华北地区强震活动特点研究

华北地区是我国的政治、 经济和文化中心, 也是我国地震多发地区之一。 华北地区历史地震资料记载时间较早且较为连续, 是研究我国强震活动的理想试验场。 选取第三、 第四活动期M≥6.0地震目录作为基础资料研究华北地区强震活动特点。 首先探讨华北地区强震活动与活动地块、 边界带的关系, 然后从时间和空间上分析华北地区强震活动的轮回性阶段及其期幕活动特点, 最后计算未来5年华北地区发生下一次M≥6.0地震的累积概率和条件概率。 研究结果表明: ① 华北地区M≥6.0地震活动主要集中在活动地块的边界带, M≥7.0地震则全部发生在活动地块的边界带上, 同时华北地区地震应变释放速率与边界带的构造活动速率呈线性相关; ② 第四活动期各活跃幕的能量释放均低于第三活动期, 因此华北地区未来仍可能发生M≥6.0地震; ③ 第三、 第四活动期的主体活动区存在显著差异, 且第四活动期的强震活动较第三活动期向东迁移; ④ 在2020年年初发生第四活动期闭幕M≥6.0地震的累积概率为80%左右, 而在2022年年底前发生M≥6.0地震的条件概率为50%。 本研究可为华北地区地震大形势分析和中长期地震危险性预测提供重要参考。     

用动态自回归模型预报大华北地区强震的发震时间

本文采用动态自回归模型研究了大华北地区(32°N—42°N,105°E—123°E)自1900年以来Ms≥6.0地震的发震时间。结果表明,动态自回归模型时变参数(时变系数)的变化是有规律的,其增量大体上是一些简单周期函数的叠加。把它们用富里叶级数展开,并选取一定数量的主周期,即可对未来大华北地区Ms≥6.0地震的发震时间做出某种程度的预报。该法内符检验较好,作者认为它可能是预报强震发震时间的一种有效方法。     

川滇地区强震序列间相互作用的数值模拟

汶川地震发生后,川滇地区陆续发生盈江Ms5.9,攀枝花Ms6.1和Ms5.6,姚安Ms6.0,盈江Ms5.9以及边缘区域玉树Ms7.1等系列Ms≥5.5强震,系列强震发生后该地区的地震危险性值得关注.利用川滇地区的三维有限元模型,对汶川等系列强震间应力转移和断层间相互作用进行模拟,并初步判定未来的地震危险区.     

华北地区强震前Ms≥5地震平静和信号震的预测意义

华北地区是一个地震多发地区,许多人研究了该地区地震活动强弱、密集-平静的韵律交替变化,提出了随时间的周期轮回过程.笔者发现,1900以来华北地区曾出现多次Ms≥5地震平静的现象,其后有相应的强震发生,而且强震的发生具有成组、成丛的连发特征.许多人也都曾注意到了华北地区强震前在震中附近发生的具有前兆特征意义的信号震,有人将其称为逼近地震,尽管各自的解释和定义有所不同,但对这种地震的前兆意义都是肯定的.信号震的发生,在时空上都有逼近主震的含义,从时间上确定了强震预测的中期时段转折,在空间上缩小了预测区域,是"源"区开始进入失稳状态的重要信息.本文从华北地区Ms≥5地震平静异常和信号震发生的时空特征出发,利用空间图像方法,探讨强震前的"场-源"关系,从而分析华北地区Ms≥5地震平静异常和信号震对强震的预测意义.     

中国大陆东部强震活动特征

中国大陆东部是我国地震高发地区,区域内人口密度大、经济相对发达。根据地质构造背景和地震活动的差异,将中国大陆东部划分为东北地区、华北地区、东南沿海地区和华南其他地区,选取1815年以来M_S≥6.0地震目录(不包含东北深源地震)作为基础资料研究中国大陆东部强震活动特征。首先基于活动地块理论对中国大陆东部地震活动区进行划分,然后从时间和空间分布上分析中国大陆东部强震活动特征,最后预估中国大陆东部的未来强震活动趋势。研究结果表明:(1)中国大陆东部M_S≥6.0地震主要集中在华北地区和东南沿海地区,而东北地区和华南其他地区强震活动相对较弱,同时华北地区和东南沿海地区MS≥6.0地震具有同步活跃的特征;(2)华北地区M_S≥6.0地震的主体活动区包括华北平原活动地块、鲁东-黄海活动地块和燕山-渤海带,东南沿海地区的主体活动区为滨海断裂带、长乐-诏安断裂带和台湾海峡,东北地区的主体活动区为松辽盆地;(3)采用威布尔分布对1815年以来各活跃幕时段M_S≥6.0地震首发和次发地震间隔进行拟合,认为未来5年中国大陆东部发生M_S≥6.0地震的可能性较大。     

南北地震带及邻近区域强震时空分布特征

搜集整理南北地震带区域自史料记载（公元前193年）到2012年9月的强震（Ms≥6.0）资料,初步分析南北地震带及附近区域的地震发震构造活动性和时空分布规律.结果表明,地震一般发生在断层带上,具有空间分布的集群性特征和时间群集性质.研究发现,地震带南段发生6.0≤Ms≤7.9地震次数明显高于北段和中段,而发生Ms≥8.0地震的可能性较低,中段与南段较接近,与北段有明显差异;南北地震带存在明显的纬向、经向强震活动迁移现象,纬向尤其明显;1900年以来,南北地震带已经有4次明显的能量释放阶段,并给出Ms≥6.0地震的震级-频度统计关系式.     

华北地区地震的时间分布特征及其意义

本文研究了华北地区地震的时间分布特征,结果发现华北地区地震的时间间隔与其出现频次之间存在一定的规律分布。例如:大华北地区地震有: Ms≥5.0时: 1gN_(△T)=2.33-0.39·|△T| Ms≥6.0时: 1gN_(△T)=1.84-0.41·|△T| 本文还讨论了利用上述经验式进行地震背景性预报问题。     

鄂尔多斯周边地震活动性及地震机制

本文对鄂尔多斯块体进行了广泛的研究。根据块体周边的M—t图划分了三个地震活跃期,由于曲线外推了块体周边积累的应变,据Ms≥4.0级的地震频度求得块体周边的b值为0.42—0.56。 块体周边的强震有成组孕育的特点,在一个周边上发生了Ms≥6.0级的地震后,数年内(一般不超过五年)在块体其它周边上常跟着发生Ms≥6.0级的地震。研究了块体周边Ms≥7.0级地震前的活动图象,发现震前“活动区”和“空白区”可能并存。最后阐述了块体周边地壳应力场的方向,并计算了块体周边的平均滑动速率。     

华北地区Ms≥5级地震平静的预测意义

研究了华北地区Ms≥5级地震平静、密集的韵律特征,以Ms≥5级地震平静时间超过30个月为异常背景,提出了该地区Ms≥6级地震发生前的定量预测指标：(1)当华北地区的Ms≥5级地震平静异常时间达到30个月时,该地区有发生Ms≥6级地震的危险性;Ms≥5级地震平静异常时间达到40个月时,发生Ms≥6级地震的危险概率为0．54,R值检验为0．12;Ms≥5级地震平静达到50个月时,发生Ms≥6级地震的危险概率为0．77,R值检验为0．22;(2)当华北地区的Ms≥5级地震平静异常结束后,3个月之内发生Ms≥6级地震的危险概率为0．38,R值检验为0．35;9个月之内发生Ms≥6级地震的危险概率为0．54,R值检验为0．44;15个月之内发生Ms≥6级地震的危险概率为0．69,R值检验为0．53。     

线性合成概率预测在天山地区的应用研究

利用1970~2017年天山地震带(中国境内)Ms5.5级以上地震目录,针对北天山和南天山东段Ms≥5.5级地震及天山地震带、南天山西段和柯坪块体Ms≥6.0级中强地震,计算了基于地震周期谱分析的线性合成概率预测时序变化,进行回顾性震例检验,对2018年地震形势进行预测。结果表明,该方法在天山地震带中强地震的回溯性检验效果较好,为强震趋势预测研究提供一定参考依据。     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.