风洞与野外输沙率的分析和讨论

本文根据沙坡头、龙羊峡两地风洞和野外输沙率的实测数据, 对风速与输沙率进行了统计处理, 着重分析风洞与野外输沙率的差异及其原因, 并提出用风洞模拟实验输沙率去估计和代替野外输沙率的方法。     

Modeling the aeolian sand transport for the desert of Kuwait: Constraints by field observations

The Kuwaiti desert is swept by strong winds, particularly by northwesterly wind, during the summer months (April through September), causing mass-scale sand transport that poses a serious environmental hazard. Understanding that accurate transport rate data are very difficult to obtain either by field measurements or by using any existing sand transport formulae, this paper presents a mathematical model to predict the sand-transport rate for Kuwaiti desert by following a well-known theoretical approach of Lettau and Lettau (1978) and by taking into account the effect of seasonal wind variability. The validity of the model is next examined using the field data from the study of Al-Awadhi and Al-Sudairawi (2002). The examination showed that the model underestimates the rate of sand transport by an average ratio of 0.15. The application of the model, at some seven locations that are evenly distributed across the Kuwaiti desert, indicated that about 40% of the amount of sand transport in Kuwait prevails from the NW during the peak summer months (June and July). The resulting map of sand transport rate indicated that the zone of higher sand transport rate is located within the areas covered by most extensive mobile sand sheets and sand dunes.     

基于起跳初速度分布的沙颗粒浓度廓线的数值模拟

跃移层内沙颗粒浓度分布是风沙两相流相互作用的结果,准确的沙颗粒浓度分布有助于弄清风沙互馈机制及沙颗粒间相互作用机制。由于沙颗粒浓度分布与沙颗粒起跳初速度分布以及气流运动密切相关,本文基于特定的沙颗粒起跳初速度分布函数,通过构建的沙颗粒在气流中运动的物理模型,并利用四阶精度的Adams-Bashforth-Moulton方法对所构建运动模型进行求解,统计分析稳定状态下两相流中沙颗粒运动轨迹的分布,分析其浓度廓线的垂向分布规律。计算结果表明跃移层内沙颗粒浓度分布廓线与高程呈负指数或伽马分布关系;高度一定时沙颗粒浓度廓线随摩阻风速的增大而减小,随颗粒直径的增大而增大。     

农田风蚀量随风速的变化

采用长期野外观测和风洞模拟实验相结合的手段就农田风蚀量随风速的变化问题进行研究。结果表明:无论是野外观测的农田输沙强度,还是风洞模拟得到的风蚀强度随风速变化趋势均符合指数函数。这与前人通过实验得到的其他地区农田和草地风蚀量随风速变化的趋势一致,说明农田和草地上风蚀量随风速增加呈指数规律变化是一种普遍存在的现象。表土抗蚀性因子和地表粗糙因子不同导致的沙源供应能力的差异,可能是不同地类之间风蚀量随风速变化规律不同的主要原因。农田和草地沙源供应有限,风蚀量随风速增大呈指数规律变化;沙漠地区沙源充足,风蚀量随风速增加呈幂函数变化。本研究对于确定沙源供应条件对于风蚀量与风速关系的影响,构建基于有限沙源供应的风蚀模型具有重要意义。     

风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速廓线特征比较

为进一步认识风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速廓线特征的异同,在风洞中分别对风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速廓线进行了测量,风速采集时间间隔缩短至0.01s,分析了风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速、瞬时摩阻风速和瞬时空气动力学粗糙度的变化特征。结果表明：相同来流条件下,风沙流中水平风速脉动强度高于净风场,风沙流中瞬时摩阻风速、瞬时空气动力学粗糙度以及它们的脉动幅度均大于净风场;风沙流和净风场中瞬时摩阻风速概率密度分布均可以表示为正态分布,但其正态分布的特征值却存在一定差别;净风场中瞬时空气动力学粗糙度的概率密度分布表现出单调递减分布,而风沙流中瞬时空气动力学粗糙度的概率密度分布呈现出单峰分布。因此,在相同主流风速下风沙流和净风场中瞬时水平风速廓线特征有明显差别。     

Wind tunnel modeling and measurements of the flux of wind-blown sand

This paper presents a way to empirically fit experimental data for the horizontal flux of various sizes of wind-blown dry sand using data from wind tunnel experiments. We measured vertical wind profiles to derive threshold shear velocity and estimated shear velocity and the flux of sand mass as a function of the height for nine different grain sizes. We propose a fitting model based on the experimental data and a least-squares method and derive an explicit form of sand flux as a function of height and shear velocity for these grain sizes. We also obtained an explicit form of the empirical equation for the measurement of sand transport per unit width and unit time by integrating the empirical equation as a function of height. Finally, we compared the effectiveness of Bagnold's equation, Kawamura's expression and Lettau and Lettau's equation, for predicting sand transport with the results of our empirical equation. The results show that the transport predicted by all of the equations were always lower than the measured results from the empirical equation for all grain sizes and shear velocities. However, the empirical equation matched Bagnold's equation, Kawamura's equation, and Lettau and Lettau's equation if the coefficients in these equations were adjusted instead of using their original coefficients. The empirical equation for sand transport in the present study contradicts previous conclusions generated by Bagnold's equation, which predict that for a given wind drag, the transport of a coarse sand is greater than that of a fine sand.     

海岸沙丘沙运动特征若干问题的研究——以闽江口南岸为例

在海岸带,沙粒粒径和水分含量是决定沙粒起动风速的最主要因素。闽江口南岸海滩沙的平均粒径为2.0Φ,水分含量多在0.3%~1.0%之间。运用Johnson的经验公式,可计算出海滩沙的起动风速为6~7m/s。这一结果与实际观测值十分吻合。由于海岸环境因素的影响,使得同等条件下海岸带沙粒的起动风速明显大于内陆沙漠沙,而风沙流的输沙率明显小于内陆沙漠沙。海岸带是风速剧变带,在引用陆地气象台站的风速记录分析海岸风况和研究风沙运动规律时,必须对风速进行订正。     

不均匀沙起动理论及戈壁风蚀层形成动力学

定义了不均匀沙有别于均匀沙的起动概念, 得出了不均匀沙中各粒径沙具有不同的流体起动风速, 且不等于对应粒径均匀沙流体起动风速的结论, 具体表现为: 不均匀沙中小粒径沙的流体起动风速大于相同粒径均匀沙的流体起动风速, 而其中大粒径沙的流体起动风速又小于相同粒径均匀沙的流体起动风速。然后应用不均匀沙起动风速理论, 讨论了戈壁风蚀层与环境风力之间动态平衡的建立过程。     

蠕移沙粒流体起动风速的实验研究

 设计制作了能够有效避免沙槽下风端沙粒塌陷的蠕移沙粒集沙仪,并分析了该集沙仪中集沙槽的高度和厚度对单宽蠕移输沙率实验测量结果的影响,给出了集沙槽的合理高度和厚度;利用该集沙仪在风洞中测量了不同风速下的单宽蠕移输沙率,外推给出了沙粒的流体起动风速。     

Wind velocity and sand transport on a barchan dune

We present measurements of wind velocity and sand flux performed on the windward side of a large barchan dune in Jericoacoara, northeastern Brazil. From the measured profile, we calculate the air shear stress using an analytical approximation and treat the problem of flow separation by an heuristic model. We find that the results from this approach agree well with our field data. Moreover, using the calculated shear velocity, we predict the sand flux according to well-known equilibrium relations and with a phenomenological continuum saltation model that includes saturation transients and thus allows for nonequilibrium conditions. Based on the field data and theoretical predicted results, we indicate the principal differences between saturated and nonsaturated sand flux models. Finally, we show that the measured dune moves with invariant shape and predict its velocity from our data and calculations.     

布古里沙漠部分地区风沙环境特征分析

布古里沙漠位于喀什绿洲和叶尔羌河绿洲之间,具有独特的地貌特征和风沙环境特征。通过对布古里沙漠部分地区的气象资料分析和野外实地风沙观测,对其风沙环境特征进行了分析。结果表明：布古里沙漠的沙粒平均粒径是0.16 mm,起沙时间集中在每年的4～9月,风向主要是西北风和东北风,偏西北风略强;在2 m高处测量的裸露沙面起动风速的是3.0 m/s,植被覆盖率为7%,起动风速为5.2 m/s,植被覆盖率为14%,起动风速为6.8 m/s;当平均风速为6.7 m/s时,气流输运沙子主要在近地表面0～10 cm,,风沙流中含沙量随垂直高度呈指数衰减,给出了风沙流的含沙量随垂直高度分布的相关方程和参数。     

塔里木沙漠公路沿线的起沙风与输沙强度

塔里木沙漠公路绝大部分路段穿越流沙地段，风沙活动十分强烈，因此，机械防沙带的设置显得十分关键。由于起沙风的统计分析和输沙强度的定量计算是防沙工程设计中的最主要依据之一。该文在大量统计起沙风和野外实地观测的基础上，进行输沙强度的数值计算及分析后指出：由沙漠边缘向内部深入，起沙风更加东偏，输沙强度更大和更为集中。     

沙土含水率对起沙临界风速影响

根据重力、凝聚力与拖曳力的力矩平衡关系，推导出起沙临界风速与粒径和沙土含水率的关系，并分析了含水率对起沙临界风速的定量作用     

风沙流中沙粒起跳初速度分布的探讨

风沙流结构中起跃沙粒的初速度分布,是连接微观研究和宏观研究的桥梁。笔者分析了已有的实验数据,就沙质地表起跃沙粒的速度分布、角度分布进行了计算;并运用碰撞理论建立了一个二维碰撞模型。考虑边界条件的影响,运用概率论统计的思想计算了风沙流结构中起跃沙粒初速度的概率分布,并和实验值进行了对比,得到了较好的结果,对风沙流中起跃沙粒的速度分布有了一个定性的认识。     

PIV技术及其在风沙边界层研究中的应用

为了考察粒子图像测速度技术在风沙环境风洞中的测量精度及在风沙边界层研究中的应用潜力,通过筛选适当的示踪颗粒,借助PIV测量系统重新测量了风沙环境风洞中的风廓线,并获得了风沙边界层内跃移沙粒的速度和浓度分布规律。实验结果表明：PIV测得的风速廓线与标准风速廓线仪所测结果相当吻合(R2≥0.99);沙粒跃移的平均水平速度和相对浓度（灰度）沿距离沙面高度分别呈幂函数和负指数分布,沙粒速度随高度和自由风速的增加而增大,相对浓度随高度的增加而快速衰减,风速越小衰减越快,风速越大衰减越慢,这一结果与前人的结论一致。PIV系统为将来能够进行更加精确的风沙运动微观机理研究提供了技术保证。     

风沙流输沙通量垂向分布研究 ——以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘流沙地表风沙流观测为例

 于2010年4—6月在塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲外缘流沙地进行风速、风向和输沙量同步观测,利用观测到的28组数据对输沙通量的垂向分布进行研究。结果表明,在4.5～8 m·s-1的风速区间内,总输沙率随风速增长速率较慢,大于8  m·s-1时增长迅速。在较小风速时,4个高度层(1 cm、3 cm、9 cm和19 cm)的输沙比率变化不明显,当风速大于6.6 m·s-1时,1 cm和19 cm高度输沙比率的调整较为明显,前者减小而后者增加,中间两层(3 cm、9 cm)则维持一定波动。不同的蚀积条件对于输沙通量的垂向分布具有一定的影响,平均跃移高度则在一定程度上反映了地表沙粒的吹蚀和堆积过程。在4种常见的描述输沙通量垂向分布的模型中,Zingg的修正幂函数具有最好的拟合程度,但反映的风沙流信息最少,简单幂函数的参数包涵了最为丰富的风沙流信息但拟合程度最差,指数函数同时具有较好的拟合程度和参数意义,Fryrear的幂函数则与指数函数恰恰相反。在沙物质以极细沙为主的塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘,指数函数较之简单幂函数能更好地描述该区域输沙通量的垂向分布,验证并补充了风洞实验的结果。综合比较认为,指数函数能更好地描述塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘输沙通量的垂向分布。     

榆靖高速公路防护体系近地面流场特征

通过野外调查及风场观测,研究了在主导风向为NW-SE时,榆靖高速公路K404处上风向植被防护体系的地面流场变化特征。结果表明:（1）风速和地形存在较好的相关性。在流动沙丘和固定沙丘迎风坡,风速放大率均为正,背风坡为负,背风坡没有产生回流,风速整体减小。风速放大率计算结果表明,愈接近地面风速的变化程度越大,风速放大率绝对值与垂直高度呈指数函数关系,风速放大率的大小与沙丘类型无关。（2）接近公路的贴地面风速显著下降,现有植被防护体系能够缓解流沙危害,植被的防风效果较好。（3）流动、半固定、固定沙丘的迎风坡地表风速廓线基本符合对数律,丘顶和背风坡风速廓线偏离对数曲线,固定沙丘粗糙度高于流动沙丘。     

A Wind Tunnel Investigation of the Shear Stress with A Blowing Sand Cloud

In a blowing sand system,the wind provides the driving forces for the particle movement while the moving particles exert the opposite forces to the wind by extracting its momentum.The wind-sand interaction that can be characterized by shear stress and force exerted on the wind by moving particles results in the modification of wind profiles.Detailed wind pro-files re-adapted to blown sand movement are measured in a wind tunnel for different grain size populations and at differ-ent free-stream wind velocities.The shear stress with a blowing sand cloud and force exerted on the wind by moving par-ticles are calculated from the measured wind velocity profiles.The results suggest that the wind profiles with presence of blowing sand cloud assume convex-upward curves on the u(z)-ln(z) plot compared with the straight lines characterizing the velocity profiles of clean wind,and they can be better fitted by power function than log-linear function.The exponent of the power function ranging from 0.1 to 0.17 tends to increase with an increase in wind velocity but decrease with an increase in particle size.The force per unit volume exerted on the wind by blown sand drift that is calculated based on the empirical power functions for the wind velocity profiles is found to decrease with height.The particle-induced force makes the total shear stress with blowing sand cloud partitioned into air-borne stress that results from the wind velocity gradient and grain-borne stress that results from the upward or downward movement of particles.The air-borne stress in-creases with an increase in height,while the grain-borne stress decreases with an increase in height.The air-borne shear stress at the top of sand cloud layer increases with both wind velocity and grain size,implying that it increases with sand transport rate for a given grain size.The shear stress with a blowing sand cloud is also closely related to the sand transport rate.Both the total shear stress and grain-borne stress on the grain top is directly proportional to the squ     

风蚀影响因子的敏感性试验

 对风蚀模式的各重要影响因子进行了敏感性试验，结果表明：①随风力的增大，跃动沙粒的粒径范围迅速增大，从而会使更多、更大的尘粒因受到更强烈的撞击作用而释放于空中。但随土壤水分和植被覆盖度的增加，跃动沙粒粒径范围会变窄，较大的粒子很难被激发到空中。②各种土壤沙流通量及尘粒释放率随粒径的变化趋势Q(d)和F(d)与相应的地表土壤有效粒度分布Ps(d)具有相似的特征，说明前人用近地层沙尘粒度分布来代表地表土壤的有效粒度分布是合理的。③若以总沙流通量Q>0.5 g·m^-1·s^-1为风蚀过程开始发生的标准，在干燥、裸露的情况下，沙土、沙壤土、壤土、黏土和粉黏土表面发生风蚀的临界摩擦速度都约为0.3 m·s^-1。相同风力条件下（u*=0.6 m·s^-1），若地表干燥（w=0）并忽略小于0.1 g·m^-1·s^-1的总沙流通量，则抑制5种土壤发生风蚀的最小植被覆盖度分别约为：沙土0.35、沙壤土0.45、壤土0.45、黏土0.55、粉黏土0.55；若地表裸露，抑制风蚀发生的最小水分含量分别为：沙土0.15、沙壤土0.18、壤土0.3、黏土0.36和粉黏土0.33。④通常情况下沙土最不易起尘，它在各个粒径的尘粒释放率比其他土壤均约小3~5个量级。粉黏土最易起尘，且粒径较小，较容易传输到下游很远处。⑤总尘粒释放率F和总沙流通量Q随风力、地表条件的变化一般是同相的，即Q增大，F也会增大。⑥一般情况下F随摩擦速度u*的增大或植被覆盖度cf和土壤水分w的减小而增大；土壤拖曳系数sx和弹性压力垂直分量pye的增加会大大降低尘粒释放率。⑦通常风蚀情况下，5种土壤中粉黏土和沙壤土因聚合粒子破碎产生的尘粒释放率Fc最大，Fc随风力、地表条件变化的敏感度也最强；沙土的Fc最小，其对风力、地表条件的敏感度也最弱。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠荒漠过渡带春季风沙活动特征——以肖塘为例

 通过对沙尘暴强化观测试验期间风速、跃移颗粒数、输沙量等资料的统计与计算,对塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘荒漠过渡带肖塘地区春季风沙活动进行了研究。结果表明,肖塘地区春季2 m高度1 s时距的起沙风速为4.9～5.0 m·s-1,1 min时距的起沙风速为4.4 m·s-1;起沙风速随着风速等级的增加,出现的频率相应减少,主要集中在4.4～8.4 m·s-1 之间;输沙势、输沙量的方位分布与起沙风相似,以ENE、E和ESE 3个方位为主,观测期间（1个月）总输沙势为80.8 VU,合成输沙势为13.7 VU,合成输沙势方向为241°;最大可能输沙总量为1 921.8 kg·m-1,合成输沙量为286.8 kg·m-1,合成输沙方向为235°,与输沙势的合成方向一致。