Occam反演在卫境地区花岗岩型铀矿勘查CSAMT资料处理中的应用

花岗岩型铀矿床一般产在岩体内部或岩体周边,因此岩体发育情况的探测对铀矿勘查工作的进一步开展具有重要意义。为了解Occam反演方法处理花岗岩型铀矿勘查CSAMT数据时的应用效果,这里设计了隐伏岩体的理论模型,正演理论数据采用Occam反演方法进行反演。实验表明,Occam反演对隐伏岩体的CSAMT理论数据具有稳定收敛性,反演结果和理论模型能够很好的吻合。结合卫境地区的勘查实例验证了Occam反演方法的有效性,为以后CSAMT方法间接寻找花岗岩型铀矿提供了参考。     

新书预告

书名:埃达克岩和花岗岩:挑战与机遇作者:张旗,王焰,熊小林,李承东全书分为3篇20章:第1篇11章,讨论了埃达克岩及其相关岩石(喜马拉雅型花岗岩、浙闽型花岗岩和南岭型花岗岩)的概念、埃达克岩的分类及实验研究进展,主要着重于埃达克岩及其相关岩石的应用,包括花岗岩的分类、造山前、造山和造山后花岗岩的识别、O 型埃达克岩的识别和意义、埃达克岩及相关岩石与山脉、高原、成矿、拆沉的关系等。第2篇6章,主要从花岗岩与     

改进的蚁群算法及其在南岭地区花岗岩侵入体探测中的应用

蚁群算法（ACO）主要应用于组合优化问题（COPs）,很少应用于地球物理重磁资料物性反演。首先,对蚁群系统中目标函数值与信息素的映射机制进行改进。理论模拟表明,改进后的Gauss模型在收敛速度和反演精度方面比传统的ant-cycle模型要好,适用于重磁资料物性反演。然后,将蚁群算法应用于南岭地区千里山岩体和九嶷山岩体重力资料反演与解释。结果表明:蚁群算法圈定的花岗岩岩体与地面地质填图结果及大地电磁测深反演结果吻合,较好地控制了千里山岩体和九嶷山岩体的深度和形状。该结果可为研究南岭地区花岗岩侵入模式和多金属成矿规律提供参考。     

结合实测光谱的ASTER数据岩性识别方法:以西昆仑其木干二长花岗岩提取为例

对西昆仑阿克陶县其木干地区出露的二长花岗岩岩石样品进行了光谱测试,二长花岗岩在2.1~2.5μm之间有一定的吸收特征,具备应用遥感进行岩性识别的波谱条件。利用最小二乘线性回归方法建立了实测光谱与ASTER图像光谱各波段的线性关系,得到了ASTER图像地表反射率。以实测光谱为端元光谱,对二次反演图像采用混合调谐匹配滤波技术(MTMF)提取了二长花岗岩岩体空间范围。经调查验证,提取结果与岩体的实际出露范围较为吻合。该方法具有一定的实用性和有效性,能为西部艰险复杂地区的遥感技术应用提供方法上的参考。     

戈壁浅覆盖区花岗岩中锂铍伟晶岩的ASTER遥感识别技术 ——以新疆镜儿泉地区为例

锂铍金属是国家战略关键金属资源,花岗岩-伟晶岩型是锂铍矿床的重要类型,是锂铍矿找矿的重要目标体,遥感是寻找与发现花岗岩与伟晶岩的有效方法。但是,对于花岗岩体中的伟晶岩,由于其与花岗岩在光谱信息差异微小而不易识别。为了解决此问题,文章选择东疆戈壁覆盖的镜儿泉花岗岩开展锂铍伟晶岩的遥感识别研究,采用的数据与方法包括:谷歌地球/奥维等遥感图片的分析、WORLDVIEW遥感的增强处理与ASTER遥感的岩性识别与提取,结果显示谷歌地球/奥维遥感图片与WORLDVIEW遥感图片对镜儿泉花岗岩中伟晶岩脉的识别效果不好。为了识别锂铍伟晶岩,文章采用了一种岩性微弱信号增强技术对ASTER遥感数据进行识别,经过处理后的图像可以清楚地识别出伟晶岩脉体、并于野外查证时发现了一处新的锂铍伟晶岩脉体。结果表明利用岩性微弱信号增强技术进行岩性识别是花岗岩中锂铍伟晶岩找矿一种新的有效方法。     

弹性参数直接反演技术在储层流体识别中的应用

叠前地震反演是目前应用于流体识别的主要技术,但在具体研究区储层地质地震特点的应用过程中,存在岩石物理基础研究薄弱、多解性等问题。为提高流体地震识别精度,以KD地区为例,开展了陆相碎屑岩典型储层的岩石物理基础、叠前地震反演技术研究及应用。利用河道砂岩实验室岩石物理测试数据,分析了岩性、物性及孔隙流体对岩石物理参数的影响;基于弹性阻抗方程,通过弹性参数直接反演获取对储层流体敏感的参数,对KD地区河道砂岩储层进行了流体识别,提高了流体地震识别精度,取得了较好的地质效果。     

基于简单模型的大地电磁测深法薄层识别与约束反演

薄层识别一直是大地电磁测深法(MT)数据反演解释的重点和难点。约束反演能有效提高大地电磁测深对薄层的识别能力,这里采用在井资料约束上覆地层与围岩的电性条件下,进行MT约束反演。通过约束浅部地层,提高对深部地层的反演识别能力,达到对目标层的准确识别与精确探测。通过模型设计与计算,讨论了地电参数约束类型、约束数量、以及测量噪音和测井资料质量对约束反演的影响,得出在井资料约束上覆地层与围岩的电性条件下进行MT约束反演,能有效提高对目标薄层的识别能力,提高资料处理抗噪能力以及加快反演迭代收敛速度等作用,验证了该约束反演的有效性。     

从花岗岩爆坑方位和级别反演区域水平主应力方向和大小——以北天山某TBM施工隧道为例

采用脆性剪切破裂理论和圆形隧道断面爆坑方位,探索区域地应力反演方法。通过北天山某隧道中花岗岩岩爆坑位置及烈度级别,反演最大切向应力和隧道断面最大主应力方向和大小。结合部分实测地应力三分量结果,求得圆形洞室弹性解的最大主应力。与实测结果对比发现,反演得到的水平方向最大主应力数值稍大,说明地应力测试点避开断层结构或受花岗岩隐形结构面影响,存在实际测试数据结果偏小的异常现象。该研究结果可为类似工程勘察设计和地应力测试提供参考。     

地质统计学反演与常规反演在储层预测中的应用效果对比分析

针对砂泥岩薄互层非均质性强、单层砂体薄、储层识别困难的工区,进行了地质统计学反演,并与常规约束稀疏脉冲反演结果进行了对比分析,结果表明:常规约束稀疏脉冲波阻抗反演只能识别大套砂体,无法识别薄互层小砂体,而基于储层参数地质统计分析和随机模拟技术的地质统计学反演方法充分发挥了测井数据的垂向高分辨率和地震数据的横向高分辨率优势,可实现砂泥岩薄互层储层砂体分布的精细描述,变差函分析及马尔科夫链-蒙特卡罗随机模拟技术对于厚度在5m以下的小砂体也能较清晰地刻画。     

基于ASTERSWIR-TIR多光谱数据的西准噶尔花岗岩类岩性信息提取与识别——以克拉玛依岩体为例

花岗岩类的遥感岩性提取与识别研究一直是遥感岩石学领域的热点之一.位于中国新疆北部的西准噶尔地区有许多花岗岩体产出,其岩性信息对于西准噶尔的地质研究十分重要.本文通过对西准噶尔克拉玛依花岗岩体岩石样品及光谱库中相关矿物的可见光-近红外及短波红外(VNIR-SWIR)与热红外(TIR)的光谱测试与特性分析,采用ASTER SWIR-TIR比值13/12(R),4/6(G),(12×12)/(11×13) (B)假彩色合成技术识别与提取出研究区碱长花岗岩、花岗岩、花岗闪长岩与二长花岗岩四种花岗岩类,证明ASTER SWIR-TIR多光谱数据,尤其是TIR数据,对花岗岩类岩性识别的能力.此外,根据遥感影像中岩性、构造特征的解译与区域内包古图斑岩型铜钼矿的成矿斑岩岩体比较,推断出位于克拉玛依Ⅱ号岩体以及Ⅰ号与Ⅲ号岩体交汇部位东侧的部分区域仍可能具有一定的成矿潜力.     

“四深”微生物的地质作用：从气候环境变化到生态灾难

“四深”微生物是指深海、深地、深空和深时环境的微生物,特别是细菌、古菌、真菌、病毒等。人们对“四深”微生物的了解非常有限,是亟待突破的地球生物学前沿领域。“四深”微生物的研究对理解地球生命起源、界定生物圈的边界条件、促进地球科学与生命科学以及行星科学之间的交叉融合具有不可替代性的贡献。随着我国深海、深空、深地等重大工程计划的推进,一系列与“四深”微生物有关的前沿科学问题不断提出,包括地质微生物与气候环境的相互作用、地质微生物的生物安全与生态安全、地质微生物参与的隐匿地质过程等。特别是,“四深”环境活性氧自由基对微生物的影响、地质病毒对生物演化和地质过程的影响等前沿领域都亟待突破。活性氧自由基能对生物分子、细胞、组织和器官,乃至整个生物圈的演化以及微生物地质作用都产生重要影响。病毒引发了现代和近代诸多全球性疫情爆发,地质病毒则可能对生物的背景灭绝和大灭绝以及一些地质过程产生影响。     

我国过去50a来降水变化趋势及其对水资源的影响(Ⅱ):月系列

应用全国范围内的678个气象站1951-1998年长系列逐月降水资料, 用线性回归方法研究降水量的变化趋势, 同时结合长江、黄河和松花江主要控制水文站同期的径流资料, 研究径流对气候变化的响应. 结果表明: 降水的年内变化表现出较大的区域特性, 最显著的变化特点是秋冬季 (8～12月) 东部地区降水量普遍减少, 1～3月江南地区降水有增加趋势. 气候的上述变化趋势对我国干旱的西北地区有利, 该区河流径流量有明显增加; 另一方面, 夏季降水的增加可能会导致洪水事件的濒发, 与此同时, 降水量的年内不均匀变化, 特别是在 8～12月长时间的降水减少趋势, 导致枯水期径流的减少, 从而加剧秋冬季水资源的供需矛盾. 长江、黄河和松花江主要控制水文站6个站1～4月径流基本上表现为增加趋势, 而6～12月大多表现为减少趋势, 只有黄河上游唐乃亥站6月, 长江下游大通站7月和松花江哈尔滨站8月径流为增加; 另外, 气候变暖使发源于青藏高原的长江(宜昌站3、 4月)和黄河上游(唐乃亥站4～6月)的春季的融雪过程提前, 融雪期径流增加.     

关于沉积学发展的思考

笔者对地质学领域中一些学科近10多年以来的突破性进展做了扼要的评述,以及对沉积学发展中一些重要事件做了简短的回顾之后,提出了在当前高新科技时代有关研究工作的一些看法。认为在沉积学的研究中,必须采用高新技术,与其它学科同步进入高科技时代;要更新传统的观念;研究中注意学科渗透交叉,发展新的学科分支;注意全球变化的研究;研究工作要更加密切结合经济发展的需要。     

Development of a late Viséan (Mississippian) mixed carbonate/siliciclastic platform in the Guadalmellato Valley (southwestern Spain)

The Peñas Rubias Syncline (southwestern Spain) exposes a well-preserved shallow-water platform succession containing a spectrum of facies corresponding to inner platform intertidal to supratidal environments, across to deeper-water middle to outer platform environments. Nineteen microfacies are recognized, which are grouped into seven facies association corresponding to: siliciclastic deltaic bars, mixed carbonate/siliciclastic shoals, carbonate mud mound boundstones, background platform carbonates, background platform siliciclastics, mixed tempestites and deep-water siliciclastic shales and sandstones. The age of the succession was determined mainly by foraminiferans and calcareous algae, which permit the succession to be assigned to the late Brigantian (latest Viséan). This upper Brigantian platform is the only record of sedimentation of this age in the region, and thus is key for interpreting the sedimentary and tectonic evolution of the Carboniferous rocks in Sierra Morena. Biotic and sedimentological features were analyzed in order to assess the controls on the sedimentation. Several factors have influenced sedimentological changes: turbidity, subsidence, siliciclastic discharges, storms and bioturbation. The siliciclastic discharges exerted a considerable control on the basal deposits, mostly in their percentage of quartz sand grains and as microconglomerates. However, they did not develop as large deltaic deposits, and their influence can be considered as virtually negligible in regards to the remaining part of the succession. Turbidity, as a result of higher percentage of silt and mud in suspension, seems to be the main factor controlling the change between the older intertidal deposits in the inner platform to the younger subtidal deposits of the middle and outer platform. As a result of the increase of the mud and silt in suspension, facies changed first to marlstones and nodular argillaceous limestones, and second, to predominantly calcimicrobial boundstones and shales in the uppermost part of the carbonate succession, as well as showing a marked change from photic-controlled benthic faunal and microfloral assemblages to assemblages more tolerant or better adapted to muddier dysphotic substrates. Bioturbation is also interpreted as one of the main controls influencing the different type of boundstones in the middle platform, permitting the vertical growth of dome-shaped mud-mounds or as sheet-like deposits. Storm influences seem to have exerted some control on the positive relief of the dome-shaped boundstones, which are usually capped by tempestites. The differential subsidence observed in the northwestern sector of the platform allowed the accumulation of many stacked dome-shaped mounds, a feature not recognized in southeastern parts. The general stratigraphical sequence seems to be controlled by eustasy and synsedimentary tectonics. The overall succession exhibits a pronounced deepening-upwards transgressive sequence from siliciclastic delta bars, mixed shoals, carbonates and shales of the middle platform with the growth of calcimicrobial boundstones and dark green shales, passing up into black shales at the top of the sequence, in the outer platform and, possibly, submarine slope settings. Although this transgressive sequence is in harmony with the 3rd-order glacioeustatic cycle defined for the late Brigantian in the western Palaeotethys, all these Brigantian rocks accumulated in a synsedimentary extensional regime, which is related to the initiation of a sinistral strike–slip regime, previously recognized as affecting only Serpukhovian and younger rocks in Sierra Morena. These synsedimentary faults allow us to recognize significant lateral variations in thickness over short distances.     

农田水盐调控现实与面临问题

农田土壤盐碱化是农业可持续发展的主要威胁之一,为创建适应现代生态农业发展的农田水盐调控方法,在总结农田盐分来源及其累积动力特征的基础上,从土壤盐分影响土壤供养能力和作物生产能力两大方面,分析土壤盐分对土壤-作物系统功能的影响途径,明确农田水盐高效调控方向。根据不同时代的治盐理念,将水盐调控发展历程分成4个阶段,以抑制盐碱胁迫对土壤和作物的危害为切入点,解析水利措施、化学措施、生物措施和农艺措施的作用特点和调控目标及适用范围。根据现代农业绿色发展与提质增效需求,凝练盐碱胁迫农田控害增效水盐调控理念,提出水盐调控策略,即调控根际水盐传输动力特征,重构农田水盐分布空间格局,提升农业改土促生措施功效;指出农田控害增效水盐调控急需解决的关键技术,总结了创新水盐调控理论有待深入研究的基础科学问题,以期为盐碱胁迫农田绿色、高效和可持续利用提供指导。     

南疆近60 a来冰雹灾害时空变化特征分析

冰雹是新疆主要灾害性天气之一, 利用新疆南疆各地州1949-2008年发生的冰雹频次及其造成的受灾农田面积、 经济损失、 死亡牲畜等资料, 分析了南疆冰雹频次时空变化特征及各县市雹灾灾情.结果表明: 南疆冰雹发生频次近60 a间呈明显上升趋势, 1950年代至1980年代中期发生频次较低, 1986年开始发生频次显著上升, 至1991年达最高值, 由1996年起又减少到2003年谷底.冰雹发生主要集中在3-10月, 其中6月频次最多, 年均3.6次, 其次5月为3.1次. 巴州、 阿克苏、 喀什和克州以春末到夏季型降雹为主, 和田以春季型降雹为主.冰雹一天之内多发生在白天到傍晚时段, 持续时间多为1~20min. 南疆冰雹空间分布上西北部多于东南部, 山脉的背风坡多于迎风坡, 山间盆地多于开阔平原.对各地州而言, 阿克苏冰雹发生频次最多, 属于严重雹灾区; 喀什和巴州次于阿克苏, 属于重雹灾区; 克州与和田冰雹发生频次较少, 属于中雹灾区. 冰雹受灾农田面积和经济损失随着工农业生产总值的增长而增加, 而且增长速度比经济增长速度快. 建议加大防雹投入力度, 建立人工防雹系统, 以减少雹灾损失, 遏制工农业发达地区雹灾损失严重和随着国民经济的增长雹灾损失增加的现象.     

西北气候环境转型信号在新疆河川径流变化中的反映

对新疆不同区域、不同补给类型的26条河流年平均径流量变化趋势分析研究,结果显示:大多数河流年径流量从1987年起出现增加趋势,天山山区增加尤其明显,其它地区有不同程度的增加,昆仑山北坡略微有减少.从径流变化来分析,天山山区的气候变化已出现由暖干向暖湿转型的信号,其它地区也正处在转型过程中.     

Rice research for food security and sustainable agricultural development in Asia: Achievements and future challenges

Rice is the major staple food of Asia, and an important source of employment and income in rural areas, particularly in low-income countries. Research has contributed significantly in achieving food security by increasing the yield potential of rice in irrigated systems, reducing the crop maturity period and achieving yield stability by developing resistance against major insects and diseases in the modern high-yielding varieties. Poverty is, however, still extensive in fragile rainfed rice ecosystems where rice yield has remained low, as scientists have yet to develop high-yielding varieties resistant to abiotic stresses and problem soils. Rice production needs to be increased by another 70% over the next 30 years to meet growing food needs. This has to be achieved with less land, less water, and less labor to accommodate the demand for these inputs from the expanding nonagricultural sectors. The challenge to the rice research community is to make further shifts in yield potential of rice for the irrigated systems, to close the yield gaps in the rainfed systems through developing resistance of high yielding varieties to abiotic stresses, and greater understanding of the interactions between genotypes and environment, developing durable resistance against pests and diseases to reduce farmers' dependence on harmful agrochemicals, and to increase efficiency in the use of water, labor and fertilizers. As further intensification of rice cultivation is inevitable, scientists must understand the negative environmental side-effects of increasing rice productivity, to develop appropriate mitigation options.     

2013年青海北部春季旱涝急转的特征及其成因分析

利用1961-2013年3-5月的逐日降水、气温和高度环流场资料, 计算了月季降水、气温序列、气象干旱指数序列、高原地面加热场强度指数序列, 研究了春季旱涝急转的主要特征及其规律, 解释了2013年青海省春季降水前期偏少、后期偏多和旱涝急转的成因. 结果表明: 2013年3月1日-4月27日青海大部分地区降水偏少、气温偏高, 出现了大范围不同程度的气象干旱, 海北大部分地区出现50 a一遇的特大气象干旱, 西宁大部分地区出现25 a一遇的严重气象干旱; 4月28日-5月20日青海大部分地区降水偏多, 气温偏高幅度开始逐步减小, 前期的干旱得到缓解, 并出现了大范围不同程度的渍涝, 旱涝急转的台站达21个. 通过对比分析发现, 若极涡面积偏小、中亚和西亚低压槽维持时间长、冷空气主要在欧洲东部和亚洲西部地区堆积、进入中国的冷空气路径偏西、高原位势高度场偏低、东亚槽位置偏东、西太平洋副热带高压北界位置偏北时, 青海降水偏多, 容易出现渍涝. 在相反的环流形势下, 青海降水偏少, 容易发生干旱. 4月干旱和5月渍涝处在青海高原降水长期变化的大气候背景之下, 前期1-3月青藏高原地面加热场强度偏强、春夏季过渡时间提前也有助于青海5月异常降水的形成.     

The Effect of finite strain and deformation history of HALABAN area,eastern Arabian shield,Saudi Arabia

The present study aims to evaluate a relationship between the mineralogy and structural analysis in the Halaban area and to document the tectonic evolution of Halaban and Al Amar faults. The collected samples were taken from deformed granitiods rocks (such as granite, gneisses and tonalite), metasedimentary, metavolcanic, metagabbro and carbonate rocks are trend to NE-SW with low dip angle in the Halaban area. These samples were 8 from granite, 14 metagabbro, 6 metavolcanics, 5 tonalite, 6 metasedimentary, 10 gneisses and 8 carbonate rocks. Our results are described for the different axial ratios of deformed rocks as the following: XZ sections range from 1.10 to 4.60 in the Fry method and range from 1.70 to 2.71 in the Rf/? method. YZ sections range from 1.10 to 3.34 in the Fry method and range from 1.62 to 2.63 in the Rf/Phi method. In addition, XY sections range from 1 to 3.51 in the Fry method and range from 1 to 1.27 in the Rf/? method for deformed granite rocks, metasedimentry rocks, and metagabbro. The stretch axes for measured samples in the X direction axes (S_X) variety from 1.06 to 2.53 in the Fry method and vary from 1.20 to 1.45 in the Rf/? method. The values of the Y direction axes (S_Y) vary from 0.72 to 1.43 in the Fry method, which indicates contraction and extension in this direction and vary from 1.13 to 1.37 in the Rf/? method which indicates extension in this direction. Furthermore, the Z direction axes (SZ) varies from 0.09 to 0.89 in the Fry method and from 0.52 to 0.71 in the Rf/? method. The stretches axes in the Z direction (SZ) show a vertical shortening about 11% to 91% in the Fry method and show vertical shortening about 29% to 48% in the Rf/? method. The studied rock units are generally affected by brittle-ductile shear zones, which are sub-parallel to parallel NW or NNW trend. It assumed that different rock types of have similar deformation behavior. Based on these results, it is concluded that the finite strain is accumulated during the metamorphism after that was started the deformation by thrusting activity. The contacts between the different rock types were deformed during thrusting under semi-brittle to ductile deformation conditions by simple shear. A component of vertical shortening is also involved causing subhorizontal foliation in the Halaban area.