Physical modeling of long-range infrasonic propagation in the atmosphere

The results of experiments on the physical modeling of long-range infrasonic propagation in the atmosphere are given. Such modeling is based on the possible coincidence between the forms of the vertical profiles of the effective sound speed stratification in the atmospheric boundary layer (between 0 and 600 m for the case under consideration) and in the atmosphere as a whole (from the land surface up to thermospheric heights (about 150 km)). The source of acoustic pulses was an oscillator of detonation type. Owing to the detonation of a gas mixture of air (or oxygen) and propane, this generator was capable of producing short, powerful (the maximum acoustic pressure was on the order of 30 to 60 Pa at a distance of 50 to 100 m from the oscillator), and sufficiently stable acoustic pulses with a spectral maximum at frequencies of 40 to 60 Hz and a pulsing period of 20 to 30 s. The sites of acoustic-signal recording were located at different distances (up to 6.5 km) from the source and in different azimuthal directions. The temperature and wind stratifications were monitored in real time during the experiments with an acoustic locator—a sodar—and a temperature profiler. The data on the physical modeling of long-range sound propagation in the atmosphere are analyzed to verify the physical and mathematical models of predicting acoustic fields in the inhomogeneous moving atmosphere on the basis of the parabolic equation and the method of normal waves. A satisfactory agreement between calculated and experimental data is obtained. One more task was to compare the theoretical relations between variations in the azimuths and angles of tilting of sound rays about the horizon and the parameters of anisotropic turbulence in the lower troposphere and stratosphere with the experimental data. A theoretical interpretation of the experimental results is proposed on the basis of the theory of anisotropic turbulence in the atmosphere. The theoretical and experimental results are compared, and a satisfactory agreement between these results is noted.     

A study on siltation in access channel to a port

This paper presents a study of the siltation process in an access channel to a port through analysis of environmental data, viz. waves, tidal currents, sediment characteristics, silt concentration and siltation at site. A rational methodology has been presented to co-relate environmental data and siltation quantity, judiciously applying the various theories available to wave propagation, littoral current, sediment transport and its trapping. The efficacy of the method is then tested to simulate the observed siltation in different phases of its development in terms of widening and deepening of the channel. It is observed that estimation of the representative environmental parameters is very important as the data collected over a long period show wide variation since sediment transport formulae available are very sensitive to these parameters. An attempt has been made in this paper to understand the mechanism of siltation in the approach channel to the port.     

海洋混合层结构对表面声道中声传播特性的影响分析

利用WOA05气候态数据集和北黄海调查数据,应用BELLHOP高斯束射线模型分析了我国近海及西太平洋典型海区的混合层结构对表面声道中声传播特性的影响,结果表明:我国近海的混合层结构有显著的区域性和季节性变化;深海中主要表现为混合层深度变化,这种变化直接影响表面声道的空间分布,声波在混合层中的表面声道中传播与在混合层外的影区中传播产生的能量场差异较大;浅海中混合层深度与声速梯度的空间变化都很明显,声速梯度的增大和混合层的加深都能使更多声线以反转的形式传播,使表面声道声场增强。两组海上实验数据表明,在真实海洋中混合层可在短时间内出现生消变化或在局部海域出现非均匀分布。在浅海温跃层环境下,海-气边界特定的物理过程能够使混合层发生间歇性的变化,当表面声道出现时近表层声场明显增强。     

A time series analysis of sound propagation in a strongly multipathshallow water environment with an adiabatic normal mode approach

Measured time series were generated by small omnidirectional explosive sources in a shallow water area. A bottom-mounted hydrophone recorded sound signals that propagated over a sloping bottom. The time series in the 250-500 Hz band were analyzed with a broad-band adiabatic normal mode approach. The measured waveforms contain numerous bottom interacting multipaths that are complicated by the subbottom structure that contains high-velocity layers near the water-sediment interface. Several of the details of the geoacoustic structure and the depth of the water column at the receiver are inferred from comparisons of the measured data to simulated time series. The sensitivity of broad-band matched-field ambiguity surfaces in the range-depth plane for a single receiver to selected waveguide parameters is examined. A consistent analysis is made where the simulated time series are compared to the measured time series along with the single-receiver matched-field localization solutions for ranges out to 5 km. In this range interval, it was found that the peak cross-correlation between the measured and simulated time series varied between 0.84 and 0.69. The difference between the GPS range and the range obtained from the matched-field solution varied from 0 to 63 m. The geoacoustic structure obtained in the analysis consists of an 8-m low-velocity sediment layer over an 8-m high-velocity layer followed by a higher velocity, infinite half-space     

Effects of Korean littoral environment on acoustic propagation

Environmental acoustics experiments were recently conducted in shallow to intermediate water depths in the Sea of Japan, east of Korea, along the shelf and slope, covering frequencies from 25 to 800 Hz. These were operational experiments carried out in three different seasons. The primary objectives of the data reported here are: (1) to characterize the Korean coastal environment during May 1998, September 1998, and February 1999 and (2) to assess how complexities of the environment might impact acoustic propagation in May and February, as measured by its transmission loss. Propagation data were obtained from broadband explosive SUS sources and sonobuoy receivers. The tests were conducted over varying bottom depths and slopes, both approximately normal and parallel to the bathymetric contours. Two different source depths were included. Environmental and acoustic data are reviewed and discussed. While many aspects of the observed propagation remain ill understood, on the whole a consistent and useful picture has emerged of acoustic propagation in this region. Environmental impacts on propagation are associated mainly with bottom properties, somewhat less so with source depth in relationship to sound speed profiles, and almost not at all with range-dependent profiles of a water mass front     

Dynamic full-wave modeling of storm microseism propagation in an oceanic environment

The full-wave modeling of storm seismoacoustic field propagation in oceanic waveguides and at the ocean-continent border in the low-frequency range from 0.01 to 1 Hz using the numerical grid method is considered. The 2D model proposed by Press and Ewing for planar waveguides above the homogeneous elastic halfspace was chosen as a basis. The influence of a layer of deposits and features of the crust of the oceanic- and continent-type was taken into account in the more complex model. The effects of the carrier frequency, orientation of directivity diagram of the signal source, and steepness of the continental slope were investigated. A system of the second-order linear partial differential equations of hyperbolic type was solved in the process of modeling. The inertia properties and attenuation in the medium were taken into consideration. Fast-operating locally recursive nonlocally asynchronous parallel algorithms were used in the modeling, which were developed at the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics of the Russian Academy of Sciences for modeling of plasma processes. At present, these algorithms are adapted for modeling of geophysical fields. A computing system consisting of two computers based on eight-core processors is used for computations. As a result, instantaneous pictures of microseism field propagation were constructed at the specified cross sections of the medium at sequential time moments, and the microseism’s frequency spectra and synthetic seismograms were obtained for some characteristic points of aqueous medium, bottom sediment, and land. The considered algorithms of full-wave numerical modeling and the computing system can be easily adapted to the 3D variant of anisotropic and inhomogeneous media specified by analytical expressions.     

西北太平洋水声环境区划及声传播特征

基于2006年Argo资料,计算两北太平洋海域0-1 500 m声速剖面.针对声速结构分类中分类数目难以客观选取和分类结果易陷入局部最优等问题,采用聚类中心动态调整的遗传编码方案和操作算子,充分利用模糊聚类与遗传算法的优势,运用改进的遗传聚类算法对西北太平洋声速剖面进行分类区划基于声场环境区划结果,运用Kraken简正波传播模型(Kraken Normal Wave Propagation Model)模拟典型声速结构的声传播损失场,借助表征声呐效能的优质因数(FO)M),分析典型声速结构的传播损失特征及其对声呐探测、水下潜器等活动的影响     

Simulating the influence of an atmospheric fine inhomogeneous structure on long-range propagation of pulsed acoustic signals

The results of simulating the influence of an atmospheric fine structure on the characteristics of acoustic signals propagating throughout the atmosphere for long distances from their sources are presented. A numerical model of an atmospheric fine inhomogeneous structure within the height range z = 20…120 km is proposed to perform calculations. This model and its numerical parameters are based on the current notions of the formation of an atmospheric fine structure due to internal gravity waves. The numerical calculations were performed using the parabolic-equation method. A spatial structure of the acoustic field and the structure of an acoustic signal at long distances from a pulsed source were calculated. It is shown that the presence of an atmospheric fine structure results in a scattering of acoustic signals and their recording in the geometric shadow region. The results of calculations of signal forms are in a satisfactory agreement with data on signals recorded in the geometric shadow region which is formed at a distance of about 300 km from an experimental explosion.     

近海环境资源价值评估探讨

中国海岸线漫长,海洋资源丰富。近20年来,沿海地区经济的腾飞令人瞩目,但与此同时也付出了环境污染和资源破坏的代价。     

Effects of East China Sea shallow-water environment on acoustic propagation

Operational environmental acoustics experiments were conducted over the frequency range of 25 to 800 Hz in September 1997 in the East China Sea, where the water depth was about 100 m. Objectives of the data analysis reported here are to characterize this environment and to assess its complexities as they may impact acoustic propagation as measured by its transmission loss (TL). Conductivity-temperature-depths and expendable bathy-thermographs sampled the ocean, such that its spatial and temporal variability could be approximately separated. The sound-speed profiles are downward refracting, involve two water masses associated with the Kuroshio Current and Taiwan Warm Current, and have thermocline variations caused by internal tides. The bottom geoacoustic characteristics, presumed to be approximately horizontally isotropic, were based on data atlases and were estimated from the measured TL, for some interpretations. The TL data were obtained in octave bands from explosive signal underwater sound sources and sonobuoy receivers, both deployed at a depth of about 18 m. Tests were conducted in directions approximately normal and parallel to the bathymetric contours and the measured TL was, to zero order, independent of the direction of propagation. To higher order, directional differences in the TL were observed and ascribed to anisotropies in bottom properties. A state-of-the-art TL model was adopted, based on environmental idealizations typical of operational forecasting and compared with the measured TL. The comparison yields a probability density function that quantifies the uncertainty of such a TL model, caused by the stochastic variability of the environment, typically unknown a priori. For the model used, the pdf has a standard deviation of about 2 dB from 50 to 800 Hz and larger below 50 Hz.     

珠江“伶仃洋河口湾-虎门-潮汐通道”的潮波传播特征*

珠江“伶仃洋河口湾-虎门-潮汐通道”是珠江河口“网-湾”系统中的特殊地貌结构, 属潮优型河口, 潮波传播受河口湾地形辐聚效应、口门转换效应、潮汐通道辐散效应和底床摩擦等显著影响, 其时空变化复杂。本文根据珠江“伶仃洋河口湾-虎门-潮汐通道”的代表潮位站(赤湾、泗盛围和黄埔)1990—2016年逐日高、低潮位资料, 采用经典调和分析方法提取出主要天文分潮的调和常数, 通过计算获得了分潮振幅梯度及传播速度, 并在此基础上分析了伶仃洋河口湾(赤湾-泗盛围)、潮汐通道(泗盛围-黄埔)和总程(赤湾-泗盛围-黄埔)的潮波传播时空特征。结果表明: 全日分潮的振幅梯度和传播速度年均变化率均比半日分潮大, 其中K₁和O₁分潮的振幅梯度平均每年分别增加9%和18%, 传播速度每年均增加1.4%; M₂和S₂分潮的振幅梯度平均每年分别增加3%和6%, 传播速度每年均增加1%。人类活动导致地形异变, 进而驱动潮波亦发生突变, 伶仃洋河口湾和潮汐通道的M₂分潮传播速度突变年份不同, 分别为2009年和2000年。潮波传播速度突变后, 伶仃洋河口湾、潮汐通道两区段的传播速度和振幅梯度的关系也发生了变化。     

南海西部中尺度暖涡环境下汇聚区声传播效应分析

应用高斯束射线模型对南海西部中尺度暖涡环境下的汇聚区声传播效应进行了分析.结果表明,暖涡引起的声速场环境变化和海底地形变化的双重效应使汇聚区声道出现了复杂的变异.当水深大于临界深度时,涡引起的环境变化起主要作用.对于暖涡结构,涡中心产生的汇聚区距离最远;声波从涡中心向外侧传播时,汇聚区距离逐渐变小;声波从涡外侧向中心传播时,汇聚区距离逐渐变大.当水深小于临界深度时,海底地形变化起主要作用,地形变浅使汇聚区声道出现"截断效应",声道中的能量迅速衰减.在暖涡西侧,声速场的水平非均匀性与陆坡式的地形对声传播起着相反的效应.与声速结构不随距离变化的情况相比,暖涡环境使陆坡地形临界深度附近的汇聚区声道结构发生了明显的变异.     

A modeling study of acoustic propagation through movingshallow-water solitary wave packets

Propagation of 400-Hz sound through continental-shelf internal solitary wave packets is shown by numerical simulation to be strongly influenced by coupling of normal modes. Coupling in a packet is controlled by the mode coefficients at the point where sound enters the packet, the dimensions of the waves and packet, and the ambient depth structures of temperature and salinity. In the case of a moving packet, changes of phases of the incident modes with respect to each other dominate over the other factors, altering the coupling over time and thus inducing signal fluctuations. The phasing within a moving packet varies with time scales of minutes, causing coupling and signal fluctuations with comparable time scales. The directionality of energy flux between high-order acoustic modes and (less attenuated) low-order modes determines a gain factor for long-range propagation. A significant finding is that energy flux toward low-order modes through the effect of a packet near a source favoring high-order modes will give net amplification at distant ranges. Conversely, a packet far from a source sends energy into otherwise quiet higher modes. The intermittency of the coupling and of high-mode attenuation via bottom interaction means that signal energy fluctuations and modal diversity fluctuations at a distant receiver are complementary, with energy fluctuations suggesting a source-region packet and mode fluctuations suggesting a receiver-region packet. Simulations entailing 33-km propagation are used in the analyses, imitating the SWARM experiment geometry, allowing comparison with observations     

A case study of internal solitary wave propagation during ASIAEX 2001

During the recent Asian Seas International Acoustics Experiment (ASIAEX), extensive current meter moorings were deployed around the continental shelf-break area in the northeastern South China Sea. Thirteen RADARSAT SAR images were collected during the field test to integrate with the in situ measurements from the moorings, ship-board sensors, and conductivity/temperatire/depth (CTD) casts. Besides providing a synoptic view of the entire region, satellite imagery is very useful for tracking the internal waves, locating surface fronts, and identifying mesoscale features. During ASIAEX in May 2001, many large internal waves were observed at the test area and were the major oceanic features studied for acoustic volume interaction. Based on the internal wave distribution maps compiled from satellite data, the wave crests can be as long as 200 km with an amplitude of 100 m. Environmental parameters have been calculated based on extensive CTD casts data near the ASIAEX area. Nonlinear internal wave models have been applied to integrate and assimilate both synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and mooring data. Using SAR data in deep water as an initial condition, numerical simulations produced the wave evolution on the continental shelf and compared reasonably well with the mooring measurements at the downstream station. The shoaling, turning, and dissipation of large internal waves at the shelf break have been studied and are very important issues for acoustic propagation.     

Numerical study of propagation of ship waves on a sloping coast

The aim of this paper is to investigate the propagation of ship waves on a sloping coast on the basis of results simulated by a 2D model. The governing equations used for the present model are the improved Boussinesq-type equations. The wave breaking process is parameterized by adding a dissipation term to the depth-integrated momentum equation. To give the boundary conditions at the ship location, the slender-ship approximation is used. It was verified that, although ship waves are essentially transient, the Snell's law can be applied to predict crest orientation of the wake system on a sloping coast. Based on simulated results, an applicable empirical formula to predict the maximum wave height on the slope is introduced. The maximum wave height estimated by the proposed method agrees well with numerical simulation results.     

广西防城港湾水环境质量现状与石油烃环境容量的初步研究

环境容量是评估海域污染物最高容纳量的一个重要指标,污染物排放量控制指标的合理性取决于项目所在海域的环境容量的正确估算。本文首先根据近年来对防城港湾海水环境质量的现场调查资料,采用单因子指数法对防城港湾的水环境质量现状进行评价和分析,然后,通过模型和模拟对城港湾的水交换周期进行了计算,最后选取水质评价中出现超标的石油烃作为分析因子,采用改进的标准浓度法估算了防城港湾石油烃的环境容量。结果表明,防城港湾的水环境质量状况良好,石油烃环境容量在一、三、四类水质标准下分别为2023t/a、51334t/a、92896t/a。     

A numerical study of the generation and propagation of internal solitary waves in the Luzon Strait

A new composite model, which consists of a generation model of the internal tides and a regularized long wave propagation model, is presented to study the generation and evolution of internal solitary waves in the sill strait. Internal bores in the sill strait are first simulated by the generation model, and then the internal tidal field outside of the sill region is given as input for the propagation model. Numerical experiments are carried out to study the imposing tide, depth profile, channel width and shoaling effect, etc., on the generation and evolution of internal solitary waves. It is shown that only when the amplitude of internal tide at the forcing boundary of the propagation model is large enough that a train of internal solitary waves would be induced. The amplitude of the imposing tide in the generation model, shoaling effect, asymmetry of the depth profile and channel width have some effects on the amplitude of the induced internal solitary wave. The imposing tidal flow superimposed on a constant mean background flow has a great damping effect on the induced internal waves, especially on those propagate against the background flow direction. The generation and propagation of internal solitary waves in three possible straits among the Luzon Strait are simulated, and the reasons for the asymmetry of their propagation are also explained.     

Modeling and experimental research of turbulent jet propagation in the stratified environment of coastal water areas

The results of model calculations and experimental research of turbulent jet propagation in a stratified environment with reference to the Sand Island wastewater outfall (Hawaii) are considered. The jet’s emergence and initial dilution were estimated on the basis of model calculations and experimental data of the stratified environment characteristics in 2003–2004. The reason for the appearance of the bidirectional quasi-isopycnic structure in the waste and ocean water mixing area was clarified, and an analysis of the TS index was carried out. The jet’s features as calculated from the model and obtained from measurements with hydrophysical and hydrooptical instrumentation were found to closely correspond. The effects of the tides and hydrophysical conditions on the waste water’s turbulent jet characteristics (the jet’s floating-up depth level) have been revealed. The outcomes of the study corroborate the efficiency of the model as a tool for research of deep outfall turbulent jet propagation in the stratified environment of coastal water areas.     

台湾海峡强震活动及其动力环境

本文根据１９９４年９月１６日台湾海峡７．３级强震序列的空间活动图象变化特征，结合历史地震资料，比较分析了台湾海峡区域史今地震活动的总体演变过程，表明该区强震发生与周边地区的台湾，日本及菲律宾大地地震，在时间进程，强度变化和地域分布关系上存在关地球物理场变化的影响。