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2012年7月间,在北极地区布设了3个测区,共有33个地磁测点.在这些测点上,测量了地磁总强度,获得了宝贵的北极地区地磁数据.测量数据显示,地磁总强度最高为54978.1 nT,最低为54515.8 nT;所有测点地磁总强度的平均值为54750 nT.与第11代国际地磁参考场(IGRF-11)定量比较的结果表明,北极地区地磁总强度的测量值与IGRF-11相应计算值比较接近,但有差异;它们之间的差值△F,北极地区1号测区△F=-185.2 nT,其差异大;2号测区△F=-58.7 nT;3号测区△F=9.4nT,其差异小.北极地区地磁总强度与IGRF-11的差异是由IGRF-11的局限性、地磁局部异常与地磁观测误差等因素引起的. 相似文献
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根据1998~2000年完成的118个地磁测点 和39个地磁台的三分量绝对测量资料以及IGRF2000,计算2000年中国地磁场冠谐模型(截断 阶数为8),以及2000~2005年中国地磁长期变化冠谐模型(截断阶数为6). 球冠极位于36 °N,104°E,球冠半角为30°. 中国地磁场冠谐模型能更好地表示我国地磁场的时空变化 ,地磁场模型的均方偏差为:104.4 nT(X分量),103.3 nT(Y分量),123.9 nT(Z分量). 依据地磁场及其长期变化的冠谐模型,分别绘制2000年中国地磁图(F,X,Y,Z)和异常磁场图(ΔF,ΔX,ΔY,ΔZ),以及2000~2005年地磁长期变化图(F,X,Y,Z). 指出改善地磁场模型边界效应 的途径,并对如何布设地磁复测点提出了建议. 相似文献
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2002年在京津冀地区进行了45个测点的地磁三分量测量,对测量资料进行通化处理,通化时间为2002年5月5日16~18时(世界时). 通化后的观测均方差分别优于1.5nT(地磁场总强度F),0.5′(磁偏角D和磁倾角I). 将国际参考地磁场(IGRF2000)作为地磁正常场,建立了京津冀地区地磁异常场的球冠谐模型(BTHASCH). 球冠极的空间位置坐标为39.5°N和117.0°E,球冠半角为4°. 在模型计算过程中,球冠谐函数的截断阶数分别取为1~10. 经综合比较, 最终采用的截断阶数为5. 建立了京津冀地区参考地磁场的球冠谐模型(BTHGRF).根据模型,绘制了京津冀地区地磁异常场图(ΔX、ΔY、ΔZ、ΔF、ΔD、ΔI)和京津冀地区地磁图(X、Y、Z、F、D、I). 相似文献
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1993年8─11月,在马起乏与新测点上进行了较长时间的地磁场对比观测,获得了大量准确可靠的地磁资料。应用通化处理法、同步差值法、日变特征量比较法、快速谱分析法(FFT)、幅比与位相差值法,分析研究了地磁对比观测资料。结果表明,在相同时间段内,各测点地磁变化形态相当一致,两个测点之间的同步差值平稳。由各测点地磁场总强度日变化的定量分析比较得出,其日变化是相当一致的。快速谱分析显示,在相同时间段内,各测点的幅度随周期的变化形态十分相似,总体上看,FFT幅度随周期的减小呈下降趋势;从FFT幅度A,位相以及快谱幅比A_i/A与位相差的定量比较结果上看,各测点的FFT有着良好的一致性。此外,还得到了新老测点之间的地磁数据的接点差。 相似文献
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地磁场磁力线切割海水和电磁感应两种方式的共同作用影响着海水介质中变化地磁场的时空特征.虽然近些年的野外实践、数值模拟和理论研究都表明,海面和深海海底的变化磁场存在差异,但极少有实测数据揭示在海水介质不同深度位置地磁场的时空特征.本文主要介绍在南海西南次海盆4366 m深度处布放和回收了一个4000 m长深海地磁观测潜标的科学实验;重点分析垂直方向不同水深位置上地磁场观测记录中总强度的变化幅度及相位的时空特征.并通过建立地磁场太阳静日变化模型,将观测结果与南海周缘的三个地磁台站观测记录进行对比分析.研究结果表明,地磁场总强度在深海水体的不同深度存在着显著差别.在地磁扰动较小或平静期间,深海潜标处的日变形态与同纬度邻近台站的观测结果较为一致;而在地磁扰动期间,由于所处位置处地下电性介质的差异会对感应磁场产生不同的影响,观测到的总强度在幅度和相位变化中也出现相应的不同.本文的分析结果不仅为海水介质不同深度地磁场时空特征的研究提供了科学实验依据,也为海洋磁测中地磁日变观测站的布设提供建议. 相似文献
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对琼中地磁台台址及邻域10年来磁场监测资料进行分析,查明:a、台址位于海南岛区域磁场背景值变化转折处附近的弱磁性异常区中;b、台址磁场均匀,台址周围5km范围内磁场各要素的差值ΔF<80~(nT)、ΔH<70~(nT)、ΔZ<-200~(nT);c、全岛21个测点的实测平均值减去本台观测值得ΔD=0′.0、ΔF=-120~(nT)、ΔH=-42~(nT)、Δ=-144~(nT);d、距台站100m以外的其他人为铁磁性干扰源对本台的观测值不明显。由此说明本台的地磁观测资料能真实反映当地磁场特征及其变化。本台可作观测海南岛区域磁场变化的窗口。 相似文献
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分析距离九寨沟MS7.0地震震中分别为65 km、254 km和238 km的松潘地磁台、成都地磁台和天水地磁台2017年连续观测结果,发现九寨沟地震前,松潘地磁台出现异常变化,主要表现为2017年5月开始,松潘地磁台长时间垂直分量累积变化量达40 nT。短时间内也存在地磁场突变,最高可达10 nT,而成都地磁台和天水地磁台地磁场无明显异常。通过对观测数据的详细检查发现松潘地磁台很多观测日的最后一个观测值与后一观测日的第一个观测值相差超过1 nT,因此认为九寨沟地震前观测数据的异常是由观测系统异常导致。对三个台站地磁场垂直分量日变化的统计分析发现垂直分量在不同时段相关性保持一致,说明地震前短时间内不存在地磁垂直分量的明显异常变化,三个台站地磁场日变化的差异是由地下介质性质不同导致。岩石圈磁场在震中西侧区域出现正负异常交替现象,这可能与九寨沟地震的孕育有关。 相似文献
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本研究报告通过1980年7月至1987年10月冀豫环地磁场总强度野外测点与邯郸测站观测成果的对比差δF1_(i,j)~′,进行资料可靠性判别、滑动平均值δF2_(i,j)~′,改正,对其差值δF3_(i,j)~′与测区附近的1981年11月9日河北隆尧5.8级、1983年11月7日山东菏泽5.9级和l 985年11月30日河北任县5.3级三次中强地震分析对比,还分析了Ms<5和Ms≥5地震前后的地磁变化。探讨了识别地磁变化异常的判别指标和定性判别短期(三至四个月左右)近区(地磁趋势变化异常测点附近数十公里左右)中强(Ms为接近6级)地震的预报指标,为拟定地磁趋势变化异常预报地震方法提供了依据。研究结果是初步的,有待于今后进一步观测研究和预报实践检验。 相似文献
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M. N. French R. L. Bras W. F. Krajewski 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1992,6(1):27-45
A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities. 相似文献
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《地震工程与工程振动(英文版)》2014,(4)
正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and 相似文献
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O. Martins 《水文研究》1988,2(1):19-29
Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO3 > SO4 > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals. 相似文献
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Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong. 相似文献
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Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia
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Hitoshi Hasegawa Hisao Ando Noriko Hasebe Niiden Ichinnorov Tohru Ohta Takashi Hasegawa Masanobu Yamamoto Gang Li Bat‐Orshikh Erdenetsogt Ulrich Heimhofer Takayuki Murata Hironori Shinya G. Enerel G. Oyunjargal O. Munkhtsetseg Noriyuki Suzuki Tomohisa Irino Koshi Yamamoto 《Island Arc》2018,27(3)
Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia. 相似文献
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A. C. LIAKOPOULOS Dr. Eng. 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):69-110
ABSTRACT The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content. Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data. Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme. Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate. 相似文献
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Church repair swarms and earthquakes in Rhodes Island, Greece 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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GHODRAT TORABI 《Island Arc》2012,21(3):215-229
Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO 2 (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al 2 O 3 (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na 2 O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K 2 O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area. 相似文献