1991年3月5日的喷泉状爆发日珥及视向速度分布

本文介绍了１９９１年３月５日一个与３Ｎ级光学耀斑伴生的喷泉状爆发日珥。用Ｈα线观测从开始到结束整个过程共持续约５０分钟时间，日珥的最大投影高度１５．９公公里，视向速度分布表明，日珥主要以较大的速度向着观测者的运动，最大速度每秒１２０公里。     

一个土墩日珥的D3线光谱分析Ⅱ—活动边缘和土墩日珥的物理特性

根据１９８４年５月５日土墩日珥Ｄ３线的拟合结果,本文分析了该土墩日珥的物理特性。结果发现,形成活动边缘的物质呈间歇性抛射物质的密度、温度在观测前期有显著变化,湍流速度异常之大,达３０Ｋｍ／ｓ。土墩日珥的物理特性较一般,其Ｄ３线可用微观湍流３～８Ｋｍ／ｓ和低温５０００～８０００Ｋ解释。     

1990年8月29日龙卷日珥的观测研究

１９９０年８月２９日在太阳东边缘（Ｅ９０；Ｓ１２，ＮＯＡＡ／ＵＳＡＦ６２４１）爆发了一个龙卷日珥，本文对这个龙卷日珥进行了详细的形态分析和光谱诊断，结果表明：（１）龙卷日珥有规则地螺旋运动上升，上升到最大高度后，日珥内物质无规则地纷纷下坠，这种螺旋运动可能是带电粒子漂移运动产生的电场与日珥内冻结磁场相互作用的结果；（２）龙卷日珥形态快速变化，最后呈规则的环状结构；（３）龙卷日珥的形态可能是一个重要的因素，它体现了局部区域磁场结构的变化。本文提出了一种可能的磁场结构模型，对观测结果给予了较好的解释。     

一个拱桥状爆发日珥的运动情况

分析了1991年3月7日太阳东北边缘一个拱桥状爆发日珥上升、下降和半径膨胀的运动情况。该日珥的上升阶段和下降的开始阶段高度随时间的变化比较迅速,而且基本是线性的变化,但在下降的结束阶段则比较缓慢,也基本是线性的变化。它的下降运动不仅受到重力作用自由下落,而且还受到不均匀的大气阻力,磁场等力的共同作用而下落。而速度,喷射出以后总的在逐渐减弱,上升阶段减弱较快。下降阶段初期有一次跳跃式的变化,先迅速减弱,然后又很快增加,在下降后期速度减弱较慢。日珥到达最大高度的时间比日珥半径膨胀到达最大尺度的时间早4min左右。上升下降速度最大时半径膨胀速度最小,而上升下降速度最小时半径膨胀的速度最大。     

一个爆发日珥速度场的观测研究

用"多云模型"光谱方法分析1991年3月5日喷泉状爆发日珥的Hα光谱观测资料,导出了该日珥视向速度的二维分布;通过速度场分析,我们探测到日珥喷射速度和旋转角速度随高度的分布,结果表明该日珥的蓝移速度占绝对优势,速度变化范围为8～110km/s,速度分布不均衡、不对称,日珥中部和底部速度较大、顶部速度较小;日珥南边缘的速度梯度比北边缘的更大;日珥的喷射除表现为上升运动外还显示出向着观测者的、平均速度约为50km/s的视向运动;该日珥的旋转角速度约为7×10-4rad/s,两者随高度的变化显示出相反的特征。     

一个土墩日珥的D3线光谱分析：Ⅰ—D3线特征及其计算

１９８４年５月５日太阳东边缘土 墩日珥的Ｈα单色像和Ｄ３线被观测到了。Ｄ３发射线由两部分组成：主成分和致宽成分。本文利用双层模型方法对该土墩日珥的１７条Ｄ３发射线成功的进行了计算,给出了Ｄ３线的计算结果。计算结果表明：日珥的Ｄ３发射线主要由热的多普勒贡和微观湍流致宽所致,其它致宽机制的作用可忽略。     

宁静日珥物理参数的二维分布

本文利用完全线性化方法处理了一个日珥的光谱资料,得到其物理参数的二维分布。结果表明:在日珥中心,运动温度和中性氢密度随高度增加而减少,湍动速度随高度增加而增加;而在日珥边缘,运动温度不随高度变化。从中心到边缘,运动温度是增加的。日珥中不存在流体静力学平衡,磁场对日珥支撑起重要作用。     

日珥谱线不对称性的研究——Ⅱ.源函数对谱线轮廓的影响

作为文献[1]中工作的继续,本文用解析方法论证了日珥源函数随深度变化与各种速度场结合对谱线轮廓对称性的影响。得到的结论为:(1)常速度场与源函数随深度任意分布结合的谱线为对称轮廓;(2)源函数自日珥中心向前后边界线性对称增大与速度场为线性对称膨胀结合的谱线轮廓为不对称轮廓,且呈双峰结构,紫峰高于红峰;(3)源函数自日珥中心向前后边界线性增大与速度场为线性对称压缩结合的谱线轮廓是不对称的,且呈双峰结构,红峰高于紫峰;(4)源函数自日珥中心向前后边界对称减少与速度场为线性对称膨胀或线性对称压缩结合的谱线为非对称轮廓,原则上也会出现双峰结构,但可能不明显。最后,用数值计算对理论分析结果作了检验。 本文作为文[1]的继续,将用解析方法讨论源函数随深度变化对日珥谱线轮廓对称性的影响。首先讨论速度场为常数源函数随深度任意变化时谱线轮廓的对称性问题,然后讨论速度场自日珥中心对称膨胀或对称压缩与源函数自日珥中心向外边界对称增大或对称下降相结合的模型中,日珥谱线的对称性问题。     

一个拱桥状爆发日珥

1991年3月7日在太阳东北边缘产生了一个爆发日珥。它产生在没有耀斑、暗条、黑子等其它太阳活动现象的一个相对宁静的日面区域。日珥抛射的最大高度为6.97×104km,最大长度为11.6×104km,从形态的大小来看它属于中等偏小的爆发日珥。抛射的时间过程,上升阶段非常快,而下降阶段则较缓慢,有类似于耀斑爆发的时间过程。日珥爆发后的绝大部分物质基本上在磁场作用下沿磁力线作抛物线运动形成拱桥形状,并保持到消失。日珥下降前后,顶端有少部分物质被抛射脱离日珥主体部分,扩散到行星际空间。     

具有螺旋结构的爆发日珥的电流描述

集中分析了几个具有螺旋结构的爆发日珥的观测资料，用相同的理论框架，讨论它们内部电流分布的演化特征，以及与活动区背景磁场相互作用的动力学性质；并探讨日珥爆发时的磁能转化机制。结果表明：（ｉ）爆发日珥内部的磁场和电流分布具有无力性质；（ｉｉ）利用Ｋｕｐｅｒｕｓ－Ｒａａｄｕ日珥模型可以较好地日珥电流和背景磁场相互作用的基本特征；（ｉｉｉ）日珥等离子体的宏观ｋｉｎｋ不稳定性可能是日珥磁能转化的主要机制。理     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews on all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.Reviews are by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length to 6 printed pages).Authors who submit a paper are expected to be able to certify that the paper is original work,     

Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics CONTENTS

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Alkali and halogen chemistry in volcanic gases on Io

We use chemical equilibrium calculations to model the speciation of alkalis and halogens in volcanic gases emitted on Io. The calculations cover wide temperature (500-2000 K) and pressure (10⁻⁶ to 10⁺¹ bars) ranges, which overlap the nominal conditions at Pele (T=1760 K, P=0.01 bars). About 230 compounds of 11 elements (O, S, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, F, Cl, Br, I) are considered. The elemental abundances for O, S, Na, K, and Cl are based upon observations. CI chondritic elemental abundances relative to sulfur are used for the other alkalis and halogens (as yet unobserved on Io). We predict the major alkali species in Pele-like volcanic gases and the percentage distribution of each alkali are LiCl (73%), LiF (27%); NaCl (81%), Na (16%), NaF (3%); KCl (91%), K (5%), KF (4%); RbCl (93%), Rb (4%), RbF (3%); CsCl (92%), CsF (6%), Cs (2%). Likewise the major halogen species and the percentage distribution of each halogen are NaF (88%), KF (10%), LiF (2%); NaCl (89%), KCl (11%); NaBr (89%), KBr (10%), Br (1%); NaI (61%), I (30%), KI (9%). We predict the major halogen condensates and their condensation temperatures at P=0.01 bar are NaF (1115 K), LiF (970 K); NaCl (1050 K), KCl (950 K); KBr (750 K), RbBr (730 K), CsBr (645 K); and solid I₂ (200 K). We also model disequilibrium chemistry of the alkalis and halogens in the volcanic plume. Based on this work and our prior modeling for Na, K, and Cl in a volcanic plume, we predict the major loss processes for the alkali halide gases are photolysis and/or condensation onto grains. Their estimated photochemical lifetimes range from a few minutes for alkali iodides to a few hours for alkali fluorides. Condensation is apparently the only loss process for elemental iodine. On the basis of elemental abundances and photochemical lifetimes, we recommend searching for gaseous KCl, NaF, LiF, LiCl, RbF, RbCl, CsF, and CsCl around volcanic vents during eruptions. Based on abundance considerations and observations of brown dwarfs we also recommend a search of Io's extended atmosphere and the Io plasma torus for neutral and ionized Li, Cs, Rb, and F.     

Instructions for authors

正Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics publishes original research papers and reviews 011 all liranchcs of astronoiriy and astrophysics.Reviews arc by invitation only.Important new results that require rapid publication can be submitted as a Letter(Letters must be restricted in length     

Study on the Stressed Mirror Polishing with a Continuous Polishing Machine for Large Aperture Off-axis Aspheric Mirrors

A special stressed annular polishing technique is proposed to mill the off-axis aspheric sub-mirrors of a large segmented mirror with an annular polishing machine. Based on the basic principle of stressed annular polishing technique, a set of special stressing mechanisms are designed to convert milling the aspheric surfaces of sub-mirrors with different off-axis distances into milling the spherical surfaces with identical radii of curvature, so that they can be pol- ished simultaneously on a continuous polishing machine. It took about contin- uous 40 hours to polish a scaled-down mirror of the planning Chinese Future Giant Telescope (CFGT) using this technique. This mirror has the 330 mm di- ameter, 3.6 m off-axis distance, and the 21.6 m radius of curvature, and its max- imum asphericity is 16 micron. The experiment shows that this method has a high effciency, suits batch manufacturing, especially the batch manufacturing of aspheric sub-mirrors of the segmented primary mirror of an extremely large aperture telescope.     

The climatic and physiographic controls of the eastern Mediterranean over the late Pleistocene climates in the southern Levant and its neighboring deserts

Modern-day synoptic-scale eastern Mediterranean climatology provides a useful context to synthesize the diverse late Pleistocene (60–12 ka) paleohydrologic and paleoenvironmental indicators of past climatic conditions in the Levant and the deserts to its south and east. We first critically evaluate, extract, and summarize paleoenvironmental and paleohydrologic records. Then, we propose a framework of eastern Mediterranean atmospheric circulation features interacting with the morphology and location of the southeast Mediterranean coast. Together they strongly control the spatial distribution of rainfall and wind pattern. This cyclone–physiography interaction enforces the observed rainfall patterns by hampering rainfall generation south and southeast of the latitude of the north Sinai coast, currently at 31°15′.The proposed framework explains the much-increased rains in Lebanon and northern Israel and Jordan as deduced from pollen, rise and maintenance of Lake Lisan, and speleothem formation in areas currently arid and semiarid. The proposed framework also accounts for the southward and eastward transition into semiarid, arid, and hyperarid deserts as expressed in thick loess accumulation at the deserts' margins, dune migration from west to east in the Sinai and the western Negev, and the formation of hyperarid (< 80 mm yr^− 1) gypsic–salic soils in the southern Negev and Sinai. Our climatic synthesis explains the hyperarid condition in the southern Negev, located only 200–250 km south of the much-increased rains in the north, probably reflecting a steeper rainfall gradient than the present-day gradient from the wetter Levant into its bordering southern and eastern deserts.At present, the rainiest winter seasons in Lebanon and northern and central Israel are associated with more frequent (+ 20%), deeper Cyprus Lows traversing the eastern Mediterranean at approximately the latitude of southern Turkey. Even these wettest years in northern Israel do not yield above average annual rainfall amounts in the hyperarid southern Negev. This region is mainly influenced by the Active Red Sea Troughs that produce only localized rains. The eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows also produce more dust storms and transport higher amounts of suspended dust to the loess area than any other atmospheric pattern. Concurrent rainfall and dust are essential to the late Pleistocene formation of the elongated thick loess zone along the desert northern margin. Even with existing dust storms, the lack of rain and very sparse vegetation account for the absence of late Pleistocene loess sequences from the southern Negev and the formation of hyperarid soils.When the north Sinai coast shifted 30–70 km northwest due to last glacial global sea level lowering, the newly exposed coastal areas supplied the sand and dust to these active eastern Mediterranean cyclones. This enforced the latitude of the northern boundary of the loess zone to be directly due east of the LGM shoreline. This shift of coast to the northwest inhibited rainfall in the southern Levant deserts and maintained their hyperaridity. Concurrently, frequent deep eastern Mediterranean Cyprus Lows were funneled along the northern Mediterranean increasing (probably doubling) the rains in central and northern Israel, Lebanon, southwestern Syria and northern Jordan. These storms and rains formed lakes, forests, and speleothems only a short distance north of the deserts in the southern Levant.     

Active hot star shells

Interferometry in the visible provides milliarcsecond spatial resolution and thus has been used for studying the circumstellar environment of active hot stars. In this paper I will illustrate how the visibility modulus and phase can be used to better constrain the physics of Be disks through results from the VLA, the MkII and the GI2T interferometers. I will insist on the importance and the potential of coupling high angular resolution with high spectral resolution to the study of Be shells. Finally I will present a possible study of the circumstellar disk of Be stars using the VLTI. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Fitting X-ray Afterglow Light curves of Gamma-ray Bursts by Using the Magnetar Energy Injection Model

The central compact object for some gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may be a strongly magnetized millisecond pulsar. It can inject energy to the outer shock of the GRB by through the magnetic dipole radiation, and therefore causes the shallow decay of the early afterglow. Recently, from a large number of GRB X-ray afterglows observed by Swift/XRT(X-ray telescope), it is revealed that many of them exhibit the shallow decay about 10²∼10⁴ s after the burst prompt emission. We have fitted the X-ray afterglow light curves of 11 GRBs by using the energy injection model of a magnetar with the rotation period in the millisecond order of magnitude. The obtained result shows the validity and universality of the magnetar energy injection model in explaining the shallow decay of afterglows, and simultaneously provides some constraints on the magnetic field strength and rotation period of the central magnetar.     

我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器研制进展

数字化是目前设备研制发展的趋势,介绍了中国科学院上海天文台利用超大规模集成电路结合软件无线电技术,自主研发的我国新一代VLBI数字基带转换器(Chinese Data Acquisition System,简称CDAS).文中描述了设备的工作原理及其组成,并以VLBI观测实验数据证明其可行性.与原有的模拟设备(Anal...