生态建设促进经济发展的实践及启示——以新疆乌鲁木齐县为例

在工作实践及实地调研的基础上,总结了乌鲁木齐县为保护生态环境,通过生态建设促进经济发展的成功经验。乌鲁木齐县通过挖掘自然和文化资源,实施“两居”工程为主导的生态移民工程,发展高效生态农业和观光农业,以及开展大规模的退耕还林还草工程,促进了生态产业的发展,改善了乌鲁木齐县的生态环境,加快了全县生态文明建设。对于就生态建设促进经济发展的途径,提出要实现经济与生态环境的协调发展,必须以保护生态环境为前提,以规划控制为引导,发挥政府的主导作用,并充分利用当地的资源优势,将生态价值转化为经济发展的动力,实现经济发展和环境保护的双赢。     

关于确保甘肃省祁连山生态保护红线落地并严守的科技支撑建议

祁连山是中国西部重要生态安全屏障,是国家重点生态功能区,其生态保护与治理一直受到国家、地方政府和当地居民高度关注。目前,在祁连山的生态保护工作中,缺乏对现状基础数据的全面掌握,区域经济发展与生态环境保护矛盾突出,生态环境综合监测系统不完备,生态补偿机制推进实施缺乏创新。在全面梳理祁连山目前存在的重大生态问题的基础上,提出了祁连山生态保护红线落地并严守的建议,包括加快开展祁连山综合科学考察、完善并落实开展生态补偿机制、探索以正面清单为导向的协调发展模式、促进生态安全与地方经济社会可持续发展相协调、进一步实施重大配套政策、完善保障支撑体系等。     

基于小尺度的重庆璧山区生态功能区划研究

对小尺度的生态功能区划进行研究易于结合当地实际,提高区划成果在区域内的可操作性,能做到因地制宜的实施生态保护。针对小尺度生态功能区划研究较少的现状,以重庆璧山区为例,结合璧山自然环境要素特征和社会经济发展状况,根据生态功能区划原则,建立璧山生态功能区划的指标体系,最终提出区划方案。将璧山区划分为3个生态区和11个生态功能区,探讨了各区主要生态环境特征和问题,并提出保护对策,以期为璧山生态环境保护与建设规划提供依据,为小尺度生态功能区划提供参考。     

草原生态系统生态补偿机制研究:中德案例研究比较(英文)

目前,草地生态系统退化成为全球关注的问题。生态补偿机制(PES)是为了草地生态系统的恢复/保护,采取补贴或支付费用的方式,改变使用者资源利用方式的制度安排。科学、合理的生态补偿制度需要全面地考虑可能出现的风险和挑战:如环境效益的滞后性,不可预见的监督、管理成本和社会经济目标(足额补偿标准、公平)的实现。本文的目标是通过中德两国生态补偿措施的对比(选取中国内蒙古锡林郭勒盟,德国勃兰登堡州为案例区域进行研究),为今后中德两国的生态补偿理论和实践提供依据。研究着重以下四个方面进行分析:中德两国生态补偿的实施框架,目标人群,实施效果评估等。研究结果表明,由于缺乏有效的激励机制,农户作为最基层的执行单位和实施者,其参与的主动性不够,中德两国生态补偿措施实施的成效有待提高。基于研究结果,提出了今后生态补偿项目设计中,中国应侧重于项目实施的监控和管理制度;而德国应在空间目标规划和具体管理措施和方式等方面进行完善。     

生态服务付费:市场机制还是多元模式?（英文）

生态服务付费是20世纪90年代在世界各地逐渐兴起的一种以"购买生态服务"为主要特征的环保理念和环境管理办法。环境经济学派强调生态服务付费,作为生态服务供给者和需求者之间的一种自愿交易机制,有助于增加投入和提高效率。生态经济学派则认为生态系统自身及政策环境的复杂性不仅会制约市场机制的作用空间,而且不应忽视效率优先目标对环境保护和社会公平造成的负面影响,因而主张交易机制只是诸多生态补偿模式中的一种。本文认为,生态服务付费作为一种基于市场的以增加投入、提高效率见长的环保工具,虽然在现实运用中面临较多的制约条件,但其在可商品化程度较高的生态服务领域的确发挥着越来越重要的作用。在与其他政策工具相配合的情况下,生态服务付费还能帮助提高公共管理环境项目的成本效益。     

南水北调中线工程环境影响与河南生态经济发展

南水北调工程是解决我国北方地区资源性缺水问题的战略措施,是关系国家经济布局的重点工程。文章概述了南水北调中线工程建设情况及其意义,并对中线工程实施后对主要水源区和受水区河南省生态环境与社会经济发展的影响进行了综合评估分析。在此基础上,应用生态经济学理论,提出基于可持续发展的生态农业、生态林业、生态工业、生态旅游业、生态产业及循环经济的河南生态经济发展对策。     

内蒙古生态承载力评价及生态安全格局优化

生态安全水平对区域发展的约束作用不断增强,构建科学合理的生态安全格局可以有效缓解经济发展与环境保护之间的矛盾.以内蒙古自治区为研究区,2000年、2005年、2010年、2015年为间断点,建立区域生态承载力评价指标体系,探讨生态承载力时空演变特征;甄别生态优势斑块,结合自然保护区等重要生态斑块组建生态源地,建立生态源...     

基于产权经济学“交易费用”理论的生态补偿机制建设

生态补偿是调整损害与保护生态环境主体间利益关系的一种制度安排,也是保护生态环境的有效激励机制。基于对生态补偿等资源环境领域公共品和外部性的传统认识,相比国外,国内目前相关实践和研究尚处于政府主导的公共性转移支付阶段。随着交通通讯的发展、生态消费理念的兴起和社会支付意愿的增强,生态旅游等市场化消费方式日趋增多,生态产权交易制度日趋成熟和完善,生态服务市场价值实现的交易成本也逐渐降低。因此,生态补偿应针对不同生态系统和生态服务类型属性,以产权经济学交易费用理论为依据,逐步推进市场化制度体系建设。对案例的搜集分析、土地管理等相关制度的深入及社区参与的跟踪,有助于该领域机制研究的深化。     

生态系统服务价值评估理论框架与生态补偿实践

生态系统服务价值评估是生态系统保护和管理的基础。近年来很多研究对不同尺度和类型的生态系统服务价值进行了评估, 有效地增强了人类对生态系统服务及其与人类福祉关系的认识。但其中一些研究的生态系统服务价值评估结果偏离实际较多, 对生态补偿等生态系统管理实践作用有限。因此需要继续深入探讨生态系统服务价值评估的理论框架, 为客观认识生态系统服务价值提供科学的理论依据。基于上述考虑, 本文在已有研究基础上, 综合考虑了各框架的优点, 总结出完整的生态系统服务价值评估理论框架, 并强调了评估的经济学基础、研究尺度及利益相关者问题。该理论框架要求以人类的支付意愿(Wish To Pay, WTP)为基本原则对生态系统服务进行合理估价, 并将各项服务的具体价值分配到不同尺度的利益相关者。这可以增强价值评估结果的应用价值和可操作性, 为生态补偿标准及对象的确定提供指导性帮助。     

长箐方解石矿的矿产资源开发与生态环境保护耦合分析

贵州省内矿产资源非常丰富,普定县化处镇长箐方解石矿是其中一种矿产。为了合理开发利用矿产资源,让当地经济快速发展,需要对方解石矿产进行开采利用。但矿产资源的开发会破坏生态环境,这和生态环境保护相矛盾。因此要解决这种矛盾关系,在开发矿产资源的同时,又能充分保护到生态环境,让二者得到协调发展。本文分析了长箐方解石矿开采对生态环境影响的问题,并阐述了协调资源开采和环境保护的相关策略,希望可以在保护环境的基础上充分开发利用资源,实现经济发展。     

Community Forest Owners Evaluate a Decade of Payments for Ecosystem Services in the Mexican Cloud Forest: The Importance of Attention to Indigenous Sovereignty in Conservation

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) programs have taken a variety of forms that depend on many mediating factors, such as national and local politics, land tenure, regional collective action, the capacity of intermediaries, and socio-ecological context. This diversity has produced unsurprisingly mixed experiences, with many falling short of achieving the twin goals of environmental and social benefits and some causing adverse consequences. This study examines one rare PES case that has contributed both to forest conservation and to community livelihoods. In this study, community forest owners from four indigenous communities in the Mexican cloud forest evaluate their participation in ten years of a public PES program to support watershed stewardship. We argue that attention to indigenous sovereignty and self-determination in program implementation contributed to widely appreciated socio-environmental benefits. Though many PES programs are implemented in indigenous communities, scholarly debates have rarely dealt directly with these issues.     

Net Horizontal Payments for Ecosystem Services: An Application in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region of China

Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are one kind of important tool for environmental protection, and have been widely studied by international scholars and conservationists. Based various definitions of PES from recent articles, we have outlined four principles for PES: parity, measurability, additionality and conditionality, and then have used these principles to develop a formula to calculate a standard for PES. Finding a way to use PES to achieve a win-win relationship between economic growth and environmental protection in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region (BTHR) is a key task for Chinese government. Synergetic development of BTHR has become a national strategy, like The Belt and Road Initiative. This article employed the formula we developed to calculate the net horizontal PES amounts that each provincial government within BTHR should pay. Our findings show that Beijing should have paid 10.44×10⁹ Yuan (0.4% of Beijing’s GRP) and Tianjin 16.56×10⁹ Yuan (0.93% of Tianjin’s GRP) to Hebei in 2016.     

生态补偿效益、标准——国际经验及对我国的启示

随着环境压力的不断增大,生态补偿作为解决环境问题的创新手段日益受到重视,补偿效益是生态补偿的核心。通过综合分析近年来国内外生态补偿研究的相关文献,发现优化选择补偿区域和合理的补偿标准是提高补偿效益的关键,机会成本是应用较广的确定生态补偿标准的方法,不同区域提供的生态服务以及损失的机会成本有差异。我国对区域差异关注较少,补偿标准未能反映农户的真实成本,存在补偿不足或对不需补偿就能提供生态服务的区域实施补偿等问题,补偿资金利用效益较低。国际上比较注重生态补偿的区域差异,在生态补偿效益、促进环境保护积极性等方面效果较好。针对我国目前生态补偿中存在的问题,借鉴国际经验,提出了确定生态补偿标准的理论框架。     

The Influence of Place on the Willingness to Pay for Ecosystem Services

Sense of place, including an individual’s attitudes toward specific geographic settings, is generally predicted to influence willingness to engage in place-protective behaviors. Relatively little research, however, has empirically examined the influence of people’s attitudes toward a place on their willingness to pay for environmental protection. Using the example of a payment for ecosystem services (PES) initiative in the McKenzie River watershed, Oregon, USA, we found that place attitudes were a significant predictor of respondents’ willingness to pay for a program designed to benefit drinking water quality. These results suggest that connecting conservation actions to landscapes that are meaningful to people may increase their financial support for PES and other conservation programs. While program managers have little or no influence over stakeholders’ political ideology, gender, or income, managers may be able to influence prospective PES buyers’ awareness and attitudes through targeted communications, thereby potentially increasing support for place-based conservation efforts.     

流域市场化生态补偿研究进展与展望

在辨识流域市场化生态补偿概念内涵特征的基础上,归纳剖析国内外流域典型市场化生态补偿类型与模式,从生态补偿主客体、补偿标准、制度设计、效益评估等4个方面分析了流域市场化生态补偿研究的进展,对流域市场化生态补偿未来重点研究方向进行了展望,提出未来研究需在流域生态环境监测与客体定量表征、生态系统服务全链条价值估算、多目标协同的制度设计以及生态补偿绩效综合评价等方面进一步深化,从而为流域生态产品价值化实现提供科学支撑。     

Environmental Rationalism and Beyond: Toward a more just sharing of power and influence

Economics, especially the narrowly defined form of economics known as neo-liberal economics, along with its policy derivative known as economic rationalism, dominates public and political debate and decision-making in Australia and many other nations as the twentieth century approaches its close. In the context of environmental issues, as also in that of welfare issues, the present over-dominance is unhealthy. Despite the best attempts of environmental economists and ecological economists, they have had relatively little influence on the broader economic profession, or on the political and business communities. Economics and free trade also dominate the international scene at the expense of equity and environmental issues. Environmental debates, by their very nature, are usually complex, requiring interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches which include the economic perspective, but much else besides. Despite the importance of local context and spatial and temporal location, there is a need for a meta-theory or national philosophy to allow the integration across space and time so often needed. The present meta-theory, firmly based in economic rationalism, is inadequate as a basis for environmental decision-making. We desperately need a new meta-theory that explicitly integrates economic, environmental, welfare and many other perspectives. Perhaps such a meta-theory could be broadly based on the concept of sustainability, though much more work is needed to refine such an approach. A major swing in public opinion from the old meta-theory to the new is essential as a forerunner to political action, and education at all levels is needed to bring about this change. There are some signs that this change is already informing public opinion, and that it may have begun to influence mainstream Australian politics.     

Payments for Ecosystem Services: Market Mechanism or Diversified Modes?

Payment for ecosystem services is a concept of environmental protection and method of environmental management that has “purchasing conservation” as a major feature and has grown around the world since the 1990s. It is stressed by the school of environmental economics that as a voluntary mechanism of exchange between ecological service providers and demanders, payments for ecosystem services can help to increase inputs and improve efficiency. Ecological economics holds that the ecological system and the complexity of the policy environment restrict the functional space of market mechanisms. The negative influence of the objective of giving priority to efficiency on environmental protection and social fairness cannot be neglected; therefore, the exchange mechanism is just one type of eco-compensation models. Here, we posit that payments for ecosystem services is a good tool for environmental protection and increases inputs and efficiency. Although payment for ecosystem services is confronted with challenges in application, it is playing an increasingly important role in the field of ecological services with a relatively high degree of commodification. Payments for ecosystem services can also increase the cost effectiveness of publicly managed environmental projects with the cooperation of other policy tools.     

Interpreting Economics,Rhetoric and Sustainable Development: Some implications for policy determination

Many of the controversies about environmental resource use relate to the perceived conflict between economics and conservation. This conflict might have been resolved with general acceptance of the concept of sustainable development, and with a more transparent and honest use of economics terminology. However, interpretation and application of this concept appear to have led to some further conflicts between perceptions of economics and the environment, partly because commerce and development are sometimes portrayed as having the same meaning. Commercial activity resulting from the use of natural resources is often held to promote social good, while conservation of natural resources, many argue, renders the wealth which may be obtained from such resources unavailable. The latter is deemed to be bad for society. However, although in contemporary parlance economics is usually restricted implicitly to issues concerning commerce, finance and profit, economic theory requires the consideration also of intangible values, such as environmental damage. Environmental and other economists have worked hard to stress the importance of non-financial values in economic theory, and to ensure that they are included in economic analysis. However, these latter aspects of economics are not generally known to the wider public, partly because of the tendentious manner in which interested parties often use economics. When positions are argued on the basis of economics, the arguments are frequently expressed in language designed to persuade members of the community that all commercial activity is in the interests of society, while incurring minimal costs. In these circumstances, economics might be viewed as a form of rhetoric. Anyone assessing the merits of such arguments ought to consider carefully what this rhetoric really means. This is especially important in discussions concerning sustainable development, which is understood by some to mean sustainable, or sustained, commerce.     

流域生态补偿研究现状及关键问题剖析

在流域,因竞争性用水导致上下游之间、人类发展与生态环境之间的矛盾日益尖锐,急需建立健全流域生态补偿机制.通过对国内外流域生态补偿研究进展进行梳理,发现流域生态补偿研究主要集中在流域尺度的补偿计划实施评价、补偿尺度的选择、补偿标准的测算、生态补偿与减少贫困关系、流域生态补偿的空间差异性等方面,其关键问题在于生态补偿主体和对象的确定以及补偿标准的制定;研究认为通过流域断面水量水质及相关利益分析方法来确定补偿主体和对象;而补偿标准则以流域上下游生态损益、机会成本、居民支付意愿分别作为补偿上限、参考值和下限来综合确定.以此为基础,构建流域多种生态要素、多元主体间的流域生态补偿机制研究框架.最后,就流域生态补偿机制构建过程中有待解决的科学问题进行了讨论.     

Neighborhood impacts on household participation in payments for ecosystem services programs in a Chinese nature reserve: A methodological exploration

Payments for Ecosystem Services(PES)programs have been implemented in both developing and developed countries to conserve ecosystems and the vital services they provide.These programs also often seek to maintain or improve the economic wellbeing of the populations living in the corresponding(usually rural)areas.Previous studies suggest that PES policy design,presence or absence of concurrent PES programs,and a variety of socioeconomic and demographic factors can influence decisions of households to participate or not in the PES program.However,neighborhood impacts on household participation in PES have rarely been addressed.This study explores potential neighborhood effects on villagers'enrollment in the Grain-to-Green Program(GTGP),one of the largest PES pro-grams in the world,using data from China's Fanjingshan National Nature Reserve.We utilize a fixed effects logistic regression model in combination with the eigenvector spatial filtering(ESF)method to explore whether neighborhood size affects household enrollment in GTGP.By comparing the results with and without ESF,we find that the ESF method can help ac-count for spatial autocorrelation properly and reveal neighborhood impacts that are otherwise hidden,including the effects of area of forest enrolled in a concurrent PES program,gender and household size.The method can thus uncover mechanisms previously undetected due to not taking into account neighborhood impacts and thus provides an additional way to account for neighborhood impacts in PES programs and other studies.