The Garnet+Hornblende Isograd in Calcic Schists from an Andalusite-Type Regional Metamorphic Terrain, Panamint Mountains, California

Calcic schists in the andalusite-type regional metamorphic terrainin the Panamint Mountains, California, contain the low-varianceassemblage quartz+epidote+muscovite+biotite+calcic amphibole+chlorite+plagioclase+spheneat low grade. Near the sillimanite isograd, chlorite in thisassemblage is replaced by garnet. The low variance in many calcicschists allows the determination of the nature of the reactionthat resulted in the coexistence of garnet+hornblende. A graphicalanalysis of the mineral assemblages shows that the reactioncan not be of the form biotite+epidote+chlorite+plagioclase+quartz=garnet+hornblende+muscovite+sphene+H₂Obecause garnet+chlorite never coexisted during metamorphismand the chlorite-bearing and garnet-bearing phase volumes donot overlap. The compositions of the minerals show that withincreasing grade amphibole changed from actinolite to pargasitichornblende with no apparent miscibility gap, the partitioningof Fe and Mg between chlorite and hornblende changed from K_D(Mg/Fe, chl&amp) < 1 to K_D > 1, the partitioning betweenbiotite and hornblende changed from K_D (Mg/Fe, bio/amp) <1 in chlorite-zone samples to K_D > 1 in garnet + hornblende-zonesamples, and the transition to the garnet-bearing assemblageoccurred when the composition of plagioclase was between An₅₅and An₈₀. Both the graphical analysis and an analytical analysisof the compositions of the minerals using simplified componentsderived from the natural mineral compositions indicate thatat the garnet+hornblende isograd the composition of hornblendewas colinear with that of plagioclase and biotite, as projectedfrom quartz, epidote, muscovite, and H₂O. During progressivemetamorphism, chlorite+biotite+epidote+quartz continuously brokedown to form hornblende+muscovite+sphene until the degeneracywas reached. At that point, tie lines from hornblende couldextend to garnet without allowing garnet to coexist with chlorite.Thus, the garnet+hornblende isograd was established throughcontinuous reactions within the chlorite-grade assemblage ratherthan through a discontinuous reaction. In this type of isograd,the low-grade diagnostic assemblage occurs only in Mg-rich rocks;whereas the high-grade assemblage occurs only in Fe-rich rocks.This relation accounts for the restricted occurrence of garnet+hornblendeassemblage in low-pressure terrains. In Barrovian terrains,garnet+chlorite commonly occurs, and the first appearana ofgarnet+hornblende can simply result from the continuous shiftof the garnet+chlorite tie line to Mg-rich compositions.     

Carbon isotope exchange during polymetamorphism in the Panamint Mountains, California, USA

Carbon isotope fractionations between calcite and graphite in the Panamint Mountains, California, USA, demonstrate the importance of mass balance on carbon isotope values in metamorphosed carbon-bearing minerals while recording the thermal conditions during peak regional metamorphism. Interbedded graphitic marbles and graphitic calcareous schists in the Kingston Peak Formation define distinct populations on a δ¹³C_(gr)–δ¹³C_(cc) diagram. The δ¹³C values of both graphite and calcite in the marbles are higher than the values of the respective minerals in the schists. δ¹³C values in both rock types were controlled by the relative proportions of the carbon-bearing minerals: calcite, the dominant carbon reservoir in the marble, largely controlled the δ¹³C values in this lithology, whereas the δ¹³C values in the schists were largely controlled by the dominant graphite. This is in contrast to graphite-poor calcsilicate systems where carbon isotope shifts in carbonate minerals are controlled by decarbonation reactions. The marbles record a peak temperature of 531±30 °C of a Jurassic low-pressure regional metamorphic event above the tremolite isograd. In the schists there is a much wider range of recorded temperatures. However, there is a mode of temperatures at c. 435 °C, which approximately corresponds to the temperatures of the principal decarbonation metamorphic reactions in the schists, suggesting that the carbon exchange was set by loss of calcite and armouring of graphite by newly formed silicate minerals. The armouring may explain the relatively large spread of apparent temperatures. Although the modal temperature also corresponds to the approximate temperature of the Cretaceous retrograde event, retrograde exchange is thought less likely due to very slow exchange rates involving well-crystallized graphite, armouring of graphite by silicates during the earlier event, and because of other barriers to retrograde carbon exchange. Thus, only the calcite–graphite carbon isotope fractionations recorded by the marbles demonstrate the high-temperature conditions of the low-pressure Jurassic metamorphic event that was associated with the emplacement of granitic plutons to the west of the Panamint Mountains.     

Petrology of the Caribou Mountain Pluton, Klamath Mountains, California

The Caribou Mountain pluton is a small trondhjemitic body thatintruded semipelitic schist of the Stuart Fork terrane in lateMiddle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous time. Its emplacement followedthe intrusion of an adjoining body of hornblende quartz dioritecalled the Middle Fork pluton and the mode of its emplacementwas as an asymmetric ballooning diapir (Davis, 1963), as shownby concentric foliation, radial late-stage dikes, foliated enclaves,and folded blocks of schlieren-banded tonalite. Coarse-grainedhornblende-bearing trondhjemite is the dominant rock type inthe Caribou Mountain pluton, and it is called the ‘maintrondhjemite’. It was followed by medium-grained ‘latetrondhjemite’ and by late-stage trondhjemitic and granodioriticdikes. All the trondhjemitic rock types are characterized bylow alkali contents, high light rare earth elements, low initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, and low ¹⁸O. However, the late trondhjemite has higherNa₂O and a higher initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr value than the main trondhjemite,and the two units cannot be related by fractional crystallization.The late granodioritic dikes are richer in Ba, Rb, Y, and Scthan the late trondhjemite and probably reflect assimilationof Stuart Fork metasedimentary rocks by late-stage trondhjemiticmagma. Mafic enclaves in the main trondhjemite contain xenocrysts ofquartz and plagioclase derived from the host by magma mixing.The enclaves have K₂O, Ba, and Rb contents similar to, or higherthan those of the host rocks. Their rare earth element (REE)patterns display strong middle REE enrichment caused by accumulationof hornblende, probably as the result of filter pressing. The main trondhjemite cannot be derived from Middle Fork magmabecause the initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of the Middle Fork pluton is lowerthan that of the trondhjemite. The absence of parental maficmagmas of appropriate composition suggests that the CaribouMountain trondhjemitic magmas formed by partial melting of anamphibolitic source rock compositionally similar to low-K tholeiite.     

大别山-苏鲁超高压变质带的矿物学和岩石学研究进展

本文总结了近年来大别山 苏鲁超高压变质带的矿物学和岩石学进展。针对大别山 苏鲁超高压变质带中的区域片麻岩围岩是否经历超高压变质的问题 ,研究者在常规岩石学和矿物学手段不能奏效的情况下 ,引入显微喇曼光谱测试 ,最终在各种类片麻岩的锆石中发现柯石英、硬玉和雯石等高压和超高压矿物包裹体 ,证明大别山 苏鲁超高压变质带中的大多数岩石曾与榴辉岩一起被俯冲到地幔深度 ,后又一起回返到地表。在喇曼光谱的测试过程中 ,发现锆石中的柯石英包裹体有 0～ 2 3 0 0MPa不等的现时晶内超压 ,并证明这种晶内超压是超高压变质岩回返过程中 ,柯石英向石英转化而导致的体积膨胀造成的。研究者在产于青岛仰口榴辉岩的石榴子石中发现大量单斜辉石、金红石和磷灰石出熔 ,精细的晶体化学和岩石学研究证明出熔前的石榴子石形成于大于 70 0 0MPa的压力条件 ,说明苏鲁地区的部分陆壳岩石可能曾被俯冲到大于 2 0 0km深的地幔。岩石学研究发现产于桃行地区的榴辉岩在角闪岩相区域退变质之前 ,在 4 0～ 5 0km的浅部地幔深度发育有一期高压麻粒岩相 过渡榴辉岩相变质。进一步研究发现这期变质是由于峰期的多硅白云母在回返到 4 0～5 0km深的浅部地幔时脱水熔融导致的     

Petrology and Evolution of an Archaean Metamorphic Aureole in the Slave Craton, Canada

In the Slave Craton of northern Canada, extensive areas weremetamorphosed in broad aureoles (typically ca. 10–15 kmwide) around granitie batholiths emplaced about 2575 m.y. ago.Meta-greywackes and meta-pelites from two areas traversing oneof these aureoles near Yellowknife have been studied. New petrographicdata are given and integrated with previously published mineralogicaldata to elucidate the metamorphic history of the area. Metasedimentsin the aureole contain the concentrically zoned succession ofindex minerals chlorite, biotite, cordierite, gedrite, andalusite,sillimanite. In addition, garnet, staurolite, and parageneticallylate andalusite occur more irregularly, and cummingtonite characterizessubordinate calcic rock-types. The chemistry of all these mineralsis given and their origins discussed. The aureole evolved by the development and decay of a thermaldome. This was a continuous process, but three recognizablemetamorphic phases can be correlated as follows with establisheddeformational phases. The cycle began with a deformation phase(D₁) unaccompanied by metamorphism. This evolved into D₂ whichwas accompanied by broad regional metamorphism M₂ (characterizedby the index succession chlorite, biotite, garnet, staurolite)as thermal doming began. With continued updoming of the isotherms,the third phase (D₃) produced only minor folding but causedmajor metamorphic recrystallization (M₃), culminating in theemplacement of granite at the core of the thermal dome. A concentriczonation of the metamorphic index minerals biotite, cordierite,gedrite, andalusite+sillimanite was superimposed on earlierassemblages. This M₃ phase occurred at lower pressure (2.5–3.5kb) than M₂ because of erosional unloading, but the temperatureswere more extreme, ranging up to about 700 °C. With deformationthen complete, the thermal dome decayed, and minor mineralogicalchanges occurred in this (M₄) decay phase. The region has sincebeen effectively stable.     

Metamorphic Evolution of the Seward Peninsula Blueschist Terrane

Blucschists and greenschists of the central Seward Peninsula(the Nome Group) crop out over an 8000 km² area. The protolithpackage for the mid-Jurassic high P/T metamorphism consistedlargely of Cambrian, possibly also Precambrian, to Devoniansedimentary rocks (limestones, marls, pelites, carbonaceoussiltites, quartzites) of shallow water miogeoclinal origin,which maintained a coherent lithostratigraphy during metamorphismand concurrent high-strain, noncoaxial deformation. Several experimentally and empirically calibrated geothermobarometershave been integrated with textural and microstructural observationsin order to derive a pressure-temperature (P-T) path for themetamorphism of the Nome Group. These data, coupled with previouslyobtained Rb-Sr phengite-whole-rock isochron ages, yield a P-T-tpath showing a steep burial segment followed by a prolongedperiod ({small tilde}55 Ma) of isothermal decompression. Peakpressures, obtained from the jadeite content of clinopyroxenein rare, isofacial eclogites, and from the celadonite contentin phengite yield {small tilde}12 kb. Temperatures at this pressure,gained from garnet-clinopyroxene and microcline-plagioclasepairs, were 460?30?C. Decompression temperatures were essentiallythe same, as evidenced by calcite-dolomite and garnet-biotitethermometry. Uniformity of metamorphic conditions throughoutthe Seward Peninsula blueschist terrane coupled with the miogeoclinalnature of the protolith package indicate burial beneath a flat-lying(A-type) subduction zone. The derived P-T-t path is difficultto reconcile with one-dimensional thermal models of collisionalblueschists, where peak P and T are not generally coincident.     

Thermal Anomalies In A Regional Metamorphic Terrane: An Isotopic Study of the Role of Fluids

A series of ten localized, high-temperature, granulite faciesregions occurs within the regional metamorphic, sillimanitezone of New Hampshire, USA. These regions, or ‘hot spots’,measure 10–30km² in a sillimanite zone that extends 50kmeast-west and over 150km north-south. The hot spots are characterizedby an abrupt increase in temperature over a distance of a fewkilometers, from 550?C in the sillimanite zone to 700?C in thegranulite facies. Mineral assemblages in pelites change rapidlyover the same distance from sillimanite-staurolite-muscovite-garnet-biotite-quartzto sillimanite-K feldspar-cordierite-garnet-biotite-quartz inthe granulite facies. The hot spot located near Bristol, New Hampshire was chosenfor detailed study because it has a network of quartz-graphiteveins in its core. Oxygen isotope analyses of minerals and rocksfrom Bristol suggest a close approach to pervasive exchangeequilibration between disparate rock types throughout the sillimanitezone. A comparison between chlorite zone pelites and calc-silicategranofelses of equivalent stratigraphic age shows a range ofover 7 in ¹⁸O of whole rocks from lower grade, whereas sillimanitezone rocks from Bristol vary by no more than 3, only. Quartzseparated from the Bristol high-grade metasediments varies byno more than 2?3. Superimposed upon the regional, sillimanite-zone oxygen isotopehomogenization is a 1–2 km wide region in the core ofthe hot spot in which the ¹⁸O of metasediments has been furtherhomogenized. Both quartz from quartz-graphite veins and quartzfrom cordierite-bearing wall rocks have exchanged oxygen isotopes;all quartz has ¹⁸O=13?8?0?5 (SMOW). Radiometric ages of quartz-graphite veins and metasedimentarywall rocks show that the hydrothermal event and metamorphismin the hot spot were both of Acadian age. Hydrothermal overgrow-thson zircons from one of the veins give ages of 409 ? 6 Ma. Monazitefrom cordierite bearing pelites from the wall of the same veingives a U-Pb age of 392 ? 3 Ma, using conventional techniques. The coincidence of: (1) an isograd high; (2) an isotherm hotspot; (3) a network of quartz-graphite veins; and (4) an oxygenisotope alteration halo suggests a relationship between hydrothermalactivity and heating of metasediments. The geochronologicalevidence demonstrates that the hydrothermal event and hot spotmetamorphism were not greatly separated in time. It is proposedthat the hot spots represent loci where hot metamorphic fluidswere focused through a fracture system now recorded by quartz-graphiteveins.     

Petrology, Origin and Metamorphic History of Proterozoic-aged Granulites of the Natal Metamorphic Province, Southeastern Africa

The geochemistry of the Leisure Bay Formation, Natal Metamorphic Province suggests that its protoliths were greywackes, pelites and arkoses that were deposited in an oceanic island arc environment. These rocks contain the mineral assemblage biotite + hypersthene + cordierite (with hercynite inclusions) + garnet + quartz + feldspar. Numerous generations of garnet genesis are evident from which a long history of metamorphism can be interpreted. M₁ involved syn-D₁ high temperature/low pressure metamorphism (4kb and >850^oC) and dehydration melting to produce essentially anhydrous assemblages particularly in the vicinity of, and probably related to the intrusion of the Munster Suite sills. The inclusions of hercynite in cordierite and the garnet + quartz symplectites after hypersthene + plagioclase (550^oC and 5kb) suggests isobaric cooling after M₁. This indicates an anticlockwise P-T loop related to the early intrusion of subduction related calc-alkaline magmatic rocks. M₂ involved syn-D₂ dehydration melting of hydrous assemblages possibly related to the emplacement of many A-type rapakivi charnockite granitoids, which provided heat and loading. The D₂ tectonism post-dated all lithologies in the region, except for syn- to late-D₂ granitoid plutons, and is interpreted as a transpressional tectonothermal reworking of pre-existing (Proterozoic) crust at 1030Ma.     

Metamorphic Petrology of the Northern Tokoro Metabasites, Eastern Hokkaido, Japan

The metabasites within the Tokoro belt of eastern Hokkaido,Japan, suffered pervasive high–P/ Tetamorphism. Mineralassemblages and compositions of more than 400 metabasites fromthe Saroma–Tokoro district were investigated. The metabasites are divided into six metamorphic zones basedon mineral assemblages. The laumontite (Lm) zone is definedby the presence of laumontite. The prehnite–pumpellyite(Pr–Pp) zone is characterized by the association of prehnite+ pumpellyite. The lawsonite–sodic. pyroxene (Lw–Napx)zone is defined by the assemblage lawsonite + pumpellyite +sodic pyroxene + chlorite. The epidote–sodic pyroxene(Ep–Napx)(1) and (2) zones are charecterized by the assemblage epidote+ pumpellyite + sodic pyroxene + chlorite. The former is characterizedby the absence of aragonite, sodic amphibole, and winchite,as well as the presence of jadeite–poor sodic pyroxene(maxJd mol% = 13), whereas these minerals occur in the Ep–Napx(2)zone, together with jadeite–rich sodic pyroxene (max.Jd mol % = 34). In the epidote–actinolite (Ep–Act)zone, the most common assemblages contain epidote+ actionolite+ pumpellyite + chlorite. The Lm zone corresponds to the zeolite facies (150–200?Cand 1–2 kb) and the Pr–Pp zone is equivalent tothe prehnite–pumpellyite facies (200–250?C and 2–2–5kb). The Ep–Napx(I) zone appears to be stable at 200–250?C and 2? 5?3?5 kb. The pressure conditions in the Lw–Napx,Ep-Napx(2), and Ep–Act zones appear to range from 5 to6 kb, and the temperatures are estimated to be 200–230,230–270, and 270–300? C, respectively. The sequenceof the metamorphic zones is charaterized by the curved P–Tpath. The stability field of pumpellyite+ sodic+ pyroxene+ chloritein Fe₃+ bearing metabasites is located in the lower–temperatureand higher–pressure part of the pumpellyite–actionolitefacies. On the basis of Schreinmaker's method, the stabilityfield of the assemblage is bounded by a high–pressurereaction Pp+ Napx+ Chl+ Ab+ Qz+ H₂O= Lw+ Gl, and by a high-temperaturereaction Pp Napx+ Chl+ Ab+ Qz = Ep + Gl + H₂O.     

New Data on the Age of Metamorphic Rocks from the Granite-greenstone Ruker Terrane (Southern Prince Charlies Mountains,East Antarctica)

Doklady Earth Sciences - This work presents results of isotope studies of primary igneous and sedimentary rocks of Mawson and Menzies series from the southern Prince Charles Mountains, East...     

Metamorphic evolution of the Central Metamorphic Belt, Klamath Province, California: an inverted metamorphic gradient beneath the Trinity peridotite

ABSTRACT Metabasalts and metasedimentary rocks of the Devonian Central Metamorphic Belt comprise the lower plate of the east-dipping Trinity thrust system in the Klamath province. An inverted metamorphic gradient is preserved in the Central Metamorphic Belt; metamorphic conditions decrease from amphibolite facies adjacent to the Trinity thrust, through albite-epidote amphibolite facies, to upper greenschist facies at the base of the Central Metamorphic Belt. Mineral chemistry, mineral assemblages and limited geothermometry suggest that peak metamorphic conditions decrease structurally downward from 650 ± 50° C at the Trinity thrust to 500 ± 50° C at the base of the Central Metamorphic Belt, under pressures of 5 ± 3 kbar. Synmetamorphic Ab + Qtz veins, up to 1 m thick, increase in abundance towards the Trinity thrust. Infiltration of H₂O-CO₂ fluids derived from prograde devolatilization reactions in the Central Metamorphic Belt caused extensive hydration and metasomatism of the Trinity peridotite; the hanging wall block of the Trinity thrust zone. Geological relationships and the preserved inverted metamorphic gradient suggest that the Central Metamorphic Belt formed in an east-dipping Devonian subduction zone in an oceanic environment. The Central Metamorphic Belt appears to represent a discrete slice of accreted oceanic crust several km thick, rather than progressively accreted material. Metamorphic pressures recorded by the Central Metamorphic Belt are intermediate between the ∼2 kbar pressures recorded in dynamothermal aureoles beneath obducted ophiolites and the 7–10 kbar preserved in subduction-related inverted metamorphic gradients. The lack of blueschist facies mineral assemblages in the Central Metamorphic Belt may possibly be explained by an anomalously warm geotherm prior to subduction or early shear heating prior to the arrival of wet rocks at depth.     

Metamorphic convergence of the upper and lower plates of the Vincent thrust, San Gabriel Mountains, southern California, USA

The Vincent thrust of the San Gabriel Mountains, southern California, separates eugeoclinal Pelona Schist from overlying Precambrian to Mesozoic igneous and metamorphic rocks of North American continental affinity. The thrust is generally considered to be synmetamorphic because of similarity in structural orientations and mineral assemblages between the Pelona Schist and mylonites at the base of the upper plate. In this study, compositions of calcic amphibole and plagioclase in the upper plate and structurally high Pelona Schist were compared to further test this interpretation. Amphibole in the schist is mostly actinolite to actinolitic hornblende with high Na/Al ratio, indicating relatively high-P/low-T metamorphism. Individual grains are zoned, with concentrations of both Na and Al decreasing from cores to rims. Premylonitic amphibole in the upper plate is hornblende, tschermakite and pargasite with compositions indicative of low- or medium-P metamorphism. During mylonitization, this amphibole was replaced by actinolite to actinolitic hornblende with a similar range of Na and Al as amphibole rims in the Pelona Schist, but with slightly lower Na/Al ratio. This is consistent with the decrease of Na/Al up-section previously noted within the Pelona Schist of this area, and is considered to be the result of an inverted thermal gradient during thrusting. Convergence of composition between schist and upper plate also occurs for K and Ti contents of amphibole and An content of plagioclase. These features provide strong evidence that mylonitization of the upper plate is closely related in space and time to metamorphism of the Pelona Schist and therefore that the Vincent thrust is a remnant of the primary fault along which the Pelona Schist and correlative units were subducted beneath North America. Nonetheless, very fine-scale differences in amphibole composition between the schist and upper plate may indicate that metamorphic re-equilibration could not quite keep pace with movement on the fault.     

The Metamorphic Evolution and Tectonic Significance of the Sumdo High and Ultrahigh Pressure Metamorphic Terrane, Central-South Lhasa Block, Tibet

Asthemaintectoniccomponentofthe Himalayan–Tibetan orogen,the Lhasa terrane has received much attention as it records the entire history of the orogeny.The occurrence of high pressure eclogite in the Sumdo complex in central Lhasa terrane has a significant importance on the understanding of the Paleo-Tethys subduction and plate itineration processes in this area.The petrological,geochemical and geochronological data of eclogite and associated blueschist and garnet-bearing mica schist from Sumdo,Jilang and Bailang area have been briefly reviewed to explore the origin and metamorphic evolution of this suture.Eclogites from the Sumdo complex have experienced low temperature,high pressure to ultrahigh pressure metamorphism,revealing a fastsubduction and exhumation process in a typical oceanic subduction zone.The large P-T range between different eclogites in the literature may be affected by the big error of unappropriated using geothermobarometry and may also because of slices of subducted blocks derived from different depths juxtapose together during exhumation.By summarizing the U-Pb,Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd ages of eclogites,the eclogite facies metamorphism is likely to occur in early Triassic during 245-225 Ma,but not the previously accepted late Permian at ca.260 Ma by the reinterpretation of the former geochronological data from literature.The opening of Paleo-Tethys Ocean between the Lhasa terrane initiate prior to ca.280 Ma and ultimate closure to integrate the Lhasa terrane was no earlier than225 Ma and may triggered by the initial subduction of Bangong-Nujiang Tethys Ocean in the north.     

北苏鲁超高压变质岩锆石中的矿物包体

北苏鲁莒南—岚山头—日照—桃行—仰口—荣成—威海一带榴辉岩的围岩经历了强烈角闪岩相退变质作用的改造,峰期超高压矿物组合已完全被后期退变矿物组合所取代。锆石微区阴极发光图像和矿物包体激光拉曼测试研究结果表明,132件不同类型岩石(包括榴辉岩、斜长角闪岩、正片麻岩、副片麻岩、大理岩、蓝晶石英岩、云母片岩和钙镁硅酸盐类变质岩等)锆石中,普遍隐藏以柯石英为代表的超高压矿物包体。此外,在南苏鲁东海及其邻区的地表露头和一系列钻孔岩心的锆石中,也普遍发现以柯石英为代表的超高压矿物包体。该项研究成果表明,在苏鲁地体由榴辉岩及其围岩的原岩所组成的陆壳岩石(约320km×20km×5km)曾发生过巨量物质深俯冲—超高压变质的壮观地质事件。     

Petrology, Metamorphic Process and Genesis of The Dabie--Sulu Eclogite Belt, Eastern--Central China

The Qinling-Dabie-Sulu high-pressure and ultra-high pressure metamorphic belt wasformed by subduction and collision between the North China and Yangtze plates. The study ofthe eclogite belt is very important in understanding the evolution of the Qinling Dabie orogen. Inthe present paper the geology, petrology, minerology and chronology of the eclogites in the Dabieand Sulu areas are described. The principal conclusions of this work are as follows: (1) Based up-on the field occurrence and the P-T conditions of the eclogites, two types of eclogite can be dis-tinguished: Type 1—the low-temperature and high-pressure eclogite in the mid-late Proterozoicmetamorphic series, and Type 2—the ultra-high pressure eclogite in the late Archaean to earlyProterozoic metamorphic complex. In the Dabie area, the ultra-high-pressure eclogite,high-pressure eclogite and epidote-blueschist units are nearly parallel to each other and stretchintermittently from north to south. (2) The P-T conditions of the high-pressure eclogites and ul-tra-high pressure eclogites have been estimated. The former are formed at 450-550℃ and1.4-1.6 GPa; while the latter at 650-870℃ and >2.7-2.9 GPa in the Dabie area and at820-1000℃ and >2.8-3.1 GPa in the Sulu area. The metamorphic temperatures of the eclogitesincrease progressively from west to east. (3) The ultra-high pressure eclogites were subjected to 5stages of metamorphism: pre-eclogite epidote amphibolite facies, peak coesite eclogite facies,post-eclogite amphibolite facies, epidote-blueschist facies or epidote amphibolite facies andgreenschist facies. The general features of the PTt path of the ultra-high pressure eclogite are:clockwise pattern, progressive metamorphism being a process of slow increasing temperature andrapid increasing pressure, and the retrogressive section with nearly isothermal decompression atthe early stage, isobaric cooling at the middle stage and nearly isothermal decompression at thelate stage. (4) At least two stages of high-pressure metamorphism occurred in the orogenic belt:the high-pressure eclogite and ultra-high pressure eclogite were formed by the subduction of theoceanic crust northward beneath the North China plate or the Dabie block during theCaledonian; while the epidote-blueschist belt came into being by subdution and collision be-tween the two continental plates during the Indosinian. (5) Due to the continuous sequentialsubduction of the cold plate, the ultra high-presssure metamorphic rocks were uplifted to thecrust by the underplating processes. They can be preserved just because of the "frozen effect" re-sulting from the continuous subduction of the cold plate. (6) The carbonates, such as magnesite,breunnerite, aragonite and dolomite, and the H_2O-bearing minerals, such as phengite, epidoteand zoisite, were stable during the high-pressure and/or ultra-high pressure metamorphism.     

Petrology of a piemontite-bearing gneiss,San Gorgonio Pass,California

Equilibria between different valence states of Fe and Mn have been studied in a microcline-plagioclase-quartz gneiss which locally contains ferromagnesian minerals unusually high in Mn⁺³ and Fe⁺³ and low in Fe⁺². The compositions of coexistent minerals have been determined by chemical and microprobe analyses. The minerals in some layers were formed under highly-oxidizing conditions, as indicated by extremely low Fe⁺²/Fe⁺³ ratios in the silicates, by the presence of hematite, and by the occurrence of piemontite, which requires Mn⁺³ for its formation. The minerals in other layers were formed under less-oxidizing conditions, as indicated by the fact that epidote, rather than piemontite, crystallized with Mn-rich garnet and by the presence of biotite rather than phlogopite. In the less-oxidized layers Mn⁺³ appears to be absent. The differences in oxidation of Fe and Mn occur between adjacent layers and probably reflect sedimentary differences preserved despite the metamorphism.Iron and manganese with different valences are sharply partitioned between the coexisting phases. In highly-oxidized layers, muscovite contains more iron (as Fe⁺³) than coexistent phlogopite; in piemontite most of the manganese is Mn⁺³, while in coexistent garnet most of the manganese is Mn⁺². In less-oxidized layers, epidote contains no Mn⁺³ and contains less Mn⁺² than coexistent garnet, biotite, or amphibole. Analytical data, crystal-chemical arguments, and characteristics of Fe and Mn L-spectra indicate that in coexistent garnet and piemontite, Fe⁺², Fe⁺³, Mn⁺², and Mn⁺³ are present, in spite of the fact that trivalent manganese strongly oxidizes divalent iron in aqueous solution under normal conditions.Contribution No. 1468.     

近70年中国变质岩石学-变质地质学的研究进展

为总结我国变质地质学的历史经验,回顾了我国从变质岩石学到变质地质学近70年的发展历程.依据大量文献,分3个阶段和8个方面总结了变质岩石学和变质地质学取得的进展.我国在超高压变质地质学、早前寒武纪变质地质学、变质作用年代学、变质作用相平衡模拟等领域处于国际先进行列,蓝片岩、变质流体和变质岩化学动力学方面与世界研究基本处于同步水平,极低级变质作用研究等领域与国际先进水平尚有较大差距.通过历史的回顾,表明变质岩的研究已经从变质岩石学转变为变质地质学,已经从单一的岩石学研究转变为以变质岩为基础,变质矿物、地球化学、同位素地质、构造地质等多学科的综合研究.在变质岩和变质地质领域我国有一些区位优势,但是只有坚持自主创新才能把区位优势转变为学科优势.各种分析实验技术的发展促进了变质地质学的发展,随着新技术的不断涌现和大数据时代的来临,变质地质学会有更大的发展.      

Glaucophane-bearing Metamorphic Rock Types of the Cazadero Area, California

A detailed field and laboratory study has been made of a well-exposedglaucophane schist sequence within the Jurassic and CretaceousFranciscan Formation of northern California. Three types ofglaucophane-bearing metamorphic rocks have been distinguishedin and around the area of the detailed study. Each is characterizedby distinctive textures and mineral assemblages that are interpretedto represent different grades of metamorphism within the glaucophaneschist facies. From the combination of small- and large-scale mapping in thearea described it is clear that coarsely schistose blocks, tensof feet in diameter, commonly rest directly upon and withinless intensely metamorphosed terrain. In the Cazadero area theseisolated blocks of coarsely crystalline rocks are concentratedin a band that is roughly concordant with some of the majorfaulting, and their metamorphic fabric shows no consistent relationto local or regional structures. It is tentatively suggestedthat these blocks have been transported upward tectonicallyand that they are not stratigraphically equivalent to the othertypes of glaucophane-bearing metamorphic rocks in the area. Chemical and petrographic evidence indicates that basalt andsediments have been converted to glaucophane-bearing rocks underconditions of metamorphism that were essentially isochemical,except for fugitive components and some minor elements.