拟合效果较好。     

冻结温度对原状黄土物理力学性质的影响

在陕西省黄土地区典型地点取土样,开展不同含水率、不同干密度土样在不同温度下的冻结试验,探讨冻结温度下黄土的冻胀规律。研究表明,在干燥状态下陕西黄土样不发生冻胀或冻胀量很小。黄土的冻胀性随含水率的增加而显著。随着冻结温度的降低,黄土冻胀量变化率逐渐减小,最终冻胀趋于恒定。含水率较低时,冻结温度对土样的干密度影响不明显,随着含水率的增大,在高含水率条件下,孔隙率越小,影响越显著。低含水率条件下,冻结黄土呈现收缩现象,中等含水率略有增大,高含水率增大明显。在冻结过程中,冻胀力的作用使得土颗粒间的接触点增多,大孔隙所占的比例下降,导致土体内摩擦角增大;冻结温度越低,土样含水率越高,黄土内摩擦角的增加量也越大;冰晶的生长破坏了土颗粒间联结,引起结构弱化,黏聚力减小;含水率越高,孔隙率越小,冻结作用对黄土黏聚力影响越明显。     

考虑含水率影响的非饱和原状黄土冻融强度试验研究

提出了用于非饱和原状黄土增湿的蒸汽增湿方法,给出了蒸汽增湿试验步骤,通过对比试验分析确定了适宜的试验参数,从增湿后水分分布是否均匀、土体密度是否改变等方面论证了蒸汽增湿方法的有效性。对含水率的测试结果表明,微波炉法测试结果能满足精度要求,酒精燃烧法在测试较高含水率时误差较大。进一步应用蒸汽增湿法得到的不同含水率原状土样测定了非饱和黄土冻融后的强度指标,揭示出当非饱和原状黄土含水率过低时,冻融作用对黄土的粘聚力值基本没有影响,当含水率较高时,经历冻融循环后黄土粘聚力值较冻融前降低,冻结温度越低以及冻融循环次数越多,降低值越大。经历冻融循环后黄土内摩擦角值较冻融前增加,冻结温度越低,增加值越大。在含水率较低时冻融循环次数几乎不引起内摩擦角值发生变化,在含水率较高时冻融循环次数越多,引起内摩擦角增加值越大。     

含水率和干密度对黄土热参数影响的试验研究

黄土的热参数是黄土灾害成因机制研究及热工计算中的重要指标,而含水率和干密度对黄土的热参数具有一定的影响。对不同含水率、不同干密度黄土试样,采用Test Protocol Hot Disk TPS 2500S型热常数分析仪,在常温下开展热参数试验,探讨黄土热参数随含水率及干密度的变化规律。研究结果表明:黄土试样含水率一定时,干密度越大,其导热系数、比热容及热扩散系数也越大;黄土试样的导热系数和比热容随含水率的增大基本呈线性规律增大;当含水率较低时,热扩散系数随含水率的增大而增大;当达到一定含水率时,热扩散系数随含水率的增大而减小;继续增大含水率,热扩散系数趋于稳定。含水率对黄土热参数的影响程度大于干密度对其热参数的影响程度。在热工计算中,可根据土体含水率和干密度动态地选择热参数。     

双向动荷载下黄土的动剪切模量特性研究

利用SDT-20型动三轴仪探究了黄土在双向动荷载下的动剪切模量特性。试验结果表明:初始循环偏应力和径向动荷载幅值对黄土的动剪切模量-动剪应变曲线没有明显影响,其对黄土的动剪切模量-循环次数曲线却有明显影响,初始循环偏应力和径向动荷载幅值越大,相同循环次数下黄土的动剪切模量越小。动剪切应变相等时,黄土的动剪切模量随固结比的增大而增大。双向动荷载作用下黄土存在临界循环偏应力,其值为0 k Pa。当循环偏应力小于临界值时,动剪切模量随动剪应变的增大而增大;当循环偏应力大于临界值时,动剪切模量随动剪应变的增大而减小。利用拐点动剪切模量折减的方式,并同时结合修正Hardin-Drnevich模型,实现了对黄土在双向动荷载下动剪切模量-动剪应变关系的描述。经验证,模型的适用性较好。     

青藏铁路多年冻土区典型土样冻胀率特性研究

青藏铁路穿越高原多年冻土区546km,沿线分布着各种地形地貌单元,包括盆地、高山区、高平原、谷地等,各处的地层岩性和冻土赋存环境各不相同．通过对青藏高原多年冻土区典型土样的冻胀率试验,分析了高原多年冻土的冻胀率与含泥量、含水率、干密度之间的规律．结果表明：高原冻土具有较大的冻胀率,其冻胀率随含泥量的增加而增加,随含水率...     

Orthotropic frost heaving force distribution characteristics for tunnel structures under hydro-thermo-mechanical coupling;

In cold regions,the frost heave of surrounding rock could lead to additional force on lining struc⁃ tures,which impairs the durability and safety of tunnels. This paper analyzed the distribution characteristics of tunnels’frost heave force in seasonally frozen regions. Firstly,energy conservation and mass conservation prin⁃ ciples were introduced,and a hydro-thermal-mechanical coupling model of frozen surrounding rock considering orthotropic frost heaving deformation was constructed. The reliability of the model was verified with the monitor⁃ ing result of the Qingshashan tunnel. Furthermore,the numerical model of the Dongtianshan tunnel was con⁃ structed,and distribution characteristics of temperature fields,water fields,and frost heave force were studied. In addition,various influencing factors on the tunnel’s frost heave force were analyzed,including the minimum temperature,the initial formation water content,the modulus ratio of the frozen and unfrozen surrounding rock,and the orthotropic frost heave coefficient. The simulation results show that the frozen depth of the tunnel is not uniform,the smallest at the arch foot and the largest at the center of the inverted arch. The maximum frozen depth difference was 48 cm. The frozen depth difference was due to the largest geometric curvature at the arch foot. At the same time,due to the minimum freezing depth and largest geometric curvature at the arch foot,the bending and folding of the arch foot of the lining are the most significant,and the von Mises stress at the arch foot is the largest. During one freezing-thawing period,the water content change includes four stages：freezing,thawing,stagnating and dissipating. After 20 freeing-thawing periods,in the water stagnating stage,the volu⁃ metric water contents at the lining top and sides increased by 10. 46% and 4. 21%,respectively,and the volumet⁃ ric water contents at the arch foot and lining bottom decreased slightly. The frozen surrounding rock produced both normal and tangential stress on the lining. Among them,the top arch and inverted arch are mainly manifest⁃ ed as compressive stress,while the compressive stress of the arch foot is minor and partially represented as ten⁃ sile stress. The frost heave force distribution patterns under different minimum air temperatures,initial water contents,modulus ratios between frozen and unfrozen surrounding rock,and orthotropic coefficients of frost heave deformation are the same. Normal stress distributions outside the lining are“mushroom-shaped”as a whole. The decrease in temperature could extend the freezing area,and the increase of orthotropic frost heave deformation coefficient could concentrate frost heave strain’s direction,which could significantly promote the frost heave force. The modulus ratio between frozen and unfrozen surrounding rock was negatively related to frost heave force,and the initial water content was positively related to frost heave. The orthotropic coefficient of frost heave deformation has the most significant influence on the value and distribution of frost heave force. After 20 years of freeze-thaw cycles,the difference of water field under different initial formation water content reduced,which leads to the little difference in frost heaving force of the tunnel under different initial formation water contents. The frost heave force distribution is mainly the result of the competition between the temperature field and the lining geometry. The minimum freezing depth leads to the smallest frost heave force at the arch foot. However,the deformation of the lining causes the arch foot to press against the surrounding rock,which could increase the compressive stress on the arch foot. For the tunnel with a small lining thickness,the extrusion effect of the arch foot to the outer surrounding rock is more prominent,which leads to a more considerable frost pressure at the arch foot. Overall,the frost heave force distribution of tunnels in cold regions should consider the influence of temperature conditions,water conditions,anisotropy of surrounding rock frost heave deformation,and lining geometry. Copyright © 2023 Institute of Microbiology, CAS. All rights reserved.     

论季节冻土的冻胀沿冻深分布

本文根据甘肃省1979年以来的渠道冻胀试验成果,得出了4种冻胀沿深度分布的类型及其与地下水位和土质条件的关系。其分布规律可用水分迁移理论加以解释。所谓“主冻胀层”概念仅适用于封闭冻结系统。根据一个简化的水热迁移模型计算也证实了地下水热影响。     

Study on frost heaving characteristics of sandstone under different freezing conditions北大核心CSCD

At present,artificial freezing method has become one of the effective methods for coal mine shaft to pass through water-rich soft rock strata,which can stop the movement of groundwater and limit the deformation of surrounding rock. In order to study the frost heaving characteristics of sandstone under different freezing conditions,frost heaving tests of saturated and dry Cretaceous red sandstone samples under different freezing rates （10 ℃·h-1,5 ℃·h-1,2 ℃·h-1,1 ℃·h-1）and different confining pressures（5 MPa,10 MPa,15 MPa,20 MPa,25 MPa）were carried out by using GCTS（Geotechnical Consulting & Testing Systems）servo-controlled low temperature and high pressure triaxial rock testing system. In this paper,based on the existing theory of physical and mechanical properties of frozen soil,we studied the frost heaving law of sandstone under different freezing conditions and explored the frost heaving mechanism. The result shows that in the process of cooling,the dry rock sample always produce cold shrinkage deformation,while the saturated rock sample first produce cold shrinkage deformation,then produce frost deformation,and finally the deformation tends to be stable. The deformation of saturated rock samples is much larger than that of dry rock samples. The larger the stress level of rock samples at the same temperature is,the smaller the frost deformation is,which shows a linear negative correlation,mainly because the high confining pressure limits the volume expansion of the water phase in the pore inside the rock samples when it becomes ice. The frost deformation of rock samples is mainly affected by confining pressure and water content,while the frost heaving rate is mainly affected by cooling rate. Under this test condition,the higher the cooling rate of sandstone is,the higher the frost heaving rate is,and the relationship between them is approximately linear. For saturated rock samples,the confining pressure reduces the rock frost heaving by limiting the expansion during the phase transformation of ice water,and the temperature affects the rock frost heaving by affecting the freezing rate of pore water and the thermal expansion and cold contraction of rock skeleton. For dry rock samples,the deformation is mainly due to the volume contraction of rock mineral particles caused by thermal expansion and cold contraction effect,and the greater the temperature change,the greater the deformation. Based on the experimental results and theoretical analysis method,a calculation formula of rock frost heaving considering the influence of confining pressure was established. By calculating the frost heave of sandstone samples under different confining pressures,it is found that the calculated values are in good agreement with the experimental results. Moreover,according to the calculation formula of frost heaving,the influence factors of rock frost heaving during freezing can be divided into two categories：internal cause and external cause. The internal cause includes porosity,saturation,volume modulus of ice and rock skeleton,and the external cause includes temperature and confining pressure. For saturated rock,the frost heaving is mainly affected by factors such as confining pressure,temperature and porosity. When the saturation,porosity and freezing rate are low,the rock may only produce shrinkage deformation,because these indicators determine whether the rock produces frost heave or freeze shrinkage. The mechanism of rock frost heaving is very complicated due to the interaction and restriction between the internal and external factors and the dynamic changes of rock micro-structure and mechanical properties during the process of frost heaving. The research results can provide theoretical reference for freezing construction scheme design of deep coal seam mine construction,and also provide a theoretical basis for the study of physical and mechanical properties and engineering application of soft rock in frozen soil area. © 2022 Science Press (China).     

补水压力对土体冻胀的影响北大核心CSCD

为了研究冷端温度、土质和补水压力对土体冻胀影响的强弱以及现行评价土体冻胀敏感性的方法在土体有压补水冻结时的适用性,开展了三因素三水平的冻胀正交试验。基于灰色关联度法得到的结果表明,影响土体冻胀率的因素由强到弱依次为补水压力、冷端温度和土质。补水压力、冷端温度与冻胀率的关联度较大,土质与冻胀率的关联度较小。在较高的补水压力作用下,非冻胀敏感性的砂类土产生了明显的冰透镜体,且部分砂类土的冻胀率超过了黏质土的冻胀率。发现仅凭细粒含量评价水压作用下砂类土的冻胀敏感性存在缺陷,应根据土体所处的实际环境进行综合评估。通过讨论冻胀敏感性、融沉敏感性与冻害敏感性之间的关系,提出受水压影响的寒区工程构筑物须通过设置隔水和排水设施以及使用换填法来综合防治冻害的方法,可为相关工程的设计及安全运营提供参考。     

冻结缘和冻胀模型的研究现状与进展

为加深对冻胀机理的了解,首先研究与未冻水迁移密切相关的冻结缘是十分必要的。文章综述了冻结缘的微结构特征和冻结缘的特征参数（包括未冻水含量、导湿系数和冰、水相压力）。然后概述了各类冻预报模型的发展方向,并提出冻结缘和冻胀模型研究领域的工作重点是：继续加强冻胀机理的研究,深入测定冻结缘的特征参数和建立健全冻胀预报模型的综合评价。     

季节冻土区高速铁路路基冻胀监测系统及冻胀规律研究

季节冻土区修建高速铁路的主要问题是路基冻胀. 依托我国东北、华北多个高速铁路路基冻胀监测工作实践,研究了一套冻胀监测系统的构建方法并成功应用于哈齐客专、大西客专、牡绥线等路基冻胀监测工作中. 综合监测成果,对高速铁路路基冻胀规律进行了分析,对冻胀原因进行了总结. 结果表明：冻胀监测系统应充分考虑严寒、低温、高速条件下,利用先进传感器及物联网技术来实现各子系统集成;季节冻土区铁路路基冻胀存在一定规律可循,季节冻土区铁路路基冻胀不可避免但是可控. 填料质量是防冻胀控制的根本,施工质量过程管控是基础保障.     

水汽补给下砂土水分迁移规律及冻胀特性研究

利用自主研发的水分迁移和冻胀试验装备,研究了不同初始含水率、冷端温度、干密度对砂土水分迁移规律的影响,分析了三因素作用下砂土水平冻胀力和冻胀量的变化规律,确定了冻结锋面位置。研究表明：初始含水率和冷端温度对砂土的水分迁移和冻胀效果影响明显;初始含水率从0%增加至10%,试样含水率峰值增大了5.00倍,水平冻胀力和冻胀量不断增大,冻结锋面位置上移至2.5 cm高度处。冷端温度从?5 ℃降低至?15 ℃,试样含水率峰值增大了4.38倍,水平冻胀力和冻胀量不断增大,冻结锋面位置上移至2.6 cm高度处。干密度对试样水分迁移和冻胀特性影响相对不明显,整体呈现出在较小干密度下,试样含水率、水平冻胀力和冻胀量增幅稍大的趋势,冻结锋面集中在2.2～2.5 cm高度处。针对不同影响因素提出了水平冻胀力和冻胀量预测公式,为认识水汽补给下砂土水分迁移规律及合理预防冻胀提供参考。     

不同地区Q_2黄土的结构性对比分析

对延安和西安Q2黄土进行了单轴压缩和CU剪切试验,研究了含水量和围压对其结构性的影响。结果表明,单轴压缩条件下两地Q2黄土的结构屈服应变均较小,且随含水量变化不明显,而结构屈服强度均随含水量增加呈指数减少。CU剪切条件下含水量和围压都对其结构性有明显的影响,围压增大时两地Q2黄土的结构屈服应力和结构屈服应变均增大,含水量增大时结构屈服应力减低,较大围压和较高含水率时,结构屈服段的应力应变曲线由强软化型向较强软化型甚至弱软化型转变。由于西安Q2黄土和延安Q2黄土的沉积环境不同,使其低含水量时结构屈服强度高于延安Q2黄土,而高含水量时结构屈服强度低于延安Q2黄土。     

考虑温度和密度影响的非饱和黄土土-水特征曲线研究

取扰动黄土进行试验研究,测试得到了不同密度和温度黄土土样的土-水特征曲线。试验资料揭示出：密度变化引起基质吸力的变化非常显著。相对而言,温度变化引起基质吸力的变化不显著。对于一定含水率的土样,温度变化引起的吸力变化值在高含水率时较小,可以忽略不计,而在低含水率时较大;温差越大,吸力变化越大。进一步基于试验资料的分析,得到了考虑密度和温度影响的土-水特征曲线的表达式,并通过计算和测试结果的对比分析,验证了表达式的合理性。     

非饱和黄土基质吸力的变化

天然状态下存在大量的非饱和黄土。因此,非饱和黄土中存在的基质吸力在很大程度上可以控制抗剪强度。本次研究的非饱和黄土土样采自中国兰州市,用以展开室内试验,探讨黄土中基质吸力的变化规律以及其脱离含水量的影响因素。结果显示:结构性、矿物成分以及可溶盐含量是控制非饱和黄土基质吸力变化的最重要的三个影响因素。其中,残余含水量和土样密度有相反的相互关系。土样中存在大量的蒙脱石和伊利石的互层(I/S),以及土样中存在的可溶盐也在某种程度上影响着基质吸力的变化。